| | - nido-carborane
- (from the article "carborane") ...were produced in the 1950s were generated in low yield by the reaction of pentaborane(9) with acetylene in a silent electric discharge. As is the case with boranes, the nido- ...
- Nidularium
- genus of about 25 South American plants of the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae) that grow upon the branches of trees. Several species are cultivated indoors as decorative plants for their handsome ...
- Nidwalden
- Halbkanton (demicanton), central Switzerland, formerly part of the canton of Unterwalden. Drained by the Engelberger Aa (river), it occupies the eastern part of former Unterwalden canton. Nidwalden ... [2 Related Articles]
- Nie Rongzhen
- (from the article "nuclear weapon") ...Key figures in the Chinese bomb program included Wang Ganchang, Zhu Guangya, Deng Jiaxian, Peng Huanwu, Zhou Guangzhao, Yu Min, and Chen Nengkuan. Overall leadership and direction was provided by ...
- Nieberl, Lorenz
- (from the article "Olympic Games") ...the speed skating competition, capturing three gold medals. He won the 5,000-metre and 10,000-metre races by the largest margins in the history of the events. Bobsledders Andreas Ostler and Lorenz ...
- Niebuhr, Barthold Georg
- German historian who started a new era in historical studies by his method of source criticism; all subsequent historians are in some sense indebted to him. [2 Related Articles]
- Niebuhr, Carsten
- German traveler who was the sole survivor of the first scientific expedition to Arabia and the compiler of its results. [3 Related Articles]
- Niebuhr, Helmut Richard
- American Protestant theologian and educator who was considered a leading authority on ethics and U.S. church history. He was a foremost advocate of theological existentialism. [1 Related Articles]
- Niebuhr, Reinhold
- American Protestant theologian who had extensive influence on political thought and whose criticism of the prevailing theological liberalism of the 1920s significantly affected the intellectual climate within American Protestantism. His ... [4 Related Articles]
- Niedere Tauern
- range of the Eastern Alps in central Austria; lying between the Enns and Mur rivers, it extends 75 miles (120 km) westward to the headstreams of the two rivers. The ...
- Niederfinow
- (from the article "canals and inland waterways") ...in 1908 when the Anderton lift was reconstructed. Each caisson was separately counterbalanced by a series of weights and ropes with electrically driven gearing. This method was used in 1932 ...
- Niederland, William Guglielmo
- German-born U.S. psychoanalyst (b. Aug. 29, 1904, Schippenbeil, East Prussia [now Sepopol, Poland]--d. July 30, 1993, Englewood, N.J.), was the first to formulate (1961) a "survivor syndrome," which he defined ...
- Niedermair, John
- (from the article "landing ship, tank") At the request of the British, the Americans undertook the redesign and production of LSTs in November 1941, and John Niedermair of the Bureau of Ships designed a ship with ...
- Niedermayer, Johann Josef
- (from the article "Vienna porcelain") ...Of the many artists employed at Vienna, Jakobus Helchis (fl. 1740) was distinguished for cupids drawn delicately but strongly in a range of pink, mauve, and orange. The State period, ...
- Niedermayer, Rob
- (from the article "Ice Hockey") ...celebration when, as team captain, he was presented with the championship trophy by league commissioner Gary Bettman. Niedermayer immediately turned and handed the Cup to his brother and teammate, Rob, ...
- Niedermayer, Scott
- (from the article "Ice Hockey") Scott Niedermayer, Anaheim's smooth-skating defenseman, was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the play-offs' most valuable player (MVP). It was the fourth time he had won the NHL championship, having ...
- Niederosterreich
- Bundesland (federal state), northeastern Austria. It is bordered by the Czech Republic on the north, Slovakia on the east, and by Bundeslander Burgenland on the southeast, Steiermark (Styria) on the ...
- Niekro, Joe
- American baseball player (b. Nov. 7, 1944, Martins Ferry, Ohio-d. Oct. 27, 2006, Tampa, Fla.), won 221 games in 22 seasons as a major league pitcher. He made his big-league ...
