| | - output
- (from the article "automata theory") ...only one of a finite number of positions, or states, with each swing of the pendulum. Each state, through the operation of the escapement, determines the next succeeding state, as ...
- output
- (from the article "Table I. Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980-92") ...some assumptions in cost theory. Work in the field of cost functions, for example, originally tested the theory that marginal cost-the addition to total cost resulting from an increase in ...
- output
- (from the article "radiation measurement") ...as the large avalanches inevitably result in their uncontrolled spread. Because the Geiger discharge is self-limiting, radiation that creates only a single ion pair in the gas will result in ...
- output
- (from the article "automation") The input to the system is the reference value, or set point, for the system output. This represents the desired operating value of the output. Using the previous example of ...
- output winding
- (from the article "electric generator") An inductor alternator is a special kind of synchronous generator in which both the field and the output winding are on the stator. In the homopolar type of machine, the ...
- Outram, Sir James, 1st Baronet
- English general and Indian political officer known, because of his reputation for chivalry, as "the Bayard of India" (after the 16th-century French soldier Pierre Terrail, Seigneur de Bayard). [2 Related Articles]
- Outremer
- (from the article "Crusades") Thus, by the 1170s the Crusader states of Outremer, as the area of Latin settlement came to be called, had developed well-established governments. With allowance made for regional differences (e.g., ...
- Outremeuse, Jean d'
- French author of two romanticized historical works, La Geste de Liege and Ly Myreur des histors. [1 Related Articles]
- outrigger canoe
- (from the article "canoe") ...United States and along the Pacific coast as far north as modern Canada, as well as by peoples in Africa, New Zealand, and elsewhere in the Pacific. For use in ...
- outside caliper
- (from the article "caliper") ...of the illustration have an adjusting screw and nut and are known as spring calipers; those on the left are an illustration of firm-joint calipers, which are held in place ...
- outsider art
- (from the article "Outsider Art: Moving in from the Margins") Outsider art comes from the hands of artists who do not play the art game-not by choice but by circumstance. The "classic" figures of outsider art were socially or culturally ...
- outsourcing
- work arrangement made by an employer who hires an outside contractor to perform work that could be done by company personnel. Outsourcing has been a frequent point of dispute for ... [9 Related Articles]
- outwash
- deposit of sand and gravel carried by running water from the melting ice of a glacier and laid down in stratified deposits. An outwash may attain a thickness of 100 ... [5 Related Articles]
- outwash plain
- (from the article "glacial landform") ...mountainous regions, the resulting elongate, planar deposits are termed valley trains. On the other hand, in low-relief areas the deposits of several ice-marginal streams may merge to form a wide ...
- Ouvea Island
- northernmost of the Loyalty Islands, an island group within the French overseas country of New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific Ocean. Ouvea is a crescent-shaped atoll, 30 miles (50 km) long and ...
- ouverture
- (from the article "suite") ...traditional dance types, which by then, abstracted and refined, had lost their immediate dance character. It opened with an overture in the French style; hence, suites of this type were ...
- ouvrage a la Chine
- (from the article "lacquerwork") In France, on the other hand, ouvrage a la Chine was the term for the imitation of lacquer practiced at the Gobelins factory in Paris from 1672. By the end ...
- Ouvroir de Litterature Potentielle
- (from the article "French literature") ...(1973; "Thirty-one Cubed"), looked to Japanese literature as the inspiration for work that was structured yet free from the burden of European rhetoric. He was associated with OuLiPo (Ouvroir de ...
- Ouyahia, Ahmed
- (from the article "Algeria") Area: 2,381,741 sq km (919,595 sq mi) | Population (2006 est.): 33,354,000 | Capital: Algiers | Chief of state: President Abdelaziz Bouteflika | Head of government: Prime Ministers Ahmed Ouyahia ...
- Ouyang Xiu
- Chinese poet, historian, and statesman of the Song dynasty who reintroduced the simple "ancient style" in Chinese literature and sought to reform Chinese political life through principles of classical Confucianism. [2 Related Articles]
- ouzel
- (species Turdus torquatus), a thrush of the family Turdidae (order Passeriformes), characterized by a white crescent on the breast. A blackish bird, 24 cm (9.5 inches) long, it breeds locally ...
