attorney permanently employed by a government to represent indigent persons accused of crimes. Public defenders, used primarily in the United States, are to be distinguished from assigned counsel (q.v.), who ...
(from the article "Redefining the Library in the Digital Age") ...company Google in cooperation with a large international group of research libraries, despite concerns by opponents over copyright issues. Using sophisticated equipment, the company scanned public-domain books from the libraries' ...
(from the article "education") ...evolution of a separate Roman Catholic school system did not diminish Catholic dissatisfaction with the movement to state schools. The dilemma of Catholic citizens with regard to nonsectarian public education ...
American rap group whose dense, layered sound and radical political message made them among the most popular, controversial, and influential hip-hop artists of the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ... [3 Related Articles]
a business organization wholly or partly owned by the state and controlled through a public authority. Some public enterprises are placed under public ownership because, for social reasons, it is ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "capital punishment") Historically, executions were public events, attended by large crowds, and the mutilated bodies were often displayed until they rotted. Public executions were banned in England in 1868, though they continued ...
(from the article "Immigration's Economic Impact") The fiscal impact of immigration in the U.S. varies by the level of the government and the skill or earnings status of immigrants. Most immigrants pay taxes and use public ...
(from the article "trust") Public express trusts are created to benefit larger numbers of people, or, at least, are created with wider benefits in mind. The most common public trusts are charitable trusts, whose ...
(from the article "government budget") Under the Public Finance Law of 1947, the general account of the national budget must be either balanced or in surplus. The government cannot increase its net long-term debt without ...
(from the article "Panama") The national police organizations are now under civilian control and include the Public Force (PF) and the Technical Judicial Police, a special investigative unit. National defense is also entrusted to ...
(from the article "sports") Play, games, contests, and sports have crucial and quite specific roles in the general socialization process. The sense of self is not natural; it develops through childhood socialization as a ...
(from the article "Boston") ...the present Kenmore Square, thus furnishing more-direct communication with the mainland. The filling of the Back Bay flats just west of the common created land that in the 1830s was ...
(from the article "government economic policy") Economists have sought to provide objective criteria for public expenditures through the so-called theory of public goods. It is generally recognized that some goods needed by the public cannot be ...
the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health, sanitation, personal hygiene, control of infection, and organization of health services. From the normal human ... [9 Related Articles]
(from the article "public health") The Public Health Act of 1848 established a General Board of Health to furnish guidance and aid in sanitary matters to local authorities, whose earlier efforts had been impeded by ...
(from the article "Riyadh") Riyadh offers its residents advanced and accessible medical care. Throughout the city, public medical centres and hospitals provide free health care services, and there are a number of private clinics ...
dental specialty concerned primarily with prevention of dental decay and of periodontal disease (disease of the tissues surrounding the teeth). Public health dentistry is practiced generally through governmentally sponsored programs, ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "public health") At the federal, or national, level, the Public Health Service of the Department of Health and Human Services is the principal health agency, but several other departments have health interests ...
(from the article "Food and Drug Administration") ...Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act, which was designed to protect consumers from possible excess radiation generated by X-ray machines, televisions, microwave ovens, and the like; and the Public ...
in Britain and regions of British influence, an establishment providing alcoholic liquors to be consumed on the premises. English common law early imposed social responsibilities for the well-being of travelers ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "public relations") ...products or services; on image creation or defense against attack; on broad public relations or straight publicity. In general, the strategic goal of public relations is to project a favourable ...
(from the article "Parkes, Sir Henry") Parkes's educational work resulted in the Public Schools Act of 1866 and the Public Instruction Act of 1880, which introduced compulsory free education and severed connections between the church and ...
(from the article "interest group") Whereas economic interests and most cause groups benefit a narrow constituency, public interest groups promote issues of general public concern (e.g., environmental protection, human rights, and consumer rights). Many public ...
(from the article "Hauriou, Maurice-Jean-Claude-Eugene") French political scientist and educator whose theoretical work on public law contributed to the development of French administrative law.differences in American and English common law
(from the article "library") Public libraries are now acknowledged to be an indispensable part of community life as promoters of literacy, providers of a wide range of reading for all ages, and centres for ...
(from the article "Internet") ...led to a growing movement to create online-only journals that are accessible for free to the entire public-a public that often supports the original research with its taxes. For example, ...