- Niel, Adolphe
- French army officer and marshal who, as minister of war, made an unsuccessful attempt to reorganize the French army in 1868.
- Niel, Cornelis B. van
- (from the article "protist") ...of the biotic world. About 1960, resurrecting and embellishing an idea originally conceived 20 years earlier by the French marine biologist Edouard Chatton but universally overlooked, R.Y. Stanier, C.B. Van ...
- niello
- black metallic alloy of sulfur with silver, copper, or lead that is used to fill designs that have been engraved on the surface of a metal (usually silver) object. Niello ... [5 Related Articles]
- Niels
- (from the article "Denmark") ...Five of Sweyn's sons succeeded each other on the throne: Harald Hen (ruled 1074-80), Canute IV (the Holy; 1080-86), Oluf Hunger (1086-95), Erik Ejegod (1095-1103), and Niels (1104-34). Their reigns ...
- Nielsen rating
- (from the article "Nielsen, A.C.") American market-research engineer and business executive, best known for the "Nielsen ratings," which offer a national rating of television viewing.
- Nielsen, A.C.
- American market-research engineer and business executive, best known for the "Nielsen ratings," which offer a national rating of television viewing.
- Nielsen, Alice
- American lyric soprano whose successful career in light opera was followed by a second one in grand opera.
- Nielsen, Carl
- violinist, conductor, and Denmark's foremost composer, particularly admired as a symphonist. [2 Related Articles]
- Nielsen, Holger
- (from the article "string theory") ...much of the data on the strong force then being collected at various particle accelerators around the world. A few years later, three physicists-Leonard Susskind of Stanford University, Holger Nielsen ...
- Nielsen, Inga
- Danish soprano was known for the lyrical beauty of her voice and for her dramatic talent, especially as she matured into weightier roles. Nielsen began singing as a child and ...
- Nielsen, Morten
- Danish poet who became the symbol of his generation's desire for freedom and who was killed as a result of his participation in the organized Danish resistance to the German ...
- Nieman, Lucius W.
- (from the article "Milwaukee Journal, The") It was founded in 1882 by Lucius W. Nieman as the Milwaukee Daily Journal, an independent, community-oriented paper. The Journal has been noted for ...
- Niemann-Pick disease
- inherited metabolic disorder in which a deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase impairs the breakdown of the phospholipids lecithin and sphingomyelin, causing them to accumulate in various body tissues. Symptoms consist ... [3 Related Articles]
- Niemann-Stirnemann, Gunda
- Competing in the second-to-last pairing in the 5,000-m race at the 1998 Winter Olympic Games held in Nagano, Japan, German speed skater Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann broke her own world record and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn
- Polish playwright, poet, novelist, and translator whose writings, inspired by patriotism and concern for social and governmental reform, reflect the turbulent political events of his day. He was the first ... [1 Related Articles]
- Niemeyer, Oscar
- Brazilian architect and early exponent of modern architecture in Latin America, particularly noted for his work on Brasilia, the new capital of Brazil. [7 Related Articles]
- Niemi, Mikael
- (from the article "Literature") ...Tredje flykthastigheten, where her sharp and clear fragmentary style and sharp contrasts of rural poverty and high technology were employed to paint the fate of Soviet cosmonaut Yury Gagarin. Mikael ...
- Niemoller, Martin
- prominent German anti-Nazi theologian and pastor, founder of the Confessing Church (Bekennende Kirche) and a president of the World Council of Churches. [5 Related Articles]
- Nien Hsi-yao
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") Famille rose porcelain reached a climax of perfection at Ching-te-chen under the direction of Nien Hsi-yao (1726-36) and continued with scarcely diminishing delicacy through the Ch'ien-lung period. Meanwhile, the skill ...
- Nienhuys, Jacobus
- Dutch businessman and planter, who was responsible for establishing the tobacco industry in Sumatra (now part of Indonesia).
- Niepce, Nicephore
- French inventor who was the first to make a permanent photographic image. [7 Related Articles]
- Nier double-focusing mass spectrometer
- (from the article "mass spectrometry") Nier's design is illustrated in Figure 5. In this instrument, Nier was able to achieve high sensitivity as well as high resolution. Using an electron-bombardment ion source, a resolving power ...