- ouzo
- (from the article "absinthe") ...prohibiting true absinthe. Beverages developed as substitutes, similar in taste but lower in alcohol content and without wormwood, are known by such names as Pernod, anis (or anisette), pastis, ouzo, ...
- oval kumquat
- (from the article "kumquat") The oval, or Nagami, kumquat (F. margarita) is the most common species. It is native to southern China and bears yellow fruits that are about 3 cm in diameter. The ...
- oval window
- (from the article "ear, human") ...the stapes because of their relatively loose coupling. The stapes does not move in and out but rocks back and forth about the lower pole of its footplate, which impinges ...
- Ovalle, Jose Tomas de
- (from the article "Chile") ...of the oligarchy. Rival political factions were eliminated in 1829 when authoritarians, with the help of a part of the army, were able to install a junta (collegial government) that ...
- Ovando Candia, Alfredo
- (from the article "Bolivia") The death of Barrientos in early 1969 brought the vice president, Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas, into office; he was forcibly replaced in midyear by General Alfredo Ovando Candia, who nationalized ...
- Ovando, Nicolas de
- Spanish military leader and first royal governor of the West Indies. He was the first to apply the encomienda system of Indian forced labour, which became widespread ... [2 Related Articles]
- ovarian artery
- (from the article "human cardiovascular system") ...centimetres above the termination of the aorta is the inferior mesenteric artery, which branches to supply the lower part of the colon. The renal arteries pass to the kidneys. The ...
- ovarian bursa
- (from the article "reproductive system, animal") ...the female reproductive tract. Even in those teleosts in which the eggs are shed into an ovarian cavity, the latter is often of coelomic origin. In many mammals a membranous ...
- ovarian cancer
- a disease characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the ovaries, the internal reproductive organs that produce the ova, or egg cells, in women. Most ovarian cancers begin in ... [1 Related Articles]
- ovarian ectopic pregnancy
- (from the article "ectopic pregnancy") Ovarian ectopic pregnancy is a relatively rare condition in which the ovum is fertilized before its discharge from the follicle. Symptoms, termination, and treatment are similar to those of tubal ...
- ovarian follicle
- (from the article "reproductive system, animal") A typical vertebrate ovary consists of cortex and medulla. The cortex, immediately internal to the tunica albuginea, contains future eggs and, at one time or another, eggs in ovarian follicles ...
- ovariole
- (from the article "insect") Each of the two ovaries consists of a number of ovarioles. The ovarioles converge upon the two oviducts, and the oviducts unite to form a common oviduct down which the ...
- ovariotomy
- (from the article "McDowell, Ephraim") McDowell completed his medical studies in Edinburgh, returning to the United States to practice in Danville. He performed his first ovariotomy on Jane Todd Crawford. Without anesthesia or antisepsis, he ...
- ovary
- in zoology, female reproductive organ in which sex cells (eggs or ova) are produced. The usually paired ovaries of female vertebrates produce both the sex cells and the hormones necessary ... [23 Related Articles]
- ovary
- in botany, enlarged basal portion of the pistil, the female organ of a flower. The ovary contains ovules, which develop into seeds upon fertilization. It will mature into a fruit, ... [9 Related Articles]
- ovatio
- (from the article "triumph") A general who did not earn a triumph might be granted an ovatio, in which he walked or rode on horseback, wearing the purple-bordered toga of an ordinary magistrate and ...
- Ovda Regio
- (from the article "Aphrodite Terra") ...Its western extremity consists of two large curving ridges that partially surround a broad circular region of low-lying rugged terrain. Most of Aphrodite is formed by two broad upland regions, ...
- Ovelar, Blanca
- (from the article "Paraguay") Pres. Nicanor Duarte Frutos, after unsuccessfully seeking a constitutional amendment permitting him to run for a second term, began grooming his education minister, Blanca Ovelar, as his successor. She and ...
- oven
- (from the article "baking") The Egyptians developed the first ovens. The earliest known examples are cylindrical vessels made of baked Nile clay, tapered at the top to give a cone shape and divided inside ...
