(from the article "Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand") ...and the press in Natal, India, and England to the Natal Indians' grievances. He was persuaded to settle down in Durban to practice law and to organize the Indian community. ...
(from the article "Natal grass") any of several southern African grasses of the family Poaceae, and species Rhynchelytrum repens (formerly Tricholaena rosea), which in some areas is known as Natal red top. It is a ...
(from the article "marine ecosystem") ...move down rivers toward the sea. Juveniles (parr) grow into larger fish (smolt) that convene near the ocean. When the adult fish are ready to spawn, they return to the ...
(from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...and Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Historically, most blacks with postsecondary degrees earned them through UNISA or Fort Hare, but the English-language institutions-including the University of Natal (Pietermaritzburg and Durban) and ...
(from the article "Southern Africa") The establishment of trekker republics in Natal and on the Highveld greatly expanded the frontiers of white settlement. The Voortrekkers, however, did not display any sense of national unity, and ...
controversial theologian and ecclesiastical historian who clashed with Rome for expressing Gallicanism, a French position advocating restriction of papal power, and for defending Jansenism, a religious movement of nonorthodox tendencies ...
(from the article "Food preservatives") ...in cured meat products (e.g., ham and bacon). Sulfur dioxide and sulfites are used to control the growth of spoilage microorganisms in dried fruits, fruit juices, and wines. Nisin and ...
(from the article "Vanuatu") ...(acting) from March 24, Alfred Maseng from April 12, Abuit (acting) from May 11, Josias Moli (acting) from July 29, and, from August 16, Kalkot Mataskelekele | Head of government: ...
North American Indian tribe of the Macro-Algonquian linguistic phylum that inhabited the east side of the lower Mississippi River. When French colonizers first interacted with the Natchez in the early ... [6 Related Articles]
city, seat (1817) of Adams county, southwestern Mississippi, U.S., on the Mississippi River (there bridged to Vidalia, Louisiana), about 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Vicksburg. Established in 1716 as ...
(from the article "Mississippi") ...of leisure in the state. Mississippi maintains a system of state parks, and the U.S. Department of the Interior maintains the Vicksburg National Military Park and the Natchez Trace Parkway. ...
scenic and historic roadway, extending 444 miles (715 km) through Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee, U.S. It begins in Natchez, Mississippi, and, generally following a Native American trail in a northeasterly ... [1 Related Articles]
city, seat (1807) of Natchitoches parish, west-central Louisiana, U.S., on Cane River Lake, 68 miles (109 km) southeast of Shreveport. The oldest permanent settlement in the Louisiana Purchase territory, it ...
(from the article "Vanua Levu Island") ...2,145 square miles (5,556 square km). The central mountain range, culminating at Nasorolevu (3,386 feet [1,032 metres]), divides the island into wet (southeastern) and dry (northwestern) sections. Natewa Bay, on ...
religious movement of India whose members strive for immortality by transforming the human body into an imperishable divine body. It combines esoteric traditions drawn from Buddhism, Shaivism, and Hatha Yoga. ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Indian philosophy") ...Bodhayana, the Vakyakara (to whom he referred but whose identity is not established except that he advocated a theory of real modification of Brahman), Nathamuni (c. 1000), and his own ...
(from the article "censorship") ...in the position to know, and with a duty to act, were expected to speak out and were, in effect, licensed to do so, however cautiously they were obliged to ...
(from the article "Hebrew literature") ...and Josippon, a revision of Josephus' Antiquities filled with legendary incidents-this last-named book was popular until modern times and was translated into many languages. Nathan ben Yehiel completed in 1101 ...
(from the article "Shabbetai Tzevi") With a retinue of believers and assured of financial backing, Shabbetai triumphantly returned to Jerusalem. There, a 20-year-old student known as Nathan of Gaza assumed the role of a modern ...
(from the article "Singapore") Area: 704 sq km (272 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 4,564,000 | Head of state: President S.R. Nathan | Head of government: Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong |
(from the article "Bartholomew, Saint") ...so he may have had another personal name. For that reason and because he was always associated with the Apostle St. Philip in the Gospel lists, a 9th-century tradition identified ...
