| | - Neumann, Therese
- German stigmatic.
- Neumann, Vaclav
- Czech conductor and proponent of the music of Gustav Mahler and of both classical and contemporary Czech composers, such as Bohuslav Martinu and Leos Janacek (b. Sept. 29, 1920--d. Sept. ...
- Neumann-Bernays-Godel set theory
- (from the article "set theory") The second axiomatization of set theory (see the table of Neumann-Bernays-Godel axioms) originated with John von Neumann in the 1920s. His formulation differed considerably from ZFC because the notion of ...
- neume
- in musical notation, a sign for one or a group of successive musical pitches, predecessor of modern musical notes. Neumes have been used in Christian (e.g., Gregorian, Byzantine) liturgical chant ... [6 Related Articles]
- Neumeier, John
- (from the article "Performing Arts") ...most of his best-known works as well as a revival of his Carmen from 1971. Berlin's Staatsballett gave its first performances of Sir Frederick Ashton's Sylvia; with the Hamburg Ballet, ...
- Neumeister, Erdmann
- (from the article "cantata") Lutheran ministers, notably Erdmann Neumeister, encouraged the absorption of secular music into the church service. They provided German Protestant composers with cycles of texts for sacred cantatas based on the ...
- Neuquen
- provincia (province), west-central Argentina. It is bordered by the high peaks of the Andes Mountains and Chile (west), the Colorado River and tributaries (north), and the Limay ...
- Neuquen
- city, capital of Neuquen provincia (province), west-central Argentina. It is located at the confluence of the Neuquen and Limay rivers, which there form the Negro River. Founded ...
- Neuquen River
- (from the article "Patagonia") Dams have been constructed on the Neuquen and Limay rivers in order to exploit the hydroelectric potential of the western portion of Patagonia. These projects also have created large reservoirs ...
- Neuradaceae
- (from the article "Malvales") Neuradaceae is a small family of annual, or rarely perennial, herbs. It includes 3 genera and 10 species, which grow from Africa to India in desert areas. Grielum (5 species) ...
- neural arch
- (from the article "vertebral column") Each vertebra, in higher vertebrates, consists of a ventral body, or centrum, surmounted by a Y-shaped neural arch. The arch extends a spinous process (projection) downward and backward that may ...
- neural crest
- group of embryonic cells that are pinched off during the formation of the neural tube (the precursor of the spinal cord) but that do not remain as a part of ... [3 Related Articles]
- neural groove
- (from the article "human embryology") ...it from the attached yolk sac. Growth has lengthened the region ahead of the now receding primitive streak. Here, in the midline, the ectoderm bears a definite gutter-like formation called ...
- neural network
- a computer program that operates in a manner analogous to the natural neural network in the brain. The theoretical basis of neural networks was developed in 1943 by the neurophysiologist ... [3 Related Articles]
- neural plate
- (from the article "animal development") ...of the nervous system from a part of ectoderm lying originally on the dorsal side of the embryo, above the notochord and the somites. This part of the ectodermal layer ...
- neural stem cell
- largely undifferentiated cell originating in the central nervous system. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the potential to give rise to offspring cells that grow and differentiate into neurons and glial ... [1 Related Articles]
- neural trace
- (from the article "hallucination") ...two fundamental assumptions. One assumption states that life experiences influence the brain in such a way as to leave, in the brain, enduring physical changes that have variously been called ...
- neural tube
- (from the article "animal development") ...the notochord and the somites. This part of the ectodermal layer thickens and becomes the neural plate, whose edges rise as neural folds that converge toward the midline, fuse together, ...
- neural tube defect
- any congenital defect of the brain and spinal cord as a result of abnormal development of the neural tube (the precursor of the spinal cord) during early embryonic life, usually ... [4 Related Articles]
- neural-group selection
- (from the article "Edelman, Gerald Maurice") ...found that, as the brain develops, CAMs bind neurons together to form the brain's basic circuitry. His work led to the construction of a general theory of brain development and ...
- neuralgia
- cyclic attacks of acute pain occurring in a peripheral sensory nerve; the cause of the pain is unknown, and pathological changes in nerve tissue cannot be found. There are two ... [2 Related Articles]
- neuraminidase
- (from the article "bird flu") ...derive at least partially from bird flu subtypes. All the subtypes are distinguished on the basis of variations in two proteins found on the surface of the viral particle-hemagglutinin (H) ...
- neuraminidase inhibitor
- (from the article "influenza") The antiviral drug amantadine has a beneficial effect on cases of influenza involving the type A virus. A newer category of drugs, the neuraminidase inhibitors, was introduced in the late ...
- neurasthenia
- (from the article "asthenia") ...of the muscular system. Neurocirculatory asthenia is a clinical syndrome characterized by breathing difficