Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

Nation, The ... National Museum of India

Nation, The: American weekly journal of opinion, the oldest such continuously published periodical still extant. It is generally considered the leading liberal magazine of its kind. It was founded in 1865 by ...
National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League: American organization, founded in 1969 to centralize state abortion-rights efforts and continuing its mission thereafter to protect and promote reproductive freedom. The organization consists of three related entities: NARAL Inc., ...
National Academy of Sciences: nongovernmental American organization of scientists and engineers, established March 3, 1863, by act of Congress to serve as an official adviser to the government in all matters of science and ...
National Action Bloc: first Moroccan political party, founded in 1934 to counteract mounting French domination of Morocco and to secure recognition of the equality of Moroccans and Frenchmen under the French protectorate.
National Action Party: conservative Mexican political party with close ties to the Roman Catholic church. It generally supports minimal government intervention in the economy.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration: independent U.S. governmental agency established in 1958 for the research and development of vehicles and activities for the exploration of space within and outside of Earth's atmosphere.
National Alliance: nationalist anticommunist political party of Italy. Historically, some of its members held neofascist views.
National American Woman Suffrage Association: American organization created in 1890 by the merger of the two major rival women's rights organizations-the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association-after 21 years of independent ...
national anthem: hymn or song expressing patriotic sentiment and either governmentally authorized as an official national hymn or holding that position in popular feeling. The oldest national anthem is Great Britain's "God ...
National Aquarium: oldest public aquarium in the United States. Originally built at Woods Hole, Mass., in 1873, the aquarium was relocated to a site in Washington, D.C., in 1888. Since 1932 it ...
National Aquarium in Baltimore: one of the largest public aquariums in the United States. The aquarium, which opened in 1981 in the Inner Harbor area of Baltimore, Md., was financed largely by the city ...
National Archaeological Museum: in Athens, museum of ancient Greek art, containing probably the finest collection of Greek antiquities in the world. The museum was erected in 1866-89 and extended in 1925-39, when an ...
National Army Museum: museum of the British army. Established in 1960 at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, it has occupied purpose-built premises since 1971 on Royal Hospital Road, Chelsea, London.
National Art Gallery: in Wellington, N.Z., national collection of paintings by New Zealand and European artists and portraits of prominent New Zealand figures. The gallery grew out of the city's first public art ...
National Assembly: any of various historical French parliaments or houses of parliament. From June 17 to July 9, 1789, it was the name of the revolutionary assembly formed by representatives of the ...
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: interracial American organization created to work for the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation; to oppose racism; and to ensure African Americans their constitutional ...
National Association of Colored Women: American organization formed at a convention in Washington, D.C., as the product of the merger in 1896 of the National Federation of Afro-American Women and the National League of Colored ...
National Association of Congregational Christian Churches: association of churches organized in Detroit, Mich., in 1955 by ministers and laymen of Congregational Christian Churches who did not wish to take part in the merger of the Congregational ...
National Association of Evangelicals: fellowship of Evangelical Protestant groups in the United States, founded in 1942 by 147 Evangelical leaders. It embraces some 50 denominations, many independent religious organizations, local churches, groups of churches, ...
National Association of Free Will Baptists: association of Baptist churches organized in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S., in 1935. It traces its history back to Free Will, or Arminian, Baptists in the 18th century. These Baptists believed in ...
National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage: organization formed in New York City in 1911 during a convention of state antisuffrage groups. Led by Josephine Dodge, the founder and first president, the NAOWS believed that woman suffrage ...
National Awakening Party: moderate Islamic political party in Indonesia.
national bank: in the United States, any commercial bank chartered and supervised by the federal government and operated by private individuals.
National Baptist Convention of the United States of America, Inc.: the larger of two associations of black Baptist churches that formed after a schism in 1915 in the National Baptist Convention. It is the largest black church in the United ...
National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., Inc.: association of black Baptist churches formed in 1895 in Atlanta, Ga., from the merger of the Foreign Mission Baptist Convention (established 1880), the American National Baptist Convention (1886), and the ...
National Basketball Association: professional basketball league formed in the United States in 1949 by the merger of two rival organizations, the National Basketball League (founded 1937) and the Basketball Association of America (founded ...