American microbiologist who was corecipient, with Hamilton Othanel Smith of the United States and Werner Arber of Switzerland, of the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. The three scientists ... [3 Related Articles]
town, southern Rajasthan state, northwestern India, just south of the Banas River. Connected by road with Udaipur and close to the Malvi rail junction, Nathdwara is a place of Hindu ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "feeding behaviour") ...attacks an oyster by stealth: waiting until the valves open, it thrusts its shell between the valves and pushes its tubular feeding organ, or proboscis, into the soft parts. Another ...
(from the article "gastropod") ...of group suddenly withdraw, the change in colour serving to confuse predators; common in shallow tropical oceans, some species in cooler waters.Moon shells (Naticidae) medium-sized, globular predators on burrowing ...
town (township), Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Boston. The first recorded settlement there was made in 1650, when the missionary John Eliot was granted ...
in medieval education, the basic organizational form of early European universities. A nation was formed when groups of students from a particular region or country banded together for mutual protection ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "The Character and Future of Nation Building") By 2004 the U.S. involvement in nation building in Afghanistan and Iraq had many people wondering whether an effort to rebuild these failed nation-states was appropriate or would succeed. Nation ...
African American movement and organization, founded in 1930 and known for its teachings combining elements of traditional Islam with black nationalist ideas. The Nation also promotes racial unity and self-help ... [10 Related Articles]
(from the article "Turkey") ...survived only until June 1962, when it broke up over the question of an amnesty for the imprisoned Democrats. After some delay and splits within the parties, which led to ...
(from the article "Brussels") The upper town is the remaining eastern area of the inner city. It is crossed from southwest to northeast by a major thoroughfare, on which stand the Royal Palace and ...
American weekly journal of opinion, the oldest such continuously published periodical still extant. It is generally considered the leading liberal magazine of its kind. It was founded in 1865 by ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "political system") The term nation-state is used so commonly and yet defined so variously that it will be necessary to indicate its usage in this article with some precision and to give ...
(from the article "Australia") The Whitlam government in particular encouraged a variety of ethnic organizations, most importantly the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (founded in 1973, from 1977 renamed the National Aboriginal Conference). These organizations ...
(from the article "Morse, Samuel F.B.") ...the licentiousness of the theatre, he helped launch, in 1827, the New York Journal of Commerce, which refused theatre advertisements. He also was a founder of the ...
(from the article "National Academy of Sciences") ...industry, and government; the council issues many publications and awards a number of postdoctoral fellowships. In 1950 the Academy and the Council were administratively joined. In 1964 the National Academy ...
(from the article "Italy") ...as the Academy of Arts of Design in 1563, and the academy of Perugia dates to 1573. Rome's Academy of San Luca was a guild of painters, founded in 1577. ...
(from the article "Grammy Award") any of a series of awards presented annually in the United States by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (NARAS; commonly called the Recording Academy) to recognize achievement ...
nongovernmental American organization of scientists and engineers, established March 3, 1863, by act of Congress to serve as an official adviser to the government in all matters of science and ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Emmy Award") The Emmy Awards are made by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Only members of the academy may vote for the awards, and members vote only within their ...
first Moroccan political party, founded in 1934 to counteract mounting French domination of Morocco and to secure recognition of the equality of Moroccans and Frenchmen under the French protectorate.
(from the article "Bahrain") ...dissidents and other individuals later that year in a bid to ease tensions. These changes led in 2001 to a referendum-overwhelmingly supported by Bahrainis-that ratified the National Action Charter. The ...
(from the article "Sharpton, Al") ...African American community, he embarked upon controversial protests that gained wide coverage in the national media and sometimes precipitated confrontations with police. In 1991 Sharpton formed the National Action Network, ...
conservative Mexican political party with close ties to the Roman Catholic church. It generally supports minimal government intervention in the economy. [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "Turkey") ...and their followers, particularly in the universities, often supported them by violent action. The violence of the left was opposed by that of right-wing groups, of which the most prominent ...
independent U.S. governmental agency established in 1958 for the research and development of vehicles and activities for the exploration of space within and outside of Earth's atmosphere. [33 Related Articles]
(from the article "Chad") ...Tombalbaye, a southern trade union leader, who became the first president of the republic. In March 1961 Tombalbaye achieved a fusion of the PPT with the principal opposition party, the ...
(from the article "Baeck, Leo") In 1933 German Jewry's organizations united in the Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland (National Agency of Jews in Germany) under Leo Baeck and Otto Hirsch (1885-1941), the jurist and community ...
