| | - Niall of the Nine Hostages
- (from the article "Conn Cetchathach") ...win the allegiance of southern Ireland, which was ruled by Eoghan (or Mog Nuadat) and called Leth Moga ("Mog's Half"). In Irish genealogy Conn is held to be the ancestor ...
- Niamey
- city, capital of Niger. Located along the Niger River in the southwest corner of the republic, it originated as an agricultural village of Maouri, Zarma (Zerma, Djerma), and Fulani people. ... [5 Related Articles]
- Niamey, University of
- (from the article "Niger") In early June students at Niger's only university, Abdou Moumouni Dioffo, demonstrated against the government's failure to pay six months of overdue grants. The government closed the university on June ...
- nian
- (from the article "China") Often in the first half of the 19th century, plundering gangs called nian ravaged northern Anhui, southern Shandong, and southern Henan. In mid-century, however, their activities were ...
- Nian Rebellion
- (c. 1853-68), major revolt in the eastern and central Chinese provinces of Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, and Anhui; it occurred when the Qing dynasty was preoccupied with the great Taiping Rebellion ... [2 Related Articles]
- Niane, Djibril Tamsir
- African historian, playwright, and short-story writer.
- Niane, Katoucha
- Guinean-born French fashion model became the muse of French designer Yves Saint Laurent in the 1980s as one of the first black African top models in Paris. Katoucha, as she ...
- nianhao
- system of dating that was adopted by the Chinese in 140 BCE (retroactive to 841 BCE). The nianhao system was introduced by the emperor Wudi (reigned 141-87 ... [1 Related Articles]
- Niani
- village, northeastern Guinea. It lies on the left bank of the Sankarani River (a tributary of the Niger). A former administrative centre of Kangaba (a small state subservient to the ...
- Niantic
- Algonquian-speaking woodland Indians of southern New England. The Eastern Niantic lived on the western coast of what is now Rhode Island and on the neighbouring coast of Connecticut. The Western ... [1 Related Articles]
- Niarchos Group
- (from the article "Niarchos, Stavros Spyros") ...convinced his family that it would save money if it owned its own ships. Six freighters were bought for $120,000 during the Great Depression, and in 1939 Niarchos branched off ...
- Niarchos, Stavros Spyros
- Greek shipping magnate and art collector. [1 Related Articles]
- Niari River
- tributary of the Kouilou River in southern Congo (Brazzaville). Its headwaters rise in the Bateke Plateau northwest of Brazzaville. It runs south to Galobondo, west to Loudima, and northwest to ...
- Niari Valley
- (from the article "Congo") East of the Mayombe Massif lies the Niari valley, a 125-mile-wide depression. Toward the north the terrain rises gradually to the Chaillu Massif, which reaches elevations between 1,600 and 2,300 ...
- Nias
- island, Sumatera Utara propinsi (province), Indonesia. The largest island in a chain paralleling the west coast of Sumatra, Nias has a topography much like that of western ...
- Niassa Company
- (from the article "Mozambique") ...the privilege of exploiting the lands and peoples of specific areas in exchange for an obligation to develop agriculture, communications, social services, and trade. The Mozambique Company, the Niassa Company, ...
- Niatross
- (foaled 1977), American harness racehorse (Standardbred), one of the greatest pacers in history, who in his two-year racing career set records for American career winnings ($2,019,212) and, in the second ...
- Niaux
- cave in Ariege, France, famous for its carefully drawn wall paintings.
- nibandha
- (from the article "dharmashastra") ...literature, which is written in Sanskrit, exceeds 5,000 titles. It can be divided into three categories: (1) sutras (terse maxims); (2) smritis (shorter or longer treatises in stanzas); and (3) ...
- Nibelungenlied
- Middle High German epic poem written about 1200 by an unknown Austrian from the Danube region. It is preserved in three main 13th-century manuscripts, A (now in Munich), B (St. ... [9 Related Articles]
- nibhatkhin
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...like the theatre, was probably based on ancient religious rituals. Before Indian and Chinese musical influences, the inspirational source of Burmese music and dance was the miracle plays (nibhatkhin), which, ...