- ovenbird
- any of several species of small birds, named for building a domed nest with a side entrance, especially Seiurus aurocapillus, a wood warbler (family Parulidae, order Passeriformes) of North America ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ovens Valley goldfields
- (from the article "Beechworth") ...Australia, at the foot of the Victorian Alps. The original settlement (c. 1839), called Mayday Hills, was renamed for a place in England. During the mid-19th century it was a ...
- over
- (from the article "cricket") When a bowler has bowled six balls (occasionally, eight balls), not counting wides and no balls, he has completed an over. The batsmen remain where they are and a new ...
- over-arm bowling
- (from the article "cricket") ...pitch). The argument centred on whether the bowler should be allowed to raise his arm above the shoulder. As a result of this controversy, the bowler was in 1864 officially ...
- over-the-counter market
- trading in stocks and bonds that does not take place on stock exchanges; such trading is most significant in the United States, where requirements for listing stocks on the exchanges ...
- over-the-horizon radar
- (from the article "Page, Robert Morris") ...(PPI) radar display, which provides the location and direction of a target on a maplike presentation that is easy to interpret. Page conceived and initiated the first successful demonstration of ...
- overbalanced wheel
- (from the article "perpetual motion") ...those devices that purport to deliver more energy from a falling or turning body than is required to restore those devices to their original state. The most common of these, ...
- Overbeck, Franz
- (from the article "Nietzsche, Friedrich") ...collapsed in the streets of Turin, Italy, in January 1889, having lost control of his mental faculties completely. Bizarre but meaningful notes he sent immediately after his collapse brought Franz ...
- Overbeck, Fritz
- (from the article "Worpswede school") ...19th-century Barbizon school in France. Fritz Mackensen and Otto Modersohn were the first to arrive; during the 1890s they were joined by Paula Becker (who later married Modersohn), Hans am ...
- Overbeck, Johann Friedrich
- Romantic painter of Christian religious subjects, who was leader of a group of German artists known as the Nazarenes, or Lucas Brotherhood (Lukasbund). [2 Related Articles]
- overblowing
- (from the article "wind instrument") ...are short in relation to their diameter, they are generally capable of sounding the fundamental and respond best to pitches low in the harmonic series. To play in the upper ...
- overburden
- (from the article "coal mining") Contour mining is commonly practiced where a coal seam outcrops in rolling or hilly terrain. Basically, the method consists of removing the overburden above the coal seam and then, starting ...
- Overbury, Sir Thomas
- English poet and essayist, victim of an infamous intrigue at the court of James I. His poem A Wife, thought by some to have played a role in precipitating his ... [2 Related Articles]
- overcoil
- (from the article "Breguet, Abraham-Louis") ...He took refuge in Switzerland during the French Revolution and, upon his return to France, became a principal watchmaker of the empire. Among Breguet's many inventions and innovations were the ...
- overcoring
- (from the article "tunnels and underground excavations") ...in choice of chamber orientation, shape, and support design, is usually determined in exploratory drifts. Two methods are common, although each is still in the development stage. One is an ...
- overcrowding
- (from the article "war") Two particularly interesting subjects studied by ethologists are the effects of overcrowding on animals and animal behaviour regarding territory. The study of overcrowding is incomplete, and the findings that normal ...
- overdenture
- (from the article "denture") Improved stability is sometimes obtained with overdentures, appliances that use remaining teeth and roots for support. An added advantage of overdentures is that the remaining roots help preserve the alveolar ...
- overextension
- (from the article "human behaviour") Children in their second and third years sometimes use words as overextensions; "doggie," for instance, may refer to a variety of four-legged animals as well as to dogs, and the ...
- overfishing
- (from the article "conservation") Overharvesting, or overfishing in the case of fish and marine invertebrates, depletes some species to very low numbers and drives others to extinction. In practical terms, it reduces valuable living ...
- overfit stream
- (from the article "valley") ...practical measure of size, most often the meander wavelength, indicates that the modern river is either too large or too small for the valley in which it flows. The former ...