(from the article "Arch, Joseph") ...Methodist preacher to good effect in the early 1870s when farm labourers in the south and central areas of England began to protest against low wages and harsh living conditions. ...
(from the article "Lesotho") ...to be tested publicly for HIV when he launched a free national HIV-testing program, the first in Africa. In May he opened the country's first health centre to provide antiretroviral ...
American museum of aviation and space exploration, part of the Smithsonian Institution, housed in two facilities in Washington, D.C. [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Pan American World Airways, Inc.") In the 1960s and '70s the company suffered financial reverses but sought regrowth by the purchase, in 1980, of National Airlines, thereby securing an extensive network of routes along the ...
(from the article "Gambia, The") In January 2005 five opposition parties in The Gambia, under the leadership of Halifa Sallah, minority leader in the parliament, launched a coalition-the National Alliance for Democracy and Development-to challenge ...
(from the article "Trinidad and Tobago") In December 1986 the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), a coalition party led by A.N.R. Robinson, won the majority of seats on a program calling for divestment of most state-owned ...
(from the article "Kenya") ...of the recently created Orange Democratic Movement, led by Raila Odinga, had announced their candidacies for the presidency in the 2007 elections. In June Kibaki himself launched a new party, ...
(from the article "National Intergroup, Inc.") National Steel diversified into aluminum manufacturing with the acquisition of Hastings Aluminum Products in 1968 and Pittsburgh Aluminum Alloys in 1970 and the creation of National Aluminum Corporation. In 1984 ...
American organization created in 1890 by the merger of the two major rival women's rights organizations-the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association-after 21 years of independent ... [14 Related Articles]
(from the article "Redstone, Sumner") ...Latin School and went on to attend Harvard College (B.A., 1944) and Harvard Law School (L.L.B., 1947). After practicing law in Washington, D.C., and Boston, Redstone joined his father's company, ...
(from the article "AlliedSignal") ...of several chemical manufacturers; the Barrett Company (founded 1903), supplying coal-tar chemicals and roofing; General Chemical Company (founded 1899), specializing in industrial acids; National Aniline & Chemical Company (founded 1917), ...
(from the article "The Legal Debate over Same-Sex Marriages") ...comes into question when a Massachusetts resident is visiting-or moves to-another state, or when a same-sex spouse from another country moves to the U.S. Meanwhile, a poll by the National ...
hymn or song expressing patriotic sentiment and either governmentally authorized as an official national hymn or holding that position in popular feeling. The oldest national anthem is Great Britain's "God ... [9 Related Articles]
(from the article "museums, history of") ...into the Stone, Bronze, and Iron ages). This museum was merged with three others (of ethnography, antiquities, and numismatics) in 1892 to form the National Museum of Denmark. In France ...
oldest public aquarium in the United States. Originally built at Woods Hole, Mass., in 1873, the aquarium was relocated to a site in Washington, D.C., in 1888. Since 1932 it ...
one of the largest public aquariums in the United States. The aquarium, which opened in 1981 in the Inner Harbor area of Baltimore, Md., was financed largely by the city ...
in Athens, museum of ancient Greek art, containing probably the finest collection of Greek antiquities in the world. The museum was erected in 1866-89 and extended in 1925-39, when an ...
(from the article "Italy") ...in the National Museum in Taranto provides one of the most important insights into the history of Magna Graecia, while the archaeological collections in the Roman National Museum in Rome ...
(from the article "archery") ...founded in 1828. In the early days the sport was, as in England, a popular upper- and middle-class recreation. In the 1870s many archery clubs sprang up, and in 1879 ...
(from the article "Computers and Information Systems") ...Apple, which sold TV video for $1.99 per episode, said that NBC's proposed new pricing would have forced the price up to $4.99 per episode. Meanwhile, Amazon.com struck a deal ...
(from the article "Mali") The National Archives of Mali and the National Library are located in Bamako, as is the Municipal Library; the Ahmed Baba Institute, a centre that houses and preserves a large ...
museum of the British army. Established in 1960 at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, it has occupied purpose-built premises since 1971 on Royal Hospital Road, Chelsea, London.
(from the article "Indonesia") Following the Suharto presidency, the armed forces returned to one of their pre-Sukarno names, the National Army of Indonesia (Tentara Nasional Indonesia; TNI), and the police were split into a ...
in Wellington, N.Z., national collection of paintings by New Zealand and European artists and portraits of prominent New Zealand figures. The gallery grew out of the city's first public art ...
