| | - Okuma Shigenobu
- politician who twice served as prime minister of Japan (1898; 1914-16). He organized the Rikken Kaishinto ("Progressive Party") and founded Waseda University. [5 Related Articles]
- Okumura Masanobu
- painter and publisher of illustrated books who introduced innovations in woodblock printing and print-design technique in Japan. [2 Related Articles]
- Okuni
- Japanese dancer who is credited as being the founder of the Kabuki art form. [4 Related Articles]
- Okuninushi
- in the mythology of the Izumo branch of Shinto in Japan, the central hero, a son-in-law of the storm god, Susanoo. [3 Related Articles]
- Okura Kihachiro
- founder of one of the largest zaibatsu, or gigantic industrial-financial combines that dominated the Japanese economy throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
- Okvik culture
- (from the article "Central Asian arts") ...the statuettes and terminal ornaments are largely concerned with hunting or the magical practices of shamanism. The earliest and finest statuettes of which there is knowledge are assigned to the ...
- Okvik Madonna
- (from the article "Central Asian arts") ...and flat, their heads large, pear-shaped, and carefully worked, as are hands when included. The faces are carved and are sometimes incised with lines, probably denoting tattooing. The so-called Okvik ...
- okwa
- (from the article "Mbembe") ...patrilineally, and lineage members usually live together. Age sets cutting across kinship ties are formed in each village. Of village associations that function as agents of social control, the okwa, ...
- Ol Doinyo Lengai
- active volcano, northern Tanzania, East Africa, located at the southern end of Lake Natron. It rises to an elevation of 9,442 ft (2,878 m) and is one of the many ... [1 Related Articles]
- Olabimtan, Afolabi
- (from the article "African literature") ...Olowolaiyemo ("Mr. People-Rally-Only-Around-the-Well-To-Do"), which deals with the hardships of urban life in Yorubaland. The trend of contemporary realism continued with Afolabi Olabimtan's novels. His first, Kekere Ekun (1967; "[Lad Nicknamed] ...
- Olacaceae
- (from the article "Santalales") Olacaceae is another tropical woody family of 14 genera and about 100 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Although many members may not appear parasitic (they are considered hemiparasites), they ...
- Oladepo, Jinadu
- (from the article "Mbari Mbayo Club") ...which comments on Nigerian life, was as popular with farmers and market women as it was with intellectuals. Yemi Bisiri made lost-wax brass figures for the Ogboni cult, but in ...
- Oladepo, Kikelomo
- (from the article "Mbari Mbayo Club") ...for the Ogboni cult, but in a contemporary style. Jinadu Oladepo created brass figures and bracelets and pendants that were worn by the Oshogbo artists as a kind of insignia. ...
- Olaf
- king of Sweden (c. 980-1022) whose apparent efforts to impose Christianity were frustrated by the leading non-Christian Swedish chieftains. [1 Related Articles]
- Olaf (IV)
- king of Norway (1103-15), illegitimate son of King Magnus III Barefoot. [1 Related Articles]
- Olaf Guthfrithson
- king of Northumbria and of Dublin. Olaf was the son of Guthfrith (or Godfrey), king of Dublin. He is often confused with Olaf Sihtricson. [3 Related Articles]
- Olaf I Tryggvason
- Viking king of Norway (995-c. 1000), much celebrated in Scandinavian literature, who made the first effective effort to Christianize Norway. [10 Related Articles]
- Olaf II Haraldsson
- the first effective king of all Norway and the country's patron saint, who achieved a 12-year respite from Danish domination and extensively increased the acceptance of Christianity. His religious code ... [9 Related Articles]
- Olaf III Haraldsson
- king of Norway (1066-93) who guided the nation through one of its most prosperous periods, maintaining an extended peace rare in medieval Norwegian history. He also strengthened the organization of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Olaf IV Haakonsson
- king of Denmark (as Olaf III, 1376-87) and of Norway (1380-87). He was the son of Haakon VI and of Margaret (Margrete), daughter of Valdemar IV, king of Denmark. [3 Related Articles]
- Olaf Sihtricson
- king of the Danish kingdoms of Northumbria and of Dublin. [1 Related Articles]
- Olaf V
- (from the article "Haakon VI Magnusson") ...him to rescue his father in 1371. He conceded special trading privileges to the Hanseatic merchants in a final peace treaty (1376), which helped secure the right to the Danish ...
