(from the article "sugar") In industrial sugarcane processing, crystallization is conducted under vacuum in order to lower operating temperatures, but some sugar is produced in the tropics by "open pan" processes. In these processes, ...
(from the article "keyboard instrument") ...in diameter at the top than at the mouth. Or, the top of the pipe may be completely closed by a stopper. Such a pipe is said to be stopped; ...
(from the article "fat and oil processing") ...when the hydraulic press was developed. The yield of oil from the hydraulic press was considerably higher than that from earlier processing methods because of the much higher applied pressures. ...
(from the article "primary election") in the United States, an election to select a political party's candidates to run for public office. Primaries may be closed (partisan), allowing only declared party members to vote, or ...
(from the article "ethics") ...because Moore's argument applied equally well, as he acknowledged, to any attempt to define good in terms of something supernatural, such as "what God wills.") The "open-question argument," as it ...
in U.S. history, the areas of public domain north of Texas where from about 1866 to 1890 more than 5,000,000 cattle were driven to fatten and be shipped off to ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "economic regionalism") Another method of classifying forms of economic regionalism is by their treatment of nonmembers. In "open" forms there are no elements of exclusion or discrimination against nonmembers. Trade liberalization and ...
(from the article "metalogic") It is necessary first to distinguish between open and closed sentences. An open sentence, such as x = 1, is one that may be either true or false depending on ...
(from the article "topology") ...of T, (2) the intersection of any finite number of sets in T is in T, and (3) the union of any collection of sets in T is in T. ...
(from the article "union shop") ...form of security. Lacking a union shop or a closed shop, workplaces are defined as either agency shops (which require employees to contribute funds equal to union dues but not ...
(from the article "international relations") ...1955. The Soviets again called for a unified, neutral Germany, while the West insisted that it could come about only through free elections. On arms control, Eisenhower stunned the Soviets ...
(from the article "Azerbaijan") ...Party of Azerbaijan (ADP) split in February and quit the opposition Freedom bloc. Supporters of party chairman and self-exiled former parliament speaker Rasul Guliyev founded a new party-Open Society-in April. ...
(from the article "minority") ...the society in which he lives is closed or open. A closed society is one in which an individual's role and function can theoretically never be changed, as in the ...
(from the article "open source") ...Berkeley), finally decided to commercialize UNIX in 1987, a large segment of computer manufacturers and software developers decided that they needed an "open" system and formed the Open Software Foundation. ...
social movement, begun by computer programmers, that rejects secrecy and centralized control of creative work in favour of decentralization, transparency, and unrestricted ("open") sharing of information. Source refers to the ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "stoping") ...when the surrounding rock is strong enough to permit the drilling, blasting, and removal of ore without caving. In mines where the rock requires no artificial support, the operation is ...
(from the article "telecommunications network") Different communication requirements necessitate different network solutions, and these different network protocols can create significant problems of compatibility when networks are interconnected with one another. In order to overcome some ...
(from the article "sound") In an open tube, the standing wave of the lowest possible frequency for that particular length of tube (in other words, the fundamental) has antinodes at each end and a ...
British experiment in higher education for adults. It opened in January 1971 with headquarters at the new town of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. There are no academic prerequisites for enrollment in ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Netherlands, The") ...are more specialized: the universities of technology at Delft (1842), Eindhoven (1956), and Enschede (Twente University; 1961) and the Agricultural University at Wageningen (1918). In addition, the Open University, established ...
(from the article "animal") ...distance from either the coelom or the outside. A muscular pump attached to muscular vessels has arisen in larger animals to move the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells. Most animals ...
(from the article "environmental works") Pulverized waste is ready for composting either by the open windrow method or in an enclosed mechanical facility. Windrows are long, low mounds of refuse. They are turned or mixed ...
(from the article "Redefining the Library in the Digital Age") ...Brewster Kahle as an online collection of Web and multimedia resources. The archive operated the Wayback Machine, which offered snapshots of at least 85 billion Web pages from 1996, and ...
(from the article "museums, history of") ...housing cultural material to which the public had access. Later, as museums continued to respond to the societies that created them, the emphasis on the building itself became less dominant. ...
(from the article "South Asian arts") ...the centre of amateur theatre based on the tradition of the late directors A.S. Bokhari and G.D. Sondhi, both former principals of the Government College in Lahore. In 1942 G.D. ...