(from the article "nuisance") in law, a human activity or a physical condition that is harmful or offensive to others and gives rise to a cause of action. A public nuisance created in a ...
(from the article "insurance") Other types of surety bonds include official bonds, lost instrument bonds, and license and permit bonds. Public official bonds guarantee that public officials will faithfully and honestly discharge their obligations ...
an aggregate of the individual views, attitudes, and beliefs about a particular topic, expressed by a significant proportion of a community. Some scholars treat the aggregate as a synthesis of ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "public opinion") Public opinion polling can provide a fairly exact analysis of the distribution of opinions on almost any issue within a given population. Assuming that the proper questions are asked, polling ...
(from the article "Japan") ...Monchujo, and Samurai-dokoro. But after the appointment of Hosokawa Yoriyuki as kanrei, this post became the most important in the bakufu government. The official business of the Mandokoro was to ...
(from the article "public administration") From the early 1970s increasing analysis of the way government policies affected the public resulted in a concept called the "public policy approach" to administration. This examines to what extent ...
aspect of communications involving the relations between an entity subject to or seeking public attention and the various publics that are or may be interested in it. The entity seeking ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "roads and highways") ...among the states. National funding began in 1912 with the Post Office Appropriation Act, and the Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 established federal aid for highways as a national ...
(from the article "Ireland") ...formed a new ministry, in which O'Higgins became vice president of the Executive Council. O'Higgins's assassination by republicans on July 10 suddenly revived old feuds, and Cosgrave passed a Public ...
political body of the French Revolution that gained virtual dictatorial control over France during the Reign of Terror (September 1793 to July 1794). [12 Related Articles]
in the United Kingdom, one of a relatively small group of institutions educating secondary-level students for a fee and independent of the state system as regards both endowment and administration. ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "economic systems") Thus, one very important element in the advent of a new stage of capitalism was the emergence of a large public sector expected to serve as a guarantor of public ...
(from the article "Portugal") The Portuguese police are divided into four categories. The Public Security Police (Policia de Seguranca Publica; PSP) and the Republican National Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana; GNR) are under the control ...
(from the article "China") The role of the Public Security forces of China began to change in the late 1970s. The definition and designation of what poses a threat to security, for example, were ...
(from the article "Korea, North") The country's internal-security system is large and extensive. People's movements and social activities are monitored and controlled even down to the household level. The Ministry of Public Security functions as ...
(from the article "telephone and telephone system") ...components of the modern telephone are described in the article telephone. In this article the development of the telephone instrument is traced, as is the development of what is known ...
(from the article "Performing Arts") ...and raising fieldwide questions about strategies for cultural inclusion and audience diversification. Among the companies taken over by new artistic directors were New York City's high-profile Public Theater, famously founded ...
(from the article "procedural law") Trials, as opposed to pretrial investigation, must be accessible to the public. This principle, embodied in the constitutions of several countries, is meant to protect the defendant; in the United ...
(from the article "trust") Public express trusts are created to benefit larger numbers of people, or, at least, are created with wider benefits in mind. The most common public trusts are charitable trusts, whose ...
(from the article "natural resources law") Operating as a further check on governmental resource management and subsequent private action is the public trust doctrine, which positions the government as a trustee of resources for the benefit ...
enterprise that provides certain classes of services to the public, including common carrier transportation (buses, airlines, railroads, motor freight carriers, pipelines, etc.); telephone and telegraph; power, heat, and light; and ... [33 Related Articles]
(from the article "democracy") ...Montesquieu, a necessary condition for the existence of a republican government, whether democratic or aristocratic, is that the people in whom supreme power is lodged possess the quality of "public ...
(from the article "Francis II") Francis joined the League of the Public Weal against King Louis XI of France in 1465, invaded Normandy in 1467 on behalf of the dispossessed Charles de France (Louis XI's ...
in U.S. history, New Deal government agency (1933-39) designed to reduce unemployment and increase purchasing power through the construction of highways and public buildings. Authorized by the National Industrial Recovery ... [3 Related Articles]
first of the U.S. federal art programs conceived as part of the New Deal during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Its purpose was to prove the feasibility of government ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Olympic Games") Known as the "Swedish Masterpiece," the 1912 Olympics were the best organized and most efficiently run Games to that date. Electronic timing devices and a public address system were used ...