- Olaf V
- king of Norway (1957-91), succeeding his father, King Haakon VII.
- Olafsson, Eggert
- Icelandic poet and antiquarian, an outstanding figure in the history of Iceland's fight to preserve and revivify its language, culture, and economy.
- Olafsson, Peter
- (from the article "Bridget of Sweden, Saint") On the death of her husband in 1344, Bridget retired to a life of penance and prayer near the Cistercian monastery of Alvastra on Lake Vetter. To the prior, Peter ...
- Olah, George A.
- Hungarian-American chemist who won the 1994 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for work conducted in the early 1960s that isolated the positively charged, electron-deficient fragments of hydrocarbons known as carbocations (or ... [1 Related Articles]
- Olajuwon, Hakeem
- In June 1994 Nigerian-American basketball player Hakeem ("The Dream") Olajuwon made his longtime dream come true by leading the Houston Rockets to victory in the National Basketball Association (NBA) championship ...
- olam ha-ba
- in Jewish theology, either "the world after death" or the new creation or restoration of the world that is to follow the messianic millennium. Because this latter interpretation stemmed from ... [1 Related Articles]
- olam ha-ze
- (Hebrew: "this world"), in Jewish theology, present life on earth, as opposed to 'olam ha-ba ("the world to come"). Though 'olam ha-ze is full of misery and injustice, one's view ...
- Olancho Forestry Project
- (from the article "Puerto Castilla") ...colonial period, the port was revitalized during the 1970s. Shrimp fishing is the main activity, and the city has a meatpacking plant. In the late 1970s port facilities were upgraded ...
- Oland
- island and landskap (province) in the Baltic Sea, lan (county) of Kalmar, Sweden. It is connected to Kalmar on the Swedish mainland by a road bridge across Kalmar Sound. It ...
- Olathe
- city, seat (1858) of Johnson county, northeastern Kansas, U.S. Olathe, which lies 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Kansas City, was founded in 1857 on the Santa Fe Trail. Its ...
- Olatunde, Ashiru
- (from the article "Mbari Mbayo Club") ...of humour. Jimoh Buraimoh was known for his mosaic compositions made with local beads, potsherds, or stones. Samuel Ojo worked in applique with cutout and embroidered fantasy-like figures. Ashiru Olatunde's ...
- Olatunji, Babatunde
- Nigerian-born drummer (b. April 7, 1927, Ajido, Nigeria-d. April 6, 2003, Salinas, Calif.), brought the sound of African drumming to an American audience and influenced a number of jazz and ...
- Olavide y Jauregui, Pablo Antonio Jose de
- (from the article "Latin American literature") The Peruvian Pablo Antonio Jose de Olavide y Jauregui was the quintessential Enlightenment reformer. Among other things, he worked at establishing immigrant colonies to expand the agricultural sector and reinforce ...
- Olayan, Suliman Saleh
- Saudi businessman (b. Nov. 5, 1918, Unayzah, [Saudi] Arabia-d. July 4, 2002, New York, N.Y.), founded the Olayan Group, one of the largest and most successful corporations in Saudi Arabia, ...
- Olbers' paradox
- in cosmology, paradox relating to the problem of why the sky is dark at night. If the universe is endless and uniformly populated with luminous stars, then every line of ...
- Olbers, Wilhelm
- German astronomer and physician who discovered the asteroids (minor planets) Pallas and Vesta as well as five comets. [3 Related Articles]
- Olbia
- town, northeastern Sardinia, Italy, on the Gulf of Olbia, an inlet of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Originating as the Greek colony of Olbia, it later passed to the Romans and was ...
- Olbrich, Joseph
- German architect who was a cofounder of the Wiener Sezession, the Austrian manifestation of the Art Nouveau movement. Olbrich was a student of Otto Wagner, one of the founders of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Olbricht, Friedrich
- (from the article "July Plot") The leaders of the plot included retired colonel general Ludwig Beck (formerly chief of the general staff), Major General Henning von Tresckow, Colonel General Friedrich Olbricht, and several other top ...