- overglaze colour
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...painting under the glaze, carving or scratching (sgraffito work) through one slip to another of a different colour, and painting over the glaze in low-fired colours. The earliest known example ...
- overhand cut-and-fill mining
- (from the article "mining") ...in a series of horizontal drifting slices. When each slice is removed, the void is filled (generally with waste material from the mineral-processing plant), and the next slice of ore ...
- overhand knot
- (from the article "knot") The overhand knot (knot A in the Figure) is the simplest type of knot and is used to make a knob in a rope, string, or cord. It is used ...
- overharvesting
- (from the article "conservation") Overharvesting, or overfishing in the case of fish and marine invertebrates, depletes some species to very low numbers and drives others to extinction. In practical terms, it reduces valuable living ...
- overhaul
- (from the article "aerospace industry") To ensure the safe operation of airliners, airframes and engines of civil and military aircraft have obligatory major overhauls after specified time intervals. For the airframes of commercial airliners, this ...
- overhead cost
- (from the article "accounting") ...centres or departments work on a variety of products rather than just one during a typical time period. Two categories of factory cost are recognized under this method: prime costs ...
- overhead intermediate proofer
- (from the article "baking") Most intermediate proofers are the overhead type, in which the principal part of the cabinet is raised above the floor, allowing space for other makeup machinery beneath it. Interior humidity ...
- overhead lift
- (from the article "figure skating") Lifts are among the more spectacular elements of pairs skating. A basic lift is the overhead lift, in which the man raises his partner off the ice and balances her ...
- overhead rate
- (from the article "accounting") Direct materials and labour costs are recorded on the job order cost sheets for each job. Although not traceable to individual jobs, overhead costs are generally assigned to them by ...
- overhead smash
- (from the article "tennis") ...at the net and put him on the defensive. The player who makes an offensive lob often follows it to the net, but if a lob is not high enough ...
- overhead traveling crane
- (from the article "crane") ...space can be served by a rotary bridge crane, in which one end of the overhead beam is supported by a central pivot while the other end moves on a ...
- overhead-camshaft engine
- (from the article "gasoline engine") ...cam followers can remain in contact with the cams when the valves are closing. Above that limiting speed the valves are said to float, and their motion tends to become ...
- overhead-valve engine
- (from the article "gasoline engine") The design of the cylinder block is affected by the location of the valves of the four-stroke-cycle engine and by the provision of cylinder ports in the two-stroke type. An ...
- overhydration
- (from the article "endocrine system, human") Overhydration (water intoxication) occurs when the body's ability to dispose of fluid is overcome by a large fluid intake or the mechanisms for the disposal of excess fluid are defective, ...
- Overijssel
- provincie (province), northeastern Netherlands, extending northward "beyond the IJssel," a distributary of the Rhine, from the provinces of Gelderland to Drenthe and Friesland and lying between Germany (east) and Flevoland ... [2 Related Articles]
- overkill hypothesis
- (from the article "Pleistocene Epoch") The first theory, the so-called overkill hypothesis, receives support from the coincidence in the timing of the mass extinction and the appearance of large numbers of human hunters, as evidenced ...
- overland flow
- (from the article "environmental works") ...is stored in large ponds called recharge basins. Most of it percolates to the groundwater, and very little is absorbed by vegetation. For this method to work, soils must be ...
- Overland Park
- city, Johnson county, northeastern Kansas, U.S. Located on a low ridge that affords a broad view of the Missouri River valley, it is a southern suburb of Kansas City, near ... [1 Related Articles]
- Overland, Arnulf
- Norwegian poet, painter, and socialist whose poems helped inspire the Norwegian resistance movement during the German occupation in World War II.
- overlap
- (from the article "chemical bonding") ...concept of the electron-pair bond. Broadly speaking, in VB theory a bond between atoms A and B is formed when two atomic orbitals, one from each atom, merge with one ...
- overlay glazing
- (from the article "industrial glass") ...be carried out using a solution of 6-30 percent hydrofluoric acid with a small amount of sulfuric acid-although, for safety reasons, this treatment is not recommended. Strengthening by overlay glazing ...