- Nicaea, Council of
- (325), the first ecumenical council of the Christian church, meeting in ancient Nicaea (now Iznik, Tur.). It was called by the emperor Constantine I, an unbaptized catechumen, or neophyte, who ... [29 Related Articles]
- Nicaea, Council of
- (787), the seventh ecumenical council of the Christian church, meeting in Nicaea (now Iznik, Tur.). It attempted to resolve the Iconoclastic Controversy, initiated in 726 when Emperor Leo III issued ... [2 Related Articles]
- Nicaea, Creed of
- (from the article "Chalcedon, Council of") ...Tur.) in 451. Convoked by the emperor Marcian, it was attended by about 520 bishops or their representatives and was the largest and best-documented of the early councils. It approved ...
- Nicaea, empire of
- independent principality of the fragmented Byzantine Empire, founded in 1204 by Theodore I Lascaris (1208-22); it served as a political and cultural centre from which a restored Byzantium arose in ... [2 Related Articles]
- Nicander
- Greek poet, physician, and grammarian. Little is known of Nicander's life except that his family held the hereditary priesthood of Apollo at Colophon. [1 Related Articles]
- Nicaragua
- country of Central America. It is the largest of the Central American republics. Nicaragua can be characterized by its agricultural economy, its history of autocratic government, and its imbalance of ... [26 Related Articles]
- Nicaragua v. United States
- (from the article "International Court of Justice") ...Albania, which failed to pay £843,947 in damages to the United Kingdom in the Corfu Channel case (1949), and the United States, which refused to pay reparations to the Sandinista ...
- Nicaragua, flag of
- horizontally striped blue-white-blue national flag with a central coat of arms. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 3 to 5.
- Nicaragua, history of
- (from the article "Notable earthquakes in history") HistoryBryan-Chamorro TreatyCosta RicaCosta Rica in the 20th century...were moved to San Jose. One of the court's landmark cases involved the ...
- Nicaragua, Lake
- the largest of several freshwater lakes in southwestern Nicaragua and the dominant physical feature of the country; it is also the largest lake in Central America. Its aboriginal name was ... [1 Related Articles]
- Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance
- (from the article "Nicaragua") ...Front (FSLN) garnered 41 seats in the National Assembly, while the Sandinista Renewal Movement (MRS) won 3 seats. Nicaragua's liberal parties-the Constitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC) and the Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance ...
- Nicaraguan Rise
- (from the article "Caribbean Sea") ...Basin by Cayman Ridge, an incomplete fingerlike ridge that extends from the southern part of Cuba toward Guatemala, rising above the surface at one point to form the Cayman Islands. ...
- Nicarao
- (from the article "Central American and northern Andean Indian") ...of these wares reflect styles, media, and techniques from both the Andean and the Mexican centres of high civilization. The same few groups-notably the Chibcha, Chorotega, Guaymi, and Nicarao-carved jade ...
- Nicaro
- city, eastern Cuba. It is situated on Levisa Bay, a nearly landlocked arm of the Atlantic Ocean, at the base of the Lengua de Pajara peninsula. Nicaro is Cuba's major ...
- Niccoli, Niccolo
- wealthy Renaissance Humanist from Florence whose collections of ancient art objects and library of manuscripts of classical works helped to shape a taste for the antique in 15th-century Italy. [3 Related Articles]
- niccolite
- an ore mineral of nickel, nickel arsenide (NiAs). It is commonly found associated with other nickel arsenides and sulfides, as in the Natsume nickel deposits, Japan; Andreas-Berg, Ger.; Sudbury, Ont.; ... [1 Related Articles]
- Niccolo Dell'arca
- early Renaissance Italian sculptor famed for his expressionistic use of northern Gothic realism in combination with true compositional principles of Renaissance art. Niccolo takes his name from the tomb (arca ...
- Niccolo V, Chapel of
- (from the article "Angelico, Fra") ...in the chapel of the Sacrament in the Vatican (not before 1447), and in the studio of Pope Nicholas V (1449) have all been destroyed. But the Vatican still possesses ...