(from the article "theatre, Western") ...one end of the square with an inner stage at the back. Very little scenery was used, though there were trapdoors in the floor and machinery above for "flying" people ...
(from the article "marketing") Government purchasing procedures fall into two categories: the open bid and the negotiated contract. Under open-bid buying, the government disseminates very specific information about the products and services required and ...
(from the article "stork") Two open-billed storks, openbills, or shell storks, Anastomus lamelligerus of tropical Africa and A. oscitans of southern Asia, are small storks that eat water-snails. When the mandibles of these birds ...
(from the article "gardening") ...stem from which branches form. In the central-leader system of training, the trunk forms a central axis with branches distributed laterally up and down and around the stem. In the ...
(from the article "gas-turbine engine") Most gas turbines operate on an open cycle in which air is taken from the atmosphere, compressed in a centrifugal or axial-flow compressor, and then fed into a combustion chamber. ...
(from the article "magnetohydrodynamic power generator") ...the MHD generator (a process known as topping) and then on to the turbogenerator of a conventional steam plant (the bottoming phase). An MHD power plant employing such an arrangement ...
(from the article "ocean") Some researchers have centred their attention on an open-cycle OTEC system that employs water vapour as the working fluid and dispenses with the use of a refrigerant. In this kind ...
(from the article "metallurgy") Open-die forging is usually done by hammering a part between two flat faces. It is used to make parts that are too big to be formed in a closed die ...
(from the article "wrench") ...a pull on the wrench at right angles to the axes of the lever and the bolt or nut. Some wrenches have ends with straight-sided slots that fit over the ...
(from the article "tunnels and underground excavations") The open-face-wheel type is probably the most common. In the wheel the cutter arm rotates in one direction; in a variant model it oscillates back and forth in a windshield-wiper ...
basic community organization of cultivation in European agriculture for 2,000 years or more. Its best-known medieval form consisted of three elements: individual peasant holdings in the form of strips scattered ... [3 Related Articles]
any surgical procedure that requires an incision into the heart, thus exposing one or more of the cardiac chambers, or requires the use of a heart-lung machine, a device that ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "crucible process") ...or 1,600° C) was high enough to permit melting steel for the first time, producing a homogeneous metal of uniform composition that he used to manufacture watch and clock springs. ...
steelmaking technique that for most of the 20th century accounted for the major part of all steel made in the world. William Siemens, a German living in England in the ... [4 Related Articles]
any of the purchases and sales of government securities and sometimes commercial paper by the central banking authority for the purpose of regulating the money supply and credit conditions on ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "polynya") ...They are thought to be caused chiefly by persistent local offshore winds, such as the foehn, or katabatic (downward-driving), winds typically found off the coasts of Greenland and Antarctica. Open-ocean ...
(from the article "pedagogy") ...available, including library and laboratory facilities and various educational hardware (see below Instructional media). In the infant and primary schools, similar ideas are introduced in the open-plan system. At both ...
(from the article "zoo") A number of open-range zoos have been established since the early 1930s in rural surroundings. The prototype is Whipsnade Park, established by the Zoological Society of London in 1932. Fewer ...
(from the article "sound recording") The principal tape-recording formats are the open reel and cassette. Open-reel recorders, which were the first to be developed, are now used most commonly for professional recording. They operate at ...
(from the article "pingo") ...to latitudes of 65° to 75° N. Rupture of the overlying material at the top of the pingo exposes the ice to melting and may create a smaller crater and ...
(from the article "freight car") ...completely replaced the wooden variety. Modern freight cars vary widely in shape and size, but virtually all of them evolved from three basic types that had been in use since ...
(from the article "telecommunications media") In order to overcome the insufficiencies of single-wire transmission, the early telephone industry shifted to a two-wire system called the open-wire pair. In an open-wire pair the forward and return ...
(from the article "computer graphics") Computer graphics relies heavily on standard software packages. The OpenGL (open graphics library) specifies a standard set of graphics routines that may be implemented in computer programming languages such as ...
(from the article "chess") At the heart of Hypermodernism was a new approach to the opening. The two leading members of the new school, Reti and Nimzowitsch, attacked Tarrasch's emphasis on building a solid ...