(from the article "organized labour") ...impact on the American movement. Between 1975 and 1984, four million members were lost, and the unionized share of the labour force shrank from 28.9 percent to below 20 percent. ...
(from the article "environmental law") Decisions about environmental protection often formally integrate the views of the public. Generally, government decisions to set environmental standards for specific types of pollution, to permit significant environmentally damaging activities, ...
(from the article "India") ...incidence of power theft and transmission losses, continued to impose a financial burden on power utilities and a fiscal strain on government. In sectors such as railways, ports, and civil ...
ancient Roman public contractor, who erected or maintained public buildings, supplied armies overseas, or collected certain taxes, particularly those supplying fluctuating amounts of revenue to the state (e.g., tithes and ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "banning") The power to ban publications rests with the minister of the interior under the Publications and Entertainments Act of 1963. Under the act a publication could be banned if it ...
Latin mime writer contemporary with Cicero, chiefly remembered for a collection of versified aphorisms that were extracted by scholars from his mimes, probably in the 1st century AD. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Fox, George") ...of Seekers (a 17th-century Puritan sect) welcomed him and his message. Local congregations were established, gathered both by Fox and by many other itinerant men and women preachers, who were ...
an account of the selection, preparation, and marketing of printed matter from its origins in ancient times to the present. The activity has grown from small beginnings into a vast ... [57 Related Articles]
(from the article "muscle") ...the reptiles and mammals. Even in these cases, changes in limb posture have led to major changes in the arrangement and function of muscles. On the dorsal aspect, a single ...
(from the article "renal system") ...fascia. This fascial layer is a sheet of connective tissue that sheaths the organs, blood vessels, and nerves of the pelvic cavity. The fascia forms, in front and to the ...
city, eastern Peru. It lies on the Ucayali River in the hot, humid Amazonian rain forest. Although the community dates from the early colonial era (1534), it remained isolated until ... [1 Related Articles]
pre-Columbian site and culture in the southern highlands of present-day Peru in the northern basin of Lake Titicaca. The site is known for its unusual horseshoe-shaped temple or sanctuary of ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Giotto di Bondone") ...works. It is known that Giotto died on Jan. 8, 1337 (1336, Old Style); this was recorded at the time in the Villani chronicle. About 1373, a rhymed version of ...
(from the article "Puccini, Giacomo") After the death of his mother, Puccini fled from Lucca with a married woman, Elvira Gemignani. Finding in their passion the courage to defy the truly enormous scandal generated by ...
Italian composer, one of the greatest exponents of operatic realism, who virtually brought the history of Italian opera to an end. His mature operas include La Boheme ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "rust") ...either one species of plant (autoecious, or monoecious, rust) or two distinct species (heteroecious rust). One heteroecious rust with five spore forms during its life cycle is black stem rust ...
(from the article "fungus") ...and other plants; pycnium (fruiting body of rusts) forms masses of hyphae inside mosses; example genera include Platygloea and Eocronartium. Parasitic on plants; typically have five spore stages and ...
(from the article "fungus") ...Ascomycota.Pathogens of land plants; includes the rusts; contains eight classes.Parasitic on plants, some saprobic; contains five orders.Parasitic on plants, some...
(from the article "fungus") ...coral and shelf fungi, mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, and bird's-nest fungi; sometimes included in the subkingdom Dikarya with its sister group, Ascomycota.Pathogens of land plants; includes the rusts; contains eight ...
any of several plants formerly used by certain North American Indians for dyes derived from the roots, the term being an Algonquian name for dye. Lithospermum species include the yellow ...
an outstanding painter of miniatures and an illuminator who excelled in the invention of drolleries (marginal designs) and in traditional iconography. [1 Related Articles]
city, Kyonggi do (province), northwestern South Korea, located halfway between Seoul and Inch'on. It became a municipality in 1973 and developed rapidly as a satellite city of Seoul. Principal industries ...
(from the article "Bogazkoy") ...some in Akkadian; these showed that Bogazkoy was the capital of the kings of Hatti. Winckler and Makridi returned in 1907, 1911, and 1912. In 1907 another German expedition under ...
in medieval English folklore, a malicious fairy or demon. In Old and Middle English the word meant simply "demon." In Elizabethan lore he was a mischievous, brownielike fairy also called ...
