(from the article "Central Asia, history of") ...a greater Muslim world community and their sense of being a "nation" rather than a welter of tribes and clans. Moreover, through the Tatars they were exposed to current Pan-Turkish ...
(from the article "coin") ...was issued about the mid-3rd century, but it was not until 221 BC that the reforming emperor Shih huang-ti (221-210/209 BC) superseded all other currencies by the issue of round ...
(from the article "Philippines") ...Thousands of miles of roads of various types have also been constructed on Mindanao, Mindoro, and Palawan and in the Visayas. A major achievement in road construction in the country ...
(from the article "Khrapovitsky, Antony") With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Antony participated in the 1917-18 Pan-Russian Orthodox Council and was named one of the three candidates for the Russian patriarchate. After Ukraine declared ...
an unsuccessful 19th-century movement for Scandinavian unity that enflamed passions during the Schleswig-Holstein crises. Like similar movements, Scandinavianism received its main impetus from philological and archaeological discoveries of the late ... [3 Related Articles]
19th-century movement that recognized a common ethnic background among the various Slav peoples of eastern and east central Europe and sought to unite those peoples for the achievement of common ... [11 Related Articles]
late 19th- and early 20th-century movement to unite politically and culturally all the Turkic, Tatar, and Uralic peoples living in Turkey and across Eurasia from Hungary to the Pacific. Its ... [3 Related Articles]
political movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had as its goal the political union of all Turkish-speaking peoples in the Ottoman Empire, Russia, China, Iran, and ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "list system") ...individual candidates, a number of variations on the system permit voter preferences for individuals to be taken into account. The Swiss system, one of the most extreme variations, is marked ...
(from the article "painting, Western") ...Athenians. Thus, probably for the first time in Greek history, painters placed their talents at the service of the state-moreover, a state that used them to decorate purely secular buildings. ...
town, capital of Goa state, western India, on the Mandavi River. It was a tiny village until the mid-18th century, when repeated plagues forced the Portuguese to abandon their capital ... [1 Related Articles]
country of Central America located on the Isthmus of Panama, the narrow bridge of land that connects North and South America. Embracing the isthmus and more than 1,600 islands off ... [29 Related Articles]
lock-type canal, owned and administered by the Republic of Panama, that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow Isthmus of Panama. The length of the Panama Canal from ... [26 Related Articles]
(from the article "Panama Canal") The Panama Canal Authority is charged with the administration, operation, conservation, maintenance, and modernization of the Panama Canal. Created by amendment of the Panamanian constitution as an autonomous agency of ...
(from the article "Panama Canal") ...continued to press for more drastic changes, including eventual full sovereignty over the canal. After years of negotiation, agreement was reached between the two governments in 1977. The Panama Canal ...
capital of the Republic of Panama, located near the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal, on the Gulf of Panama. The site was originally an Indian fishing village; the name ... [9 Related Articles]
city, seat (1913) of Bay county, northwestern Florida, U.S. It is the port of entry on St. Andrew Bay (an arm of the Gulf of Mexico), about 95 miles (150 ...
a devastating disease caused by the soil-inhabiting fungus species Fusarium oxysporum variety cubense, which is widespread in Asia, Africa, Australia, the Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and ...
(from the article "Ecuador") ...the estimated 400,000 Ecuadorans living in Spain to select and pay for goods that their relatives could collect in Ecuador. The country's groups who produce the high-quality straw headwear known ...
(from the article "Cyclanthaceae") the Panama hat palm order of monocotyledonous flowering plants, which has 11 genera of mostly stemless, perennial, palmlike herbs, woody herbaceous shrubs, and climbing vines that are distributed in Central ...
(from the article "France") A new crisis soon arose for the regime: the Panama Scandal. Ferdinand, vicomte de Lesseps, the noted French engineer who had built the Suez Canal, had organized a joint-stock company ...
(from the article "Central America") ...the establishment of the Viceroyalty of New Spain at Mexico City included the northern portion of Central America, but the establishment of an audiencia at Panama in ...
quartered white-red-blue-white national flag with two five-pointed stars, one blue and one red. The flag's width-to-length ratio is approximately 2 to 3.
inlet of the Pacific Ocean, bordering the southern side of the Isthmus of Panama. It is 115 miles (185 km) across at its widest point and 100 miles (160 km) ...
(from the article "Panama") History1989 U.S. invasioninternational relationsThe Philippines and Central America...aggressively hostile Sandinista regime in Nicaragua and t
land link extending east-west about 400 miles (640 km) from the border of Costa Rica to the border of Colombia. It connects North and South America and separates the Caribbean ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...and older have not completed primary school, yet it is estimated that nine-tenths of the adult population (age 15 and older) is literate. The institutions of higher education include the ...