(from the article "death rite") ...of a dead person to Osiris and the ritual enacting of what the gods had done would achieve a similar miracle of resurrection. One of the most significant of these ...
a drama set to music and made up of vocal pieces with orchestral accompaniment and with orchestral overtures and interludes. In some operas, such as those by Richard Wagner, the ... [32 Related Articles]
Parisian opera house designed by Charles Garnier. The building, considered one of the masterpieces of the Second Empire style, was begun in 1861 and opened with an orchestral concert on ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "opera buffa") ...in opera buffa. The earliest opera buffa still regularly performed is Giovanni Battista Pergolesi's La serva padrona (1733; The Maid as Mistress). Opera buffa is distinct from French opera-bouffe, a ...
genre of comic opera originating in Naples in the mid-18th century. It developed from the intermezzi, or interludes, performed between the acts of serious operas. Opera buffa plots centre on ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Caldwell, Sarah") ...Riders to the Sea in 1947. She headed the Boston University Opera Workshop from 1952 to 1960, and in 1957 she founded a permanent opera group, which eventually became known ...
(from the article "Italy") ...forbade Catholics to vote in parliamentary elections or to become candidates, and appointed a new generation of "intransigent" bishops. New laymen's organizations were founded; the Opera dei Congressi, with committees ...
(from the article "binocular") Opera glasses and field glasses are binoculars with simple, often inexpensive lens systems and narrow fields of view and are usually made with magnifications of 2.5× to 5×. The lenses ...
(from the article "theatre") There were two kinds of public theatre in the 18th century. One was a logical development of the earlier private court theatres, reflecting a sophisticated, urban, aristocratic demand for theatre ...
(from the article "Cairo") ...also the site of the region's major religious and cultural institutions. During the 19th century a number of European cultural institutions, such as theatres, were introduced. The original Baroque Opera ...
(from the article "Performing Arts") In September a storm of controversy broke loose when Deutsche Oper Berlin announced that it was canceling four performances of Mozart's Idomeneo because of security concerns raised by the production's ...
(from the article "Berlin") The new Opera House (Deutsche Oper Berlin) was opened in West Berlin in 1961, and it quickly established a position as one of the leading opera houses of the Western ...
(from the article "Queler, Eve") In order to gain the opportunity to conduct professionally, Queler organized in 1967 the Opera Orchestra of New York, which also provided experience to instrumentalists and young singers. Their performances ...
(Italian: "serious opera"), style of Italian opera dominant in 18th-century Europe. It emerged in the late 17th century, notably in the work of Alessandro Scarlatti and other composers working in ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Watteau, Antoine") ...One major influence was the commedia dell'arte, in which words count significantly less than gestures, a theatre linked to the actor, who brings his own routines with him. Another influence ...
French form of opera in which spoken dialogue alternates with self-contained musical numbers. The earliest examples of opera-comique were satiric comedies with interpolated songs, but the form later developed into ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "Van Zandt, Marie") ...in Turin, Italy, early in 1879. In May of that year she made her London debut in Vincenzo Bellini's La sonnambula (The Sleepwalker). Her Paris debut followed in March 1880 ...
(from the article "Cycling") Doping in 2006 continued to cast a huge shadow over cycling, notably in the sport's premier road event, the Tour de France. Details of an investigation (code named Operacion Puerto) ...
(from the article "human behaviour") Instrumental, or operant, conditioning involves creating a relationship between a response and a stimulus. If the experiment described above is changed so that after the tone is heard, the infant ...
(from the article "Voiceband modem operating standards") Modems operate in part by communicating with each other, and to do this they must follow matching protocols, or operating standards. Worldwide standards for voiceband modems are established by the ...
program that manages a computer's resources, especially the allocation of those resources among other programs. Typical resources include the central processing unit (CPU), computer memory, file storage, input/output (I/O) devices, ... [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "Scientology") ...by many practices to find the pathway to salvation. He has held the imperishable hope that someday in some way he would be free." Consequently, the most sacred teachings of ...
(from the article "statistics") ...= 0.01. Although most applications of hypothesis testing control the probability of making a type I error, they do not always control the probability of making a type II error. ...
(from the article "Military Affairs") ...conflict (which came to be known as the Troubles) dragged on, and British troops spent 38 years supporting the police in Northern Ireland. More than 300,000 military personnel had been ...
(from the article "Brazil") In early May a much wider scandal broke that involved the misallocation of public funds in the procurement of ambulances by local municipalities. Dubbed "Operation Bloodsucker" by the federal police ...