- Nier, Alfred Otto Carl
- (from the article "Dunning, John R") ...to direct the construction of Columbia's first cyclotron. In 1939 Dunning led the American research team that verified German physicists' report of the fission of the uranium atom. With Alfred ...
- Nietoperek Bat Nature Reserve
- (from the article "Lubuskie") ...To the south of Miedzyrzecz stretches a 19-mile- (30-km-) long network of fortifications built by the Germans just prior to World War II. Part of the underground network is designated ...
- Nietzsche, Friedrich
- German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers. His attempts to unmask the motives that underlie traditional Western religion, ... [28 Related Articles]
- Nieuw Nickerie
- port, northwestern Suriname. It lies on the Nickerie River, near the mouth of the Courantyne (Dutch Corantijn) River, 3 miles (5 km) from the Atlantic coast. Rice is the principal ...
- Nieuwland, Julius Arthur
- Belgian-born American chemist whose studies of acetylene culminated in the discovery of lewisite, a chemical-warfare agent, and neoprene, the first commercially successful synthetic rubber.
- Nieuwpoort
- municipality, West Flanders province, western Belgium, on the Yser (IJzer) River. Established in the 12th century as a new port for Ypres (replacing Lombardsijde), it was besieged 10 times after ...
- nieve penitente
- (from the article "Hindu Kush") ...others are advancing. Some glacial regions have a striking feature known as ablated snow hummocks-called nieves penitentes or Busserschnee (literally, "penitent snow")-that give the ...
- Nievo, Ippolito
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...political turncoats, and coarse parvenus; or the works of the republican Roman Catholic from Dalmatia, Niccolo Tommaseo. The undoubted masterpiece of Risorgimento narrative literature is Ippolito Nievo's Confessioni di un ...
- Nievre
- (from the article "Burgundy") region of France encompassing the central departements of Cote-d'Or, Saone-et-Loire, Nievre, and Yonne. Burgundy is bounded by the regions of Ile-de-France ...
- Niffoi, Salvatore
- (from the article "Literature") ...natural landscape, which, in its full maturity, suggests the inevitable decline of a looming autumn. While Camilleri's signature style often resorted to the expressive richness of Sicilian dialect, Salvatore Niffoi ...
- Niflheim
- in Norse mythology, the cold, dark, misty world of the dead, ruled by the goddess Hel. In some accounts it was the last of nine worlds, a place into which ... [6 Related Articles]
- Nifo, Agostino
- Renaissance philosopher noted for his development from an anti-Christian interpreter of Aristotelian philosophy into an influential Christian apologist for the immortality of the individual soul. [1 Related Articles]
- NIFTY Corporation
- (from the article "Fujitsu Limited") In 1986 Fujitsu extended its telecommunications activities by launching the NIFTY Corporation in equal partnership with the Nissho Iwai Corporation. In 1999 Fujitsu acquired all of Nissho Iwai's shares in ...
- Nigantha Nataputta
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...who denied sin and freedom of will; and by materialists, such as Ajita Kesakambalin, who, besides denying virtue, vice, and afterlife, resolved man's being into material elements, Nigantha Nataputta, who ...
- Nigde
- city, south-central Turkey; it lies at an elevation of 4,100 feet (1,250 metres) below a hill crowned by a ruined 11th-century Seljuq fortress on the road between Kayseri and the ...
- Niger
- landlocked western African country. It is bounded on the northwest by Algeria, on the northeast by Libya, on the east by Chad, on the south by Nigeria and Benin, and ... [32 Related Articles]
- Niger
- state, west-central Nigeria, bounded to the south by the Niger River. It is also bounded by the states of Kebbi and Sokoto to the north, Kaduna to the north and ...
- Niger basin
- (from the article "Africa") The Niger basin is the largest river basin of western Africa. The Niger River, which rises in the mountains of Guinea, enters the sea through its delta in southern Nigeria; ...
- Niger Bend
- (from the article "Mali") ...nonexistent. The river breaks down into a network of branches and lakes as it continues northward and, at Kabara, eastward. At Bourem the Niger makes a great turn to the ...