(from the article "ice hockey") game between two teams, each usually having six players, who wear skates and compete on an ice rink. The object is to propel a vulcanized rubber disk, the puck, past ...
the vivacious fairy, henchman for Oberon, and narrator in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. Notorious for his mischievous deeds, Puck makes witty, fanciful asides that serve to ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "hydrocarbon") ...and higher cycloalkanes are virtually free of angle strain. With the exception of cyclopropane, all cycloalkanes undergo rapid internal motion involving interconversion of nonplanar "puckered" conformations.
American baseball player (b. March 14, 1960, Chicago, Ill.-d. March 6, 2006, Phoenix, Ariz.), was one of the game's most popular figures, noted for his outstanding play-he helped the Minnesota ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "machine gun") ...of firearms in the late Middle Ages, attempts were made to design a weapon that would fire more than one shot without reloading, typically by a cluster or row of ...
any of several foods whose common characteristic is a relatively soft, spongy, and thick texture. In the United States, puddings are nearly always sweet desserts of milk or fruit juice ...
(from the article "iron processing") ...of the finery process. Accelerating the conversion of pig iron to malleable iron was attempted by a number of inventors, but the most successful was the Englishman Henry Cort, who ...
(from the article "Cort, Henry") ...grooved rollers that were capable of producing iron bars more quickly and economically than the old methods of hammering or of cutting strips from a rolled plate. The following year ...
(from the article "reproductive system, human") The penis has a rich blood supply from the internal pudendal artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery, which supplies blood to the pelvic structures and organs, the buttocks, ...
(from the article "parturition") The pudendal block is a relatively simple and common procedure that numbs the birth canal and perineum for spontaneous delivery, forceps delivery, vacuum extraction, and episiotomy. The same anesthetic agents ...
(from the article "Jainism") Matter (pudgala) has the characteristics of touch, taste, smell, and colour; however, its essential characteristic is lack of consciousness. The smallest unit of matter is the atom ...
(from the article "Shanghai") ...by a westward arterial extension of the transitional zone. To the south, however, the transitional zone terminates abruptly a few miles south of the central Shanghai urban core, at the ...
Soviet film director and theorist who is best known for visually interpreting the inner motivations and emotions of his characters. [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "deer") Deer range in shoulder height from about 30 cm (12 inches) in the pudu (genus Pudu) to 2 m (6.5 feet) or more in the moose (species Alces alces). Deer ...
(from the article "Arinnitti") ...precursor seems to have been a mother-goddess of Anatolia, symbolic of earth and fertility. Arinnitti's attributes were righteous judgment, mercy, and royal authority. The powerful Hittite queen Puduhepa adopted Arinnitti ...
(from the article "Pudukkottai") ...It was founded by Raghunath, raja of Tondaimandalam (the region around the ancient port of Tondi on India's southeastern coast). Industries include peanut (groundnut) oil and sesame oil extraction. Pudukkottai ...
town, administrative headquarters of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu state, southern India, located 237 mi (381 km) south of Madras city, the state capital. It was founded by Raghunath, raja of ...
estado (state), east-central Mexico. It is bounded by the states of Veracruz to the north and east, Oaxaca to the south, Guerrero to the southwest, Morelos and ... [1 Related Articles]
city, capital of Puebla estado (state), central Mexico. Founded as Puebla de los Angeles in 1532, the city lies on a broad plain 7,093 feet (2,162 metres) ... [2 Related Articles]
(May 5, 1862), battle fought at Puebla, Mexico, between the army of the liberal government headed by Benito Juarez and the French forces sent by Napoleon III to establish a ... [1 Related Articles]
city, seat (1861) of Pueblo county, south-central Colorado, U.S., situated on the Arkansas River, near its confluence with Fountain Creek, at an elevation of 4,690 feet (1,430 metres). Jim Beckwourth, ... [1 Related Articles]
traditional architecture of the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern United States. The multistoried, permanent, attached homes typical of this tradition are modeled after the cliff dwellings built by the Ancestral ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "Native American art") ...a simple pit house through aboveground homes, these people moved out onto the plateau regions of what are now Arizona and New Mexico and built remarkable multistoried structures, some-such as ...