(from the article "capybara") South American capybaras may be 1.25 metres (4 feet) long and weigh 66 kg (145 pounds) or more; Panamanian capybaras are smaller and weigh about 27 kg. Capybaras are short-haired, ...
(from the article "animal communication") In certain cases a vocalization can vary in ways that increase or decrease its locatability. One example, which has been studied in detail, is the call given by males of ...
small, bright yellow toad, often with a few black spots or blotches, that is found at moderate elevations in the central part of Panama. Considered to be one of the ...
(from the article "Ecuador") Much research takes place outside the universities. Geographic and environmental research and postgraduate training are conducted by the Panamerican Center for Geographical Studies and Research at the Military Geographical Institute ...
group of mountains lying mainly in Inyo county, eastern California, U.S. The range forms the western wall of Death Valley. Elevations average 6,000 to 11,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 metres); ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Syrian and Palestinian religion") ...The monarch's expectations of life after death are expressed in an inscription on an 8th-century monumental effigy of the god Hadad from Zincirli (ancient Sam'al) in south-central Turkey. King Panammu ...
(from the article "Hughes Electronics Corporation") ...of Hughes Electronics to Raytheon Company and consolidated Delco Electronics with Delphi, another GM automotive electronics subsidiary. In the same year Hughes merged its Galaxy operations with PanAmSat Corporation to ...
(from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") One of the earliest known styles is the Panaramittee. It was widespread, mainly through southern Australia, central Australia, and Tasmania, and dates from about 30,000 BP onward. It is characterized ...
(from the article "Albania, flag of") Albanian immigrants Faik Konitsa of Brussels and Querim Panarity of Boston popularized Skanderbeg in the late 19th century and revived his flag as a national rallying point for Albanians at ...
tungsten mine, central Portugal. Located in the Estrela Mountains (Serra da Estrela), it is about 5 miles (8 km) northwest of the village of Silvares. One of several tungsten deposits ...
(from the article "cigar") ...in. long; bouquet is a smaller, torpedo-shaped cigar; Londres is a straight cigar about 4 34 in. long. These descriptive terms appear after the brand name. A panatela is a ...
in Greek religion, an annual Athenian festival of great antiquity and importance. It was eventually celebrated every fourth year with great splendour, probably in deliberate rivalry to the Olympic Games. ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "Athens") ...Royal Palace (now the Presidential Residence) was built during 1891-97, a little southeast of the old (which is now a Parliament house) on Herodes Atticus Street. This leads to the ...
(from the article "Araliaceae") ...root that is used as a substitute for sarsaparilla. Ginseng root, from Panax ginseng, has long been used by the Chinese in the treatment of various diseases; its American relative, ...
(from the article "Araliaceae") Wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis) has an aromatic root that is used as a substitute for sarsaparilla. Ginseng root, from Panax ginseng, has long been used by the Chinese in the ...
island, westernmost of the Visaya group, central Philippines, surrounded by the Sibuyan, Visayan, and Sulu seas; the Guimaras Strait to the southeast separates it from Negros. It is roughly triangular ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "cloud rat") Three of the four species of Crateromys were first described by scientists during the 1980s and '90s, the most recent being the Panay Island cloud rat (C. heaneyi) in 1996. ...
(from the article "Aegean civilizations") ...the name of Ahhiyawa, probably the equivalent to Homer's Achaeans at Troy. These records, from the 15th through the 13th century, are confirmed archaeologically by finds from the cemetery at ...
(from the article "Gobind Singh") ...to another Gobind Singh had merely tested the men's faith and slaughtered five goats instead. Initiated with amrit (sweetened water or nectar) and given the title panc-piara ...
(from the article "siddha") ...from the cycle of rebirths and resides in a state of perpetual bliss in the siddha-sila, at the top of the universe. The siddha and the other ascetics constitute the ...
(from the article "sila") Laymen are to observe the first five precepts (panca-sila) at all times. Occasionally, such as during the fortnightly fast day, they may observe eight precepts (asta-sila; the first nine, with ...
(from the article "Venus") ...and the massive shield volcanoes are many smaller volcanic landforms. Enormous numbers of small volcanic cones are distributed throughout the plains. Particularly unusual in appearance are so-called pancake domes, which ...
(from the article "sea ice") Under more turbulent conditions, when the water is disturbed by wind and waves, frazil crystals agglomerate into discs known as pancakes. As they grow from a few centimetres to a ...