(from the article "Fine Arts, Museum of") museum in Caracas, Venez., containing a variety of international and Venezuelan art, and also possessing fine gardens. It adjoins the Gallery of National Art (Galeria de Arte Nacional), one of ...
(from the article "Bulgaria") In July 1991 the National Assembly adopted a new constitution establishing a parliamentary government and guaranteeing direct presidential elections, separation of powers, and freedom of speech, press, conscience, and religion. ...
(from the article "Chad") ...The president is elected by universal suffrage to a five-year term and is responsible for appointing the prime minister and the Council of Ministers. The legislative branch is served by ...
(from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...Benes refused to sanction it and resigned (he died three months later). Under a new electoral law and with a single list of candidates, a general election was held on ...
(from the article "Gabon") ...months, the constitution was amended to end the institutional role of the PDG and to restore a multiparty system. Parliamentary elections were held in September-October 1990, after which a new ...
(from the article "Guyana") ...republic, involving citizens' organizations in government. Under the constitution of Oct. 6, 1980, executive power is vested in the president, who leads the majority party in the unicameral National Assembly ...
(from the article "Jordan") The first multiparty general election since 1956 was scheduled for November 1993. In August the king dissolved the 80-member House of Representatives (the lower house of the National Assembly) and ...
(from the article "Malawi") ...up to two vice-presidents, all of whom are elected by universal suffrage. The president serves as head of both state and government. The cabinet is appointed by the president. The ...
(from the article "France") The most controversial piece of social legislation was the National Assembly's approval on February 10, by a sweeping 494-36, of the ban on the wearing of ostentatious religious symbols in ...
(from the article "Zambia") ...on the advice of the Judicial Services Commission. During the president's absence, his duties are assumed by the vice president. The president also appoints a cabinet from elected members of ...
(from the article "Vietnam") The National Assembly met (July 19-August 2) and approved a cabinet reshuffle that increased the number of deputy prime ministers from three to five but decreased the number of ministerial ...
(from the article "Plaid Cymru") ...referendum in September 1997. (A bare majority-50.3 percent-voted in favour of the new assembly on a turnout of only 50 percent of eligible voters.) First convened in May 1999, the ...
(from the article "Thailand") ...While almost every government since 1932 has accepted constitutional authority, the country has had 17 constitutions, the most recent drafted in 2007. All of these documents have provided for a ...
(from the article "Tanzania") According to the 1984 constitutional amendments, most members (216 in the 1990 election) of the National Assembly are directly elected. Many seats also are allocated to ex-officio, nominated, and indirectly ...
(from the article "Suriname") Under the 1987 constitution, legislative power is exercised by an elected 51-member National Assembly, which elects a president and vice president. The president, vice president, and members of the National ...
(from the article "Korea, Republic of") The results of the April 15 election for the National Assembly were a stunning show of support for Roh. His party, only six months old, took 152 seats in the ...
(from the article "Slovenia") ...presidents are popularly elected for a five-year term and can serve two consecutive terms. The head of government is the prime minister, who is normally the leader of the majority ...
(from the article "Seychelles") ...amendment created the position of vice president, who is appointed by the president. The president also appoints the Council of Ministers to assist him in an advisory capacity. The legislature, ...
(from the article "South Africa") ...interdependence, and interrelationship of the national, provincial, and local spheres of government. The constitution established the bicameral national Parliament. The lower house, or National Assembly, comprises 350 to 400 members ...
(from the article "Pakistan") The National Assembly has 342 members, each of whom serves a five-year term. Of these, 272 seats are filled by direct popular election; 262 are for Muslim candidates, and 10 ...
(from the article "Nicaragua") ...most of these combatants by 1995. The conflicts between the Recompas and the Recontras gradually receded, and several constitutional reforms were adopted that shifted power from the president to the ...
(from the article "Netherlands, The") ...influence-were replaced by a unitary republic divided into departments and electoral constituencies that were roughly equal in population, if not in wealth. The representatives elected to the National Assembly (which ...
(from the article "Montenegro") ...secede from the federation. Montenegro is governed by independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The president is the head of state, elected directly for a period of five years. The ...
(from the article "Iraq") ...first full-term prime minister in the post-Saddam era. Jaafari faced opposition from the Sunni Arab and Kurdish blocs, however, and he was unable to secure the votes needed for confirmation ...