- overload
- (from the article "exercise") Overload, the second important principle, means that to improve any aspect of physical fitness the individual must continually increase the demands placed on the appropriate body systems. For example, to ...
- overlord
- (from the article "Iran, ancient") Closely related to that form of government was the Elamite system of inheritance and power distribution. The normal pattern of government was that of an overlord ruling over vassal princes. ...
- overo
- (from the article "Pinto") ...Association and the American Paint Stock Horse Association, also considers breeding for registration and is concerned only with stock- and quarter-type horses. Pintos have colour patterns called overo (white spreading ...
- overpass
- (from the article "bridge") All bridges need to be secure at the foundations and abutments. In the case of a typical overpass beam bridge with one support in the middle, construction begins with the ...
- overpopulation
- (from the article "Germany") West of the Elbe the basic problem was not landlessness but overpopulation. The aristocracy along the Rhine and the Danube was often willing to give the peasantry possession of the ...
- overpotential
- (from the article "chemical industry") At a mercury cathode, on the other hand, appreciable reduction of water requires a much higher voltage than that needed at an iron cathode. This so-called overpotential is so great, ...
- overpressure
- (from the article "nuclear weapon") The expansion of intensely hot gases at extremely high pressures in a nuclear fireball generates a shock wave that expands outward at high velocity. The "overpressure," or crushing pressure, at ...
- overrun
- (from the article "dairy product") ...In the United States, for example, ice cream must contain at least 10 percent fat and 20 percent total milk solids. In freezing, the volume may be doubled by the ...
- overrunning clutch
- (from the article "clutch") An overrunning clutch transmits torque in one direction only and permits the driven shaft of a machine to freewheel, or keep on rotating when the driver is stopped. On bicycles, ...
- oversaturated rock
- (from the article "felsic and mafic rocks") ...interaction of several parameters, and it cannot be assumed that rocks with the same silica content will have the same mineralogy. Silica saturation is a classification of minerals and rocks ...
- Overseas Development Administration
- (from the article "Overseas Surveys, Directorate of") surveying, mapping, and aerial photography agency of the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) of the United Kingdom, founded in 1946 to provide advice to the ODA and foreign governments and organizations ...
- Overseas Highway
- (from the article "Florida Keys") The western terminus of the Florida Keys is sometimes considered to be Key West, the most populous and economically developed of the islands. The Overseas Highway, running from the mainland ...
- overseas investment
- (from the article "Latin America, history of") The lack of capital that had plagued Latin America in the immediate postindependence period was resolved now by injections of foreign capital on a scale previously unknown. Investments from Europe ...
- Overseas Missionary Fellowship
- (from the article "Christianity") Nondenominational faith missions viewed J. Hudson Taylor's China Inland Mission (1865; after 1965 called the Overseas Missionary Fellowship) as the great prototype. Missions such as these often sought to work ...
- Overseas Surveys, Directorate of
- surveying, mapping, and aerial photography agency of the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) of the United Kingdom, founded in 1946 to provide advice to the ODA and foreign governments and organizations ...
- overseeding
- (from the article "weather modification") ...hail damage. Some operations have attempted to put so many nuclei into the supercooled parts of cumulonimbus that they would be almost totally converted to ice crystals. Such a procedure, ...
- overshot loader
- (from the article "mining") ...The smallest ones have a capacity of less than one cubic metre (one ton), whereas the largest have a 25-ton capacity (see photograph). In small, narrow vein deposits, tracked or ...
- overshot waterwheel
- (from the article "waterwheel") ...but it had much greater potential. Vertical waterwheels were also distinguished by the location of water contact with the wheel; first, the undershot wheel; second, the breast wheel; and third, ...
- overstringing
- (from the article "keyboard instrument") The strings in early pianos, like those in harpsichords or clavichords, ran parallel to one another, causing the grand pianos of the 18th and early 19th centuries to retain much ...
- overt idolatry
- (from the article "idolatry") Several forms of idolatry have been distinguished. Gross, or overt, idolatry consists of explicit acts of reverence addressed to a person or an object-the sun, the king, an animal, a ...
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