National Book Awards: annual awards given to books of the highest quality written by Americans and published by American publishers. The awards were founded in 1950 by the American Book Publishers Council, American ...
National Botanic Gardens of South Africa: one of the world's largest botanical gardens, occupying a 1,305-acre (528-hectare) site in Kirstenbosch, near Cape Town, Western Cape province, South Africa. The 6,200-species collection consists almost exclusively of Cape ...
National Botanical Garden of Belgium: botanical garden consisting of the plant collections at Meise, on the outskirts of Brussels, Belgium. The garden has about 18,000 different species of plants. Originally founded in 1870 on a ...
National Broadcasting Co., Inc.: major American commercial broadcasting company, now a subsidiary of General Electric Company (GE).
National Capital Parks: system of national monuments and government-owned parks and recreation areas in and around the District of Columbia, U.S. The system was authorized by the U.S. Congress in 1790 and became ...
National Centre of Independents and Peasants: French political party founded in 1949. It grew out of the National Centre of Independents, formed in 1948 by Roger Duchet, who, by the following year, had accomplished a coalition ...
National Church of Iceland: established, state-supported Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland. Christian missionaries came to the country in the late 10th century, and about 1000 the Althing (the national Parliament and high court) averted ...
National Coal Board: British public corporation created on Jan. 1, 1947, which operates previously private coal mines, manufactures coke and smokeless fuels, and distributes coal, heating instruments, and other supplies. Headquarters are in ...
National Collegiate Athletic Association: organization in the United States that administers intercollegiate athletics. It was formed in 1906 as the Intercollegiate Athletic Association to draw up competition and eligibility rules for football and other ...
National Communism: policies based on the principle that in each country the means of attaining ultimate communist goals must be dictated by national conditions rather than by a pattern set in another ...
National Congress of Parents and Teachers: American organization concerned with the educational, social, and economic well-being of children. The PTA was founded on Feb. 17, 1897, as the National Congress of Mothers; membership was later broadened ...
National Consumers League: American organization founded in 1899 to fight for the welfare of consumers and workers who had little voice or power in the marketplace and workplace. Many of the NCL's goals, ...
National Convention: assembly that governed France from September 20, 1792, until October 26, 1795, during the most critical period of the French Revolution. The National Convention was elected to provide a new ...
National Council of Hispanic Women: organization of both individuals and organizations, such as universities and corporations, founded in 1985 with the mission of empowering Hispanic women and giving them a greater role in American society. ...
National Council of Jewish Women: oldest volunteer Jewish women's organization in the United States, founded in 1893. Prompted by Jewish values, the organization works with both the Jewish community and the general public to safeguard ...
National Council of Negro Women: American umbrella organization, founded by Mary McLeod Bethune in New York City on December 5, 1935, whose mission is "to advance opportunities and the quality of life for African American ...
National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.: an agency of Protestant, Anglican, and Eastern Orthodox denominations that was formed in 1950 in the United States by the merger of 12 national interdenominational agencies. The National Council of ...
National Covenant: solemn agreement inaugurated by Scottish churchmen on Feb. 28, 1638, in the Greyfriars' churchyard, Edinburgh. It rejected the attempt by King Charles I and William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, to ...
National Diet Library: the national library of Japan, formed at Tokyo in 1948 and combining the libraries of the upper and lower houses of the Diet (national legislature) with the collections of the ...
National Education Association: American voluntary association of teachers, administrators, and other educators associated with elementary and secondary schools and colleges and universities. It is the world's largest professional organization. Its headquarters are in ...
National Endowment for the Arts: an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports the creation, dissemination, and performance of the arts. It was created by the U.S. Congress in the National Foundation on the ...
National Endowment for the Humanities: an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. It was created by the U.S. Congress in the National Foundation on ...
National Football League: major U.S. professional gridiron football organization, founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio, as the American Professional Football Association. Its first president was Jim Thorpe, an outstanding American athlete who was ...
national forest: in the United States, any of numerous forest areas set aside under federal supervision for the purposes of conserving water, timber, wildlife, fish, and other renewable resources and providing recreational ...
National Gallery: art museum in London that houses Great Britain's national collection of European paintings. It is located on the north side of Trafalgar Square, Westminster.