- Niger Delta
- (from the article "Nigeria") In the Niger Delta, the source of 90% of Nigeria's wealth, the security situation deteriorated. Local armed militia, backed by local inhabitants, seemed dangerously close to turning into an insurgency. ...
- Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force
- (from the article "Nigeria") ...violence and targeted attacks on oil-production sites. Fighting between ethnic militias left more than 12 people dead in January, and at least 5 persons were killed in March. In September ...
- Niger plains
- (from the article "Benin") The Niger plains, in the northeast of Benin, slope down to the Niger River valley. They consist of clayey sandstones.
- Niger River
- principal river of West Africa. With a length of 2,600 miles (4,200 kilometres), it is the third longest river in Africa, after the Nile and the Congo. The Niger is ... [15 Related Articles]
- Niger River Commission
- (from the article "Niger River") The coordination of multinational efforts to develop the Niger and its tributaries is the responsibility of the Niger River Commission, formed in 1963. The Commission has sponsored a study of ...
- Niger, flag of
- horizontally striped orange-white-green national flag with an orange sun on the centre stripe. The flag's width-to-length ratio is approximately 6 to 7.
- Niger, history of
- (from the article "Niger") One of the central themes of the history of Niger is the interaction between the Tuareg (and also Tubu) nomads of the vast Saharan north and the sedentary agriculturalists of ...
- Niger, Office du
- (from the article "Segou") ...Tukulor jihad (holy war), al-Hajj 'Umar, seized Segou. Segou is in a densely populated region and has always been an important trading centre. It is the headquarters of the Office ...
- Niger, Pescennius
- rival Roman emperor from 193 to 194. [2 Related Articles]
- Niger-Congo languages
- a family of languages of Africa, which in terms of the number of languages spoken, their geographic extent, and the number of speakers is by far the largest language family ... [6 Related Articles]
- Niger-Kordofanian languages
- (from the article "Africa") ...used for Indo-European languages rather than on geographic, ethnic, or other nonlinguistic criteria. The four main language families, or phyla, of the continent are now considered to be Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, ...
- Nigeria
- country located on the western coast of Africa. Nigeria has a diverse geography, with climates ranging from arid to humid equatorial. However, Nigeria's most diverse feature is its people. Hundreds ... [64 Related Articles]
- Nigeria, flag of
- vertically striped green-white-green national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.
- Nigeria, history of
- (from the article "Nigeria") HistoryBritish West AfricaBritish West AfricaThe British policy of indirect rule was most clearly formulated by Frederick J.D. Lugard in Nigeria. ...
- Nigerian literature
- (from the article "Literature") Nigeria's Wole Soyinka, Africa's first Nobel laureate in literature, brought out You Must Set Forth at Dawn, a sequel to his highly acclaimed childhood memoir Ake (1981). Compatriot Chimamanda Ngozi ...
- Nigerian Oil Mining License 130
- (from the article "China") ...Wen Jiabao later traveled to seven other African countries, including Angola, the continent's second largest oil producer. The China National Offshore Oil Corp. took a 45% stake in the Nigerian ...
- Nigerian scam
- (from the article "cybercrime") Schemes to defraud consumers abound on the Internet. Among the most famous is the Nigerian, or "419," scam; the number is a reference to the section of Nigerian law that ...
- Nigerian theatre
- variety of folk opera of the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria that emerged in the early 1940s. It combined a brilliant sense of mime, colourful costumes, and traditional drumming, music, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Nigetti, Matteo
- (from the article "Cosimo II") ...of the grand duke of Tuscany in 1610, after Galileo discovered four satellites of Jupiter and named them the Sidera Medicea ("Medicean Stars"). Under Cosimo also the architect Matteo Nigetti ...
- Nigg
- village, Highland council area, historic county of Ross-shire, historic region of Ross and Cromarty, northeast coast of Scotland. It is closely associated with and heavily dependent on the offshore petroleum ...
- Niggli, Paul
- Swiss mineralogist who originated the idea of a systematic deduction of the space group (one of 230 possible three-dimensional patterns) of crystals by means of X-ray data and supplied a ...