- Olcott, Henry Steel
- American author, attorney, philosopher, and cofounder of the Theosophical Society, a religious sect incorporating aspects of Buddhism, Brahmanism, and Christian esotericism. [2 Related Articles]
- old age
- in human beings, the final stage of the normal life span. Definitions of old age are not consistent from the standpoints of biology, demography (conditions of mortality and morbidity), employment ... [23 Related Articles]
- Old Age Pensions Act
- (from the article "New Zealand") ...the prosperity of the country. But other remedies were considered, and some of them were applied. In the 1880s there was serious discussion of insurance against sickness, poverty, and old ...
- Old Age Pensions Act
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...welfare state. The new Liberal government embarked upon a program of social legislation that involved free school meals (1905), a school medical service (1907), and the Children's Act (1908). The ...
- Old Age Security Act
- (from the article "Canada") ...Allowance Act has been a unique feature of the Canadian social security system since its inception in 1945. The Canada Pension Plan provides retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits. The Old ...
- Old Akkadian cuneiform
- (from the article "cuneiform") The earliest type of Semitic cuneiform in Mesopotamia is called the Old Akkadian, seen for example in the inscriptions of the ruler Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2279 BC). Sumer, ...
- Old Anatolian Turkish language
- (from the article "Turkish language") Modern Turkish is the descendant of Ottoman Turkish and its predecessor, so-called Old Anatolian Turkish, which was introduced into Anatolia by the Seljuq Turks in the late 11th century AD. ...
- Old Assyrian cuneiform
- (from the article "Anatolian religion") Though the Old Assyrian tablets are concerned exclusively with commercial matters, the seal impressions that they bear contain a new and elaborate system of religious symbolism (iconography) that later reached ...
- Old Athenian language
- (from the article "Greek language") 3. Old Athenian was spoken in Athens itself until 1833, when Athens became the capital of the modern state, and on Aegina until early in the 20th century; a few ...
- Old Attic
- (from the article "Greek language") ...systems of Ancient Greek differ noticeably from one period to another and from one dialect to another. The system that has been chosen to serve as an example here is ...
- Old Babylonian cuneiform
- (from the article "cuneiform") ...King Hammurabi of Babylon (died 1750 BC) unified all of southern Mesopotamia. Babylonia thus became the great and influential centre of Mesopotamian culture. The Code of Hammurabi is written in ...
- Old Babylonian Empire
- (from the article "art and architecture, Mesopotamian") ...itself, excavations have revealed the fortifications and public buildings constructed or rebuilt by a long line of Assyrian kings. The character of these buildings suggests a logical development of Old ...
- Old Believer
- member of a group of Russian religious dissenters who refused to accept the liturgical reforms imposed upon the Russian Orthodox Church by the patriarch of Moscow Nikon (1652-58). Numbering millions ... [8 Related Articles]
- Old Bering Sea culture
- (from the article "Central Asian arts") ...era, but which others assign to its early centuries. Okvik art is concerned primarily with the representation of the human figure, differing in that respect from the contemporary or slightly ...
- Old Bern
- (from the article "Bern") Old Bern, connected by several bridges to newer parts of the city on the right bank, preserves more of its medieval appearance than any other Swiss city. It is characterized ...
- Old Bet
- (from the article "circus") The second elephant on American shores, Old Bet, was even more popular and is credited with having established the circus tradition of the animal menagerie. Old Bet was owned by ...
- Old Bian Canal
- (from the article "canals and inland waterways") ...and the 1st century AD, the Chinese built impressive canals. Outstanding were the Ling Canal in Kuangsi, 90 miles long from the Han capital; Changan (Sian) to the Huang He ...
- Old Bill
- (from the article "Bairnsfather, Bruce") ...they were an immediate success. Wounded in action, he had further opportunity to sketch during his convalescence. Collections of his drawings enjoyed wide popularity. His most famous character was Old ...
- Old Bridge
- (from the article "Mostar") ...River and lies on the Sarajevo-Ploce rail line. First mentioned in 1452, Mostar became a Turkish garrison town in the 16th century. In 1566 the Turks replaced the town's wooden ...
- Old Bulgarian language
- (from the article "Bulgaria") The spread of Christianity was facilitated by the work of Saints Cyril and Methodius, who had invented an alphabet in which to write the Slavic language (known as Old Church ...