National Gallery: in Oslo, Norwegian national art museum, built in 1879 and enlarged 1903-07, devoted primarily to Norwegian paintings and sculpture of the 19th and 20th centuries. It possesses a significant collection ...
National Gallery: German art museum in Berlin that was founded in 1861 and opened to the public in 1876. The National Gallery has one of the world's finest collections of German painting ...
National Gallery of Art: American museum of art, part of the federally operated Smithsonian Institution system, located at the east end of the Mall, Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1937 when the financier ...
National Gallery of Modern Art: in Rome, important collection devoted to Italian artists and forming a full survey of 19th- and 20th-century Italian art. The museum was begun in 1883 and moved to its present ...
National Gallery of Victoria: major Australian art museum, located in Melbourne, with collections ranging over European, Asian, and Australian art of all periods. The museum is housed in the Victorian Arts Centre. The Great ...
National Geographic Magazine: monthly magazine of geography, archaeology, anthropology, and exploration, providing the armchair traveler with literate and accurate accounts and unsurpassed photographs and maps to comprehend those pursuits. It is published in ...
National Geographic Society: American scientific society founded (1888) in Washington, D.C., by a small group of eminent explorers and scientists "for the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge." With more than nine million ...
National Health Service: in Great Britain, a comprehensive public-health service under government administration, established by the National Health Service Act of 1946 and subsequent legislation. Virtually the entire population is covered, and health ...
National Hockey League: organization of professional ice hockey teams in North America, formed in 1917 by five Canadian teams, to which the first U.S. team, the Boston Bruins, was added in 1924. The ...
national income accounting: a set of principles and methods used to measure the income and production of a country. There are basically two ways of measuring national economic activity: as the money value ...
National Institutes of Health: agency of the United States government that conducts and supports biomedical research into the causes, cure, and prevention of disease. The NIH is an agency of the Public Health Service ...
National Intergroup, Inc.: American holding company established in 1983 to facilitate the diversification of National Steel Corporation. Formerly headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pa., NII moved to Dallas, Texas, in 1991, and National Steel moved ...
National Invitation Tournament: collegiate basketball competition initiated in the United States in 1938 by New York City basketball writers and held annually since then in Madison Square Garden under the auspices of the ...
National Labor Relations Board: independent federal agency created by the U.S. Congress in 1935 to administer the National Labor Relations Act (also called the Wagner Act). The act was amended in 1947 through the ...
National Labor Union: in U.S. history, a political-action movement that from 1866 to 1873 sought to improve working conditions through legislative reform rather than through collective bargaining.
National League: oldest existing major-league professional baseball organization in the United States. The league began play in 1876 as the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, replacing the failed National Association of ...
National Liberal Party: political party that was active first in Prussia and the North German Confederation from 1867, then in Germany in 1871-1918. With largely middle-class support, the National Liberals hoped to make ...
National Liberation Front: Vietnamese political organization formed on Dec. 20, 1960, to effect the overthrow of the South Vietnamese government and the reunification of North and South Vietnam. An overtly communist party was ...
National Liberation Front: the only constitutionally legal party in Algeria from 1962 to 1989. The party was a continuation of the revolutionary body that directed the Algerian war of independence against France (1954-62).
National Maritime Museum: national museum concerned with the maritime history of Great Britain. It is situated near the River Thames in Greenwich Park, Greenwich, southeast London.
national monument: in the United States, any of numerous areas reserved by act of Congress or presidential proclamation for the protection of objects or places of historical, prehistoric, or scientific interest. They ...
National Museum of Anthropology: in Mexico City, world-famous repository of some 600,000 art and other objects relating to Mexico. Many anthropological, ethnological, and archaeological materials in the collection date from the pre-Hispanic period. Exhibited ...
National Museum of Fine Arts: national art collection, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, inherited from the Imperial Academy, later the Imperial Museum of Fine Arts. It was founded after the arrival of French artists in ...
National Museum of History: in Mexico City, an offshoot of the National Museum of Anthropology (founded 1825). In 1940 the National Historical Museum became a separate institution specializing in Mexican history from the Spanish ...
National Museum of India: in New Delhi, museum devoted to Indian art history and iconography as well as to Buddhist studies. The museum was merged with the Asian Antiquities Museum to bring the treasures ...