(from the article "turtle") Most tortoises have high, domed shells, the major exception being the pancake tortoise (Malacochersus tornieri) of southeastern Africa. The pancake tortoise lives among rocky outcroppings, where its flat shell allows ...
(from the article "varna") ...of them in the four-varna system bestowed on them a measure of dignity. A move to accommodate still others not so distinguished led to the rather unofficial acceptance of yet ...
early Hindu religious movement whose members worshiped the deified sage Narayana (who came to be identified with Lord Vishnu) and, in merger with the Bhagavata (q.v.) sect, formed the earliest ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "crustacean") ...eggs often attached to abdominal appendages; worldwide; mostly marine but also freshwater and a few terrestrial; about 10,000 species.Holocene; eyes reduced or absent; brood pouch formed from dorsal ...
(from the article "Indian philosophy") ...Samkhya work. Isvarakrsna describes himself as laying down the essential teachings of Kapila as taught to Asuri and by Asuri to Pancasikha. He refers also to Sastitantra ("Doctrine of 60 ...
the Indonesian state philosophy, formulated by the Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno. It was first articulated on June 1, 1945, in a speech delivered by Sukarno to the preparatory committee for ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Varanasi") ...of the city are narrow, winding, and impassable for motor traffic; the newer, outer suburbs are more spacious and are laid out more systematically. The sacred city is bounded by ...
collection of Indian animal fables, which has had extensive circulation both in the country of its origin and throughout the world. In Europe the work was known under the name ... [8 Related Articles]
the most important adjudicating and licensing agency in the self-government of an Indian caste. There are two types: permanent and impermanent. Literally, a panchayat (from Sanskrit panca, "five") consists of ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "panchayat") ...court or retry them after the verdict of the state court has been given. The Congress Party in India made a point of creating village panchayats as local instruments of ...
any of the line of reincarnated lamas in Tibet, each of whom heads the influential Tashilhunpo Monastery (near Shigatse) and until recent times was second only to the Dalai Lama ... [3 Related Articles]
town, southern El Salvador. It lies in the Pacific coastal range just south of San Salvador. The population is made up primarily of descendants of Pipil Indians, who are noted ...
(from the article "photography, history of") ...process. It used a colour screen (a glass plate covered with grains of starch dyed to act as primary-colour filters and black dust that blocked all unfiltered light) coated with ...
(from the article "makeup") ...Society of Motion Picture Engineers conducted a special series of tests for this purpose in 1928. As a result of these experiments, Max Factor created a completely new range of ...
(from the article "encyclopaedia") ...more than two centuries. In 1753 a two-volume supplement to the 7th edition of Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia was compiled by George Lewis Scott, a tutor to the English royal family. ...
ancient Greek sports event that combined boxing and wrestling, introduced at the Xxxiii Olympiad (648 BC). Simple fisticuffs had been introduced in 688 BC. Particularly popular among Spartans, contests were ... [2 Related Articles]
compound gland that discharges digestive enzymes into the gut and secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, vital in carbohydrate (sugar) metabolism, into the bloodstream. [16 Related Articles]
(from the article "transplant") The pancreas consists of two kinds of tissues: endocrine and exocrine. The latter produces pancreatic juice, a combination of digestive enzymes that empty via a duct into the small intestine. ...
(from the article "amylase") Alpha-amylase is widespread among living organisms. In the digestive systems of humans and many other mammals, an alpha-amylase called ptyalin is produced by the salivary glands, whereas pancreatic amylase is ...
a disease characterized by abnormal growth of cells in the pancreas, a 15-cm- (6-inch-) long gland located behind the stomach. The pancreas is primarily made up of two different tissues ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "endocrine system, human") Hormonesislets of LangerhansLangerhans, islets of...described them in 1869. The normal human pancreas contains about 1,000,000 islets. The islets consist of ...
(from the article "transplant") The pancreas consists of two kinds of tissues: endocrine and exocrine. The latter produces pancreatic juice, a combination of digestive enzymes that empty via a duct into the small intestine. ...
(from the article "digestive system, human") Special endocrine cells, "PP" cells, secrete pancreatic polypeptide in response to protein meals. Their function is intimately related to vagal and cholinergic activity. The level of pancreatic polypeptide is frequently ...
inflammation of the pancreas, either acute or chronic. The disorder is most commonly caused by excessive intake of alcohol, trauma, and obstruction of pancreatic ducts by gallstones. Inflammation is caused ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "lethal injection") ...in the following order: (1) sodium thiopental, a barbiturate commonly used as an anesthesia for surgery, which is supposed to induce sleep and the loss of consciousness in about 20 ...