- Old Castile
- historic provincial region, north-central Spain, generally including the limits reached by the kingdom of Castile in the 11th century. Touching the Bay of Biscay on the north, it is separated ... [1 Related Articles]
- Old Catholic church
- any of the groups of Western Christians who believe themselves to maintain in complete loyalty the doctrine and traditions of the undivided church but who separated from the see of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Old Catholic Church of The Netherlands
- small, independent Roman Catholic church in The Netherlands that dates from the early 18th century. A schism developed in the Roman Catholic church in Holland in 1702 when Petrus Codde, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Old Charity Hospital
- (from the article "Marseille") Nearby is the Old Charity Hospital (Hospice de la Vieille Charite), built between 1660 and 1750. The interior courtyard surrounds a chapel by Pierre Puget, regarded as the most powerful ...
- Old Church
- (from the article "Delft") ...has a technical university, founded in 1842 as the Royal Academy, and hydraulic laboratories where the Delta Plan was designed for the restriction of the Rhine and Meuse estuaries. The ...
- Old Church Slavonic language
- Slavic language based primarily on the Macedonian (South Slavic) dialects around Thessalonica (Thessaloniki). It was used in the 9th century by the missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius, who were natives ... [14 Related Articles]
- Old City
- (from the article "Jerusalem") The Old City, which is believed to have been continuously inhabited for almost 5,000 years, forms a walled quadrilateral about 3,000 feet (900 metres) long on each side. It is ...
- Old Coastal Plain
- (from the article "Suriname") South of the New Coastal Plain is the Old Coastal Plain, which covers some 1,550 square miles. It consists largely of fine clays and sands and contains a variety of ...
- Old Colony Building
- (from the article "building construction") ...about 400 °C (750 °F). Jenney's Manhattan Building (1891) had the first vertical truss bracing to resist wind forces; rigid frame or portal wind bracing was first used in the ...
- Old Comedy
- initial phase of ancient Greek comedy (c. 5th century BC), known through the works of Aristophanes. Old Comedy plays are characterized by an exuberant and high-spirited satire of public persons ... [13 Related Articles]
- Old Copper culture
- (from the article "Native American") ...of Michigan and Wisconsin began to work copper, which can be found in large nodules there. Using cold-hammer techniques, they created a variety of distinctive tools and art forms. Their ...
- Old Cordilleran culture
- ancient North American culture of the Pacific Northwest that appeared about 9000 or 10,000 BC and persisted until about 5000 BC in some areas. Subsistence was based on hunting, fishing, ...
- Old Czechs
- (from the article "Austria") ...becoming increasingly radical in their demands. The Slav orientation of the Taaffe cabinet did not satisfy the Czechs, for example, but rather encouraged a mood of belligerence; because the moderate ...
- Old Dominion University
- public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. It is a sea- and space-grant institution. The university comprises the Darden College of Education and colleges of arts and ...
- Old Dorchester State Park
- (from the article "Dorchester") Cusabo Indians inhabited the region when Europeans began settling Carolina in the 1670s. On a bluff overlooking the Ashley River is Old Dorchester State Park, site of a settlement (1696-1778) ...
- Old Dunqulah
- (from the article "Dunqulah") The historic town of Old Dunqulah (Dunqulah al-'Ajuz) was situated on the east bank of the Nile about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of present-day Dunqulah. Old Dunqulah was the ...
- Old Economy Village
- (from the article "Ambridge") ...as a borough in 1905; the name is a contraction of the company's name. The state of Pennsylvania purchased (1919) many of the original Rappite buildings, which have been restored ...
- Old Elamite language
- (from the article "Elamite language") ...BC. Documents from the second period, which lasted from the 16th to the 8th century BC, are written in cuneiform; the stage of the language found in these documents is ...
- Old English language
- language spoken and written in England before 1100; it is the ancestor of Middle English and Modern English. Scholars place Old English in the Anglo-Frisian group of West Germanic languages. [5 Related Articles]
- Old English literature
- (from the article "English literature") The Old English periodpoetry developmentprosodyStrong-stress metresStrong-stress verse is indigenous to the Germanic languages with their wide-ranging levels of stressed s
- Old English sheepdog
- shaggy working dog developed in early 18th-century England and used primarily in driving sheep and cattle to market. A compact dog with a shuffling, bearlike gait, the dog stands 21 ...