- Nice
- seaport city, Mediterranean tourist centre, and capital of Alpes-Maritimes departement, Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur region, southeastern France. The city is located on the Baie (bay) des Anges, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Nice, Treaty of
- (from the article "European Union") A second treaty, the Treaty of Nice, was signed in 2001 and entered into force on February 1, 2003. Negotiated in preparation for the admission of new members from eastern ...
- Nice, Truce of
- (from the article "Charles V") ...of France (who had meanwhile invaded Savoy and taken Turin) to personal combat. When Francis declined, Charles invaded Provence in an operation that soon faltered. Through the Pope's intercession, peace ...
- Niceforo, Alfredo
- Italian sociologist, criminologist, and statistician who posited the theory that every person has a "deep ego" of antisocial, subconscious impulses that represent a throwback to precivilized existence. Accompanying this ego, ...
- Nicene Creed
- a Christian statement of faith that is the only ecumenical creed because it is accepted as authoritative by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and major Protestant churches. The Apostles' ... [21 Related Articles]
- Nicene party
- (from the article "Basil the Great, Saint") ...Basil tried to secure general support for the former semi-Arian Meletius as bishop of Antioch (one of the five major patriarchates of the early church), against Paulinus, the leader of ...
- Nicephorus Bryennius
- (from the article "Nicephorus III Botaneiates") ...entered Constantinople three months later. His imperial claim was ratified by the aristocracy and clergy, who had already deposed Michael VII. Nicephorus III defeated a rival claimant to the throne, ...
- Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos
- Byzantine historian and litterateur whose stylistic prose and poetry exemplify the developing Byzantine humanism of the 13th and 14th centuries and whose 23-volume Ecclesiasticae historiae ("Church History"), ...
- Nicephorus I
- Byzantine emperor from 802 who late in his reign alienated his subjects with his extremely heavy taxation and frequent confiscations of property. [2 Related Articles]
- Nicephorus I, Saint
- Greek Orthodox theologian, historian, and patriarch of Constantinople (806-815) whose chronicles of Byzantine history and writings in defense of Byzantine veneration of icons provide data otherwise unavailable on early Christian ...
- Nicephorus II Phocas
- Byzantine emperor (963-969), whose military achievements against the Muslim Arabs contributed to the resurgence of Byzantine power in the 10th century. [6 Related Articles]
- Nicephorus III Botaneiates
- Byzantine emperor (1078-81) whose use of Turkish support in acquiring and holding the throne tightened the grip of the Seljuq Turks on Anatolia. [3 Related Articles]
- Nicephorus Phocas the Elder
- (from the article "Basil I") ...were crushed by 872, largely owing to the efforts of Basil's son-in-law Christopher. In Cilicia, in southeast Asia Minor, the advance against the Emir of Tarsus succeeded under the gifted ...
- Nicetas
- (from the article "Egypt, ancient") ...Byzantium still could be threatened by the strength of Egypt if it were properly harnessed. The last striking example is the case of the emperor Phocas, a tyrant who was ...
- Nicetas Of Remesiana
- Greek bishop, theologian, and composer of liturgical verse, whose missionary activity and writings effected the Christianization of, and cultivated a Latin culture among, the barbarians in the lower Danube Valley. [2 Related Articles]
- Nicetas Stethatos
- Byzantine mystic, theologian, and outspoken polemist in the 11th-century Greek Orthodox-Latin church controversy concluding in the definitive schism of 1054.
- niche
- in architecture, decorative recess set into a wall for the purpose of displaying a statue, vase, font, or other object. Niches were used extensively in both interior and exterior walls ...
- niche
- in ecology, all of the interactions of a species with the other members of its community, including competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism. A variety of abiotic factors, such as soil ... [7 Related Articles]
- niche
- (from the article "media convergence") More recently, media distribution models have been challenged by the concept of the "long tail," or the idea that there are actually more total consumers for niche material than there ...
- nichification
- (from the article "Internet") Nichification allows for consumers to find what they want, but it also provides opportunities for advertisers to find consumers. For example, most search engines generate revenue by matching ads to ...