(from the article "aplastic anemia") ...number of blood cells. There may be a lack of all cell types-white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets-resulting in a form of the disease called pancytopenia, ...
(from the article "Taiwan") ...military aircraft to Taiwan. China also voiced concerns and warned of serious repercussions. A minor drama in cross-strait politics unfolded when Taiwan dismissed the Chinese offer of a gift of ...
reddish brown, long-tailed, raccoonlike mammal, about the size of a large cat, that is found in the mountain forests of the Himalayas and adjacent areas of eastern Asia and subsists ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "kalanchoe") The most common species, valued for their unusual foliage, include the panda plant (K. tomentosa); penwiper plant (K. marmorata); air plant, or maternity plant (K. pinnata); velvet leaf, or felt ...
bearlike mammal inhabiting bamboo forests in the mountains of central China. Its striking coat of black and white, combined with a bulky body and round face, gives it a captivating ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "Malpighiales") Pandaceae contains 3 genera and 15 species of trees to shrubs, growing from Africa to New Guinea. Microdesmis (10 species) grows almost throughout the range of the family. The branches ...
(from the article "crustacean") ...are also hermaphrodites; their ovaries contain scattered sperm-producing lobes among the developing eggs. A change of sex during the life of an individual is a regular feature in some shrimps. ...
(from the article "Pandanales") The four genera of the family Pandanaceae-Pandanus (screw pine), Freycinetia, Sararanga, and Martellidendron-are distributed in coastal or marshy areas in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (Paleotropics). They ...
diverse order of the monocotyledon (monocot) group, whose 1,345 species range from large arborescent plants of rainforests and coastal areas in the tropics to twining herbs and lianas, as well ...
any of some 600 tropical species of Old World trees and shrubs of the screw pine family, Pandanaceae. Pandanus trees typically have slender palmlike stems and produce ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "houseplant") ...milky-green leaves with white stripes; and D. sanderiana, the ribbon plant, a diminutive and slender, highly variegated species that can be grown in water. Similar in appearance is Pandanus veitchii, ...
in Greek legend, son of Lycaon, a Lycian. In Homer's Iliad, Book IV, Pandarus breaks the truce between the Trojans and the Greeks by treacherously wounding Menelaus, the king of ...
(from the article "Pandavas") in Hindu legend, the five sons of the dynastic hero Pandu who were victorious in the great epic war with their cousins, the Kauravas. See Mahabharata.ILLUSTRATIONarmies of the Kauravas and ...
(from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...to indigenous animistic festivals and worship of local spirits, some directly dramatizing episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics, while the majority-the Pandawa (Pandav in Sanskrit) cycle of about 100 ...
(from the article "Trinidad and Tobago") ...in May to investigate whether Chief Justice Satnarine Sharma should be removed from office. Sharma allegedly had attempted to influence the magistrate's verdict in the trial of former prime minister ...
(from the article "property law") Liberal conceptions of property seem to have influenced legal thought later in the 19th century. On the Continent the pandectists, a group of systematic jurists prominent in Germany, took the ...
collection of passages from the writings of Roman jurists, arranged in 50 books and subdivided into titles according to the subject matter. In AD 530 the Roman emperor Justinian entrusted ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "Bird Flu-The Next Human Pandemic?") In 2005 an epidemic of a viral respiratory disease called bird flu (avian influenza) continued to devastate poultry farms in many countries. The epidemic, which began in 2003, had by ...
(from the article "zoology") ...described by various workers, notably the German-trained comparative embryologist Karl von Baer, who was the first to observe a mammalian egg within an ovary. Another German-trained embryologist, Christian Heinrich Pander, ...
(from the article "Life Sciences") New studies of two sarcopterygian fish of the Middle Devonian also revealed several tetrapod-like features. A study of the fossil skull of Panderichthys from the Lode Formation of Latvia identified ...
any of several types of floor coverings handwoven at Panderma (now Bandirma), a town in Turkey on the southern shore of the Sea of Marmora, usually as imitations of Ghiordes ...
town, southern Maharashtra state, western India. It lies along the Bhima River, west of Sholapur city. Easily reached by road and rail, it is a religious town visited throughout the ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "harmony") Similar in a sense to Stravinsky's pandiatonicism, or use of diatonic chords without the limitations of classical harmonic function, is the tendency toward polytonality in the works of the post-World ...
(from the article "osprey") The osprey is the only species in the family Pandionidae, which is sometimes considered a subfamily (Pandioninae) of the hawk and eagle family, Accipitridae, of the order Falconiformes.