- old European style
- (from the article "folk music") ...which is found mainly in southern Europe and parts of Britain and Ireland, as well as in the Middle East and South Asia, is tense, ornamented, and essentially associated with ...
- Old Executive Office Building
- (from the article "Mullett, Alfred B.") The State, War, and Navy Building is Mullett's principal achievement. A massive structure in the Second Empire style, it was the largest office building in the world when completed. Steep ...
- Old Faithful
- most famous, though not the highest, of all North American geysers, at the head of the Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S. It was so named in ... [3 Related Articles]
- Old Faithful Geyser of California
- (from the article "Calistoga") The city's "Old Faithful Geyser of California," which shoots hot water 60 feet (20 metres) into the air, erupts regularly every 30 minutes. In the summer of 1880, author Robert ...
- Old Fort Harrod State Park
- (from the article "Harrodsburg") ...Wilderness Road as Harrodstown (later Oldtown, then Harrodsburg) by James Harrod and his pioneer group. A replica of the original fort (1776) where frontiersman Daniel Boone once lived is in ...
- Old French language
- (from the article "Romance languages") ...was comparatively slight (though borrowing of Latin vocabulary has been great since the 14th century). The influence of the Germanic Frankish invaders is often held to account for exotic features ...
- Old Frisian language
- (from the article "Germanic languages") ...is called a protolanguage; reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk). For example, a comparison of Runic -gastiz, Gothic gasts, Old Norse gestr, Old English giest, Old Frisian iest, and ...
- old fustic
- (from the article "fustic") either of two natural dyes. Old fustic, or yellowwood, is derived from the heartwood of dyer's mulberry, a large, tropical American tree (Chlorophora tinctoria, or Maclura tinctoria) of the mulberry ...
- Old German Baptist Brethren
- (from the article "Brethren") The reform issue precipitated a three-way split among the Brethren in the early 1880s. The conservative wing called itself the Old German Baptist Brethren to emphasize its conviction that it ...
- Old Governor's Mansion
- (from the article "Georgia") Numerous buildings, districts, and archaeological sites across the state have been designated national historic landmarks. Among these is the Old Governor's Mansion in Milledgeville, dating from the period (1804-68) when ...
- Old Guard
- (from the article "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics") ...high prestige. Lenin had noted a few years earlier that Communist Party policy was in fact being determined not by its rank-and-file but by the "tiny section that might be ...
- Old Harbour
- town and Caribbean port, southern Jamaica, west of Kingston. Originally called Esquivel after its Spanish founder, it was once Spanish Town's second port, when the latter was capital of Jamaica, ...
- Old Havana
- (from the article "Havana") ...a residential area. It is richly endowed with historic buildings, representing architectural styles from the 16th through the 19th century. Covering some three square miles and hugging the harbour, Old ...
- Old Hebrew language
- (from the article "calligraphy") Old Hebrew existed in inscription form in the early centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. The pen-written forms of the Old Hebrew alphabet are best preserved in the 13th-century-CE documents ...
- Old High German
- any of the West Germanic dialects spoken in the highlands of southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria until the end of the 11th century. High German differs most noticeably from the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Old High German literature
- (from the article "German literature") ...Ulfilas seems to have developed the Gothic alphabet.) Educational reforms instituted in the age of Charlemagne (768-814) brought scattered religious texts in one or another of the dialects of Old ...
- Old Imari
- (from the article "Imari ware") ...the popularity of Chinese wares; but by the mid-17th century, native Japanese designs began to predominate, especially in the development of such overglaze enameled wares as Nabeshima, Kakiemon, and Old ...
- Old Japanese language
- (from the article "Japanese language") ...of Ancient Matters"). If the history of the language were to be split in two, the division would fall somewhere between the 12th and 16th centuries, when the language shed ...
- Old Javanese language
- (from the article "Austronesian languages") Fairly abundant palm-leaf manuscripts and inscriptions on stone or various metals constitute the textual record for Old Javanese, a language associated with the Indianized states of eastern Java from approximately ...
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