- Nichinan
- city, southern Miyazaki ken (prefecture), southeastern Kyushu, Japan. It lies just inland from the Pacific Ocean. A type of Japanese cedar called obi has ...
- Nichiren
- militant Japanese Buddhist prophet who contributed significantly to the adaptation of Buddhism to the Japanese mentality and who remains one of the most controversial and influential figures in Japanese Buddhist ... [4 Related Articles]
- Nichiren Buddhism
- school of Japanese Buddhism named after its founder, the 13th-century militant prophet and saint, Nichiren. It is one of the largest schools of Japanese Buddhism. [4 Related Articles]
- Nichiren-sho-shu of America
- (from the article "Soka-gakkai") ...group claimed a membership of more than 6,000,000. Groups paralleling Soka-gakkai have been started in other countries, including the United States, where the equivalent organization is called Nichiren-sho-shu of America.
- Nichiren-shu
- (from the article "Buddhism") Nichiren's fervent faith brought him wide fame and many devotees, and at his death he chose six disciples to continue his work. They developed the Nichiren-shu (Japanese: "School of Nichiren"), ...
- Nicholas
- Russian grand duke and army officer who served as commander in chief against the Germans and Austro-Hungarians in the first year of World War I and was subsequently (until March ... [2 Related Articles]
- Nicholas (V)
- last imperial antipope, whose reign (May 1328 to August 1330) in Rome rivalled the pontificate of Pope John XXII at Avignon. [1 Related Articles]
- Nicholas Arnesson
- (from the article "Sverrir Sigurdsson") In 1196 the dissident bishop of Oslo, Nicholas Arnesson, joined forces with the exiled archbishop Erik Ivarsson and returned to Norway with a fleet, precipitating the Crosier War, a rebellion ...
- Nicholas Brothers
- tap-dancing duo whose suppleness, strength, and fearlessness made them one of the greatest tap dance acts of all time. Fayard Antonio Nicholas (b. October 20, 1914, Mobile, Alabama, U.S., -d. ...
- Nicholas Collegians
- (from the article "Nicholas Brothers") ...pianist, and their father, Ulysses, was a drummer. They performed together in pit orchestras for black vaudeville shows throughout the 1910s to the early 1930s, forming their own group called ...
- Nicholas I
- Byzantine patriarch of Constantinople (901-907; 912-925), who contributed measurably to the attempted reunion of the Greek and Roman churches and who fomented the tetragamy controversy, or the question of a ...
- Nicholas I
- prince (1860-1910) and then king (1910-18) of Montenegro, who transformed his small principality into a sovereign European nation. [2 Related Articles]
- Nicholas I
- Russian emperor (1825-55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy; for his reactionary policies, he has been called the emperor who froze Russia for 30 years. [21 Related Articles]
- Nicholas I, Saint
- pope from 858 to 867, master theorist of papal power, considered to have been the most forceful of the early medieval pontiffs, whose pontificate was the most important of the ... [6 Related Articles]
- Nicholas II
- pope from 1059 to 1061, a major figure in the Gregorian Reform. [8 Related Articles]
- Nicholas II
- the last Russian emperor (1894-1917), who, with his wife, Alexandra, and their children, was killed by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. [24 Related Articles]
- Nicholas III
- Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople (1084-1111), theologian and liturgical scholar noted for combatting doctrinal heresy and composing sacramental prayer texts for the Byzantine liturgy. Among Nicholas' liturgical compositions are prayers ...
- Nicholas III
- pope from 1277 to 1280. [1 Related Articles]
- Nicholas IV
- pope from 1288 to 1292, the first Franciscan pontiff. [3 Related Articles]
- Nicholas Nicholas
- (from the article "Time Warner Inc.") ...partner for $400 million in 1985. The next year Ross became the highest-paid American executive, with a 10-year $14 million-a-year contract. In 1987 Ross began talks with the president of ...
- Nicholas Of Autrecourt
- French philosopher and theologian known principally for developing medieval Skepticism to its extreme logical conclusions, which were condemned as heretical. [2 Related Articles]
- Nicholas Of Clemanges
- theologian, humanist, and educator who denounced the corruption of institutional Christianity, advocated general ecclesiastical reform, and attempted to mediate the Western Schism (rival claimants to the papacy) during the establishment ...