(from the article "Israel") ...at the small Negev town of Sderot. By late summer these attacks had become an almost daily affair, and after two young children were killed by rocket fire in Sderot ...
(from the article "Afghanistan") ...the south had become an effective base of Taliban operations, with as many as 5,000 Taliban fighters in the area. In May U.S. and NATO units together with the Afghan ...
(from the article "Treblinka") ...extermination camp for Jews as part of the "final solution to the Jewish question," or the Holocaust. The Nazis established this camp-along with Belzec and Sobibor-as part of Operation Reinhard, ...
(from the article "Croatia") Regional relations generally soured. On August 5 Croatia celebrated the 10th anniversary of Operation Storm, the military action that liberated much Croatian territory from Serbian occupation. The event, however, sparked ...
(from the article "Military Affairs") ...that struck the Indian Ocean region in December 2004 proved difficult. In early 2005 armed forces from around the world found themselves at the centre of relief efforts. The U.S. ...
(from the article "analog computer") Most present-day electronic analog computers operate by manipulating potential differences (voltages). Their basic component is an operational amplifier, a device whose output current is proportional to its input potential difference. ...
(from the article "operations research") In situations where it is not possible to isolate the effects of individual variables by analysis of operating data, it may be necessary to resort to operational experiments to determine ...
(from the article "operations research") A simulation in which decision making is performed by one or more real decision makers is called "operational gaming." Such simulations are commonly used in the study of interactions of ...
(from the article "applied logic") The propositional sense of knowing (i.e., knowing that something or other is the case), rather than the operational sense of knowing (i.e., knowing how something or other is done), is ...
(from the article "operations research") Societies were organized, beginning with the Operational Research Club of Britain, formed in 1948, which in 1954 became the Operational Research Society. The Operations Research Society in America was formed ...
application of scientific methods to the management and administration of organized military, governmental, commercial, and industrial processes. [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Central Intelligence Agency") The Directorate of Operations is responsible for the clandestine collection of intelligence (i.e., espionage) and special covert operations. Clandestine activities are carried out under various covers, including the diplomatic cloak ...
(from the article "Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister, Of Lyme Regis") ...applicants. In August 1861 he was appointed surgeon to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, where he was in charge of wards in the new surgical block. The managers hoped that hospital ...
in mathematics, any symbol that indicates an operation to be performed. Examples are x (which indicates the square root is to be taken) and ddx (which indicates differentiation with respect ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "blood group") ...the trans situation is that more C antigen is detectable on the red cells from CDe/cde donors than on those of CDe/cDE people. The inheritance of the Rh system probably ...
(from the article "bryophyte") The moss sporangium usually opens by way of an apical lid (the operculum). When the operculum falls, there is exposed a ring of teeth that controls the release of the ...
(from the article "amphibian") ...to low-frequency sound. Also unique to lissamphibians is the columella-opercular complex, a pair of elements associated with the auditory capsule that transmit airborne (columella) or seismic (operculum) signals.bryozoans
musical-dramatic production similar in structure to a light opera but characteristically having a romantically sentimental plot interspersed with songs, orchestral music, and rather elaborate dancing scenes, along with spoken dialogue. [3 Related Articles]
genetic regulatory system found in bacteria and their viruses in which genes coding for functionally related proteins are clustered along the DNA. This feature allows protein synthesis to be controlled ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Taurt") ...standing upright (sometimes with the breasts of a woman), the tail of a crocodile, and the claws of a lion. Her image often appeared in household shrines and on amulets. ...
ancient Egyptian festival of the second month of the lunar calendar. In the celebration of Opet, the god Amon, Mut, his consort, and Khons, their son, made a ritual journey ... [2 Related Articles]
daughter of Polonius, sister to Laertes, and rejected lover of Hamlet in Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet. Ophelia's mad scene (Act IV, scene 5) is one of the best ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Moons of Uranus") Voyager 2 found that the innermost two moons, Cordelia and Ophelia, orbit on either side of the Epsilon ring at exactly the right radii required for shepherding. Shepherds for the ...
(from the article "annelid") No prostomial appendages; body with limited number of segments; setae all simple; size, 1 to 10 cm; examples of genera: Ophelia, Polyophthalmus,
(from the article "annelid") ...from the dorsum between segments 2 and 6; parapodia biramous with weakly developed lobes; all setae simple; size, usually less than 2 cm; Cossura.No prostomial appendages; body with limited ...