- night adder
- (from the article "adder") Night adders (Causus) are small relatively slender vipers found south of the Sahara and are typically less than 1 metre (3 feet) long. They are active at ...
- Night and Fog Decree
- secret order issued by Adolf Hitler on December 7, 1941, under which "persons endangering German security" in the German-occupied territories of western Europe were to be arrested and either shot ...
- night baseball
- (from the article "baseball") ...dissuade fans from attending the games in person, especially during the Great Depression. However, the opposite proved to be true; radio created new fans and brought more of them to ...
- night blindness
- failure of the eye to adapt promptly from light to darkness that is characterized by a reduced ability to see in dim light or at night. It occurs as a ... [2 Related Articles]
- night crawler
- (from the article "oligochaete") any worm of the subclass Oligochaeta (class Clitellata, phylum Annelida). About 3,500 living species are known, the most familiar of which is the earthworm (q.v.), Lumbricus terrestris. Oligochaetes are common ...
- night fighter
- in military aviation, a fighter aircraft with special sighting, sensing, and navigating equipment enabling it to function at night. Since the 1970s, most frontline fighters have had at least basic ... [2 Related Articles]
- night heron
- (from the article "heron") Night herons have thicker bills and shorter legs and are more active in the twilight hours and at night. The black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) ranges over the Americas, Europe, ...
- night lizard
- any of 26 species of small, secretive New World lizards that live under rocks and decaying vegetation and in crevices and caves. Three genera are known. Xantusia ... [1 Related Articles]
- Night of the Long Knives
- (from the article "Germany") ...Hitler feared, could invite the army's intervention and therewith his own overthrow. To head off this possibility, Hitler engaged the loyal Himmler, who used his SS during the so-called "Night ...
- night parrot
- (from the article "parrot") For decades the night parrot, or night parakeet (Geopsittacus occidentalis), of Australia was thought to be extinct, until a dead one was found in 1990. It feeds at night on ...
- night school
- (from the article "adult education") ...include both public-school programs for adults and the university extensions mentioned earlier. The school programs are administered by the public-school systems, and they are popularly termed night schools because ordinarily ...
- night sight
- (from the article "tank") Another major development was that of night sights, which enabled tanks to fight in the dark as well as in daylight. Originally of the active infrared type, they were first ...
- night terror
- (from the article "mental disorder") ...stuttering, enuresis (the repeated involuntary emptying of urine from the bladder during the day or night), encopresis (the repeated voiding of feces into inappropriate places), sleepwalking, and night terror. These ...
- night writing
- (from the article "Braille") ...Braille entered the school for the blind in Paris, in 1819, he learned of a system of tangible writing using dots, invented in 1819 by Capt. Charles Barbier, a French ...
- night-blooming cereus
- (genus Selenicereus), any member of a group of about 20 species of cacti in the family Cactaceae. The plants are native to tropical and subtropical America, including the West Indies. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Nightcaps
- (from the article "Sweden") During this period a dual-party system evolved; the parties were known by the nicknames "Nightcaps" (or "Caps") and "Hats." Both parties were mercantilist, but the Nightcaps were the more prudent. ...
- nightclub
- (from the article "tap dance") From the 1920s to the '40s, fans of tap could find their favourite dancers in a new venue, nightclubs, where-together with singers and bands-dancers became regular features. A single evening's ...
- nightglow
- weak, steady light emanating from the whole night sky. See airglow. [1 Related Articles]
- nighthawk
- any of several species of birds comprising the subfamily Chordeilinae of the family Caprimulgidae (see caprimulgiform). Unrelated to true hawks, they are classified with the nightjars, frogmouths, and allies in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Nightingale
- (from the article "Tristan da Cunha") ...of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean about midway between southern Africa and South America. The territory consists of six small islands, of which five-Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible, Nightingale, ...
- nightingale
- any of several small Old World thrushes, belonging to the family Turdidae (order Passeriformes), renowned for their song. The name refers in particular to the Eurasian nightingale (Erithacus, or Luscinia, ... [1 Related Articles]
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