- Nicholas of Cologne
- (from the article "Hameln") ...fate of the children of Hameln in 1284. One hypothesis links the story with an exodus of the young men in connection with the German colonization of the east. The ...
- Nicholas Of Cusa
- cardinal, mathematician, scholar, experimental scientist, and influential philosopher who stressed the incomplete nature of man's knowledge of God and of the universe. [8 Related Articles]
- Nicholas of Damascus
- Greek historian and philosopher whose works included a universal history from the time of the Assyrian empire to his own days. [2 Related Articles]
- Nicholas of Flue, Saint
- hermit, popular saint, and Swiss folk hero. His intervention in a conflict between cantonal factions over the admission of Fribourg and Solothurn to the Swiss Confederation led to the agreement ... [1 Related Articles]
- Nicholas Of Hereford
- theological scholar and advocate of the English reform movement within the Roman Church who later recanted his unorthodox views and participated in the repression of other reformers. He collaborated with ... [2 Related Articles]
- Nicholas Of Lyra
- author of the first printed commentary on the Bible and one of the foremost Franciscan theologians and influential exegetes (biblical interpreters) of the Middle Ages. [3 Related Articles]
- Nicholas of Pelhrimov
- (from the article "Taborite") ...more moderate coreligionists, the Utraquists, they were strict biblicists and insisted on receiving a Eucharist of both bread and wine, though they denied transubstantiation and the Real Presence. Nicholas of ...
- Nicholas Of Verdun
- the greatest enamelist and goldsmith of his day and an important figure in the transition from late Romanesque to early Gothic style. He was an itinerant craftsman who travelled to ... [3 Related Articles]
- Nicholas V
- influential Renaissance pope (reigned 1447-55) and founder of the Vatican Library. Soon after his election, he brought to an end the schism caused by rivalries between popes and councils. By ... [7 Related Articles]
- Nicholas, Adrian
- (from the article "Da Vinci's parachute") On June 26, 2000, British balloonist Adrian Nicholas proved da Vinci right. In a parachute built of wood and canvas to the artist's specifications, Nicholas was hoisted to 10,000 feet ...
- Nicholas, Barry
- (from the article "animal rights") ...American jurist Roscoe Pound wrote that in ancient Rome a slave "was a thing, and as such, like animals could be the object of rights of property," and the British ...
- Nicholas, Fayard Antonio
- American dancer (b. Oct. 20, 1914, Mobile, Ala.-d. Jan. 24, 2006, Toluca Lake, Calif.), with his brother, Harold, made up the world-famous tap-dancing duo the Nicholas Brothers. They developed a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Nicholas, Harold Lloyd
- American dancer (b. March 21/27, 1921, Winston-Salem, N.C.-d. July 3, 2000, New York, N.Y.), along with his older brother, Fayard, constituted the Nicholas Brothers dance team. In vaudeville shows and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Nicholas, Saint
- one of the most popular minor saints commemorated in the Eastern and Western churches and now traditionally associated with the festival of Christmas. In many countries children receive gifts on ... [4 Related Articles]
- Nicholls, Gwyn
- one of the greatest rugby players of all time.
- Nicholls, Rhoda Holmes
- British-American artist and art instructor of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a noted watercolourist of her day.
- Nichols, Clarina Irene Howard
- 19th-century American journalist and reformer, a determined and effective campaigner for women's rights.
- Nichols, Dudley
- (from the article "1935: Other Winners") Screenplay: Dudley Nichols for The InformerOriginal Story: Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur for The ScoundrelCinematography: Hal Mohr for A Midsummer Night's DreamArt Direction: Richard Day for The Dark...
- Nichols, Herbie
- African-American jazz pianist and composer whose advanced bop-era concepts of rhythm, harmony, and form predicted aspects of free jazz.
- Nichols, John
- writer, printer, and antiquary who, through numerous volumes of literary anecdotes, made an invaluable contribution to posterity's knowledge of the lives and works of 18th-century men of letters in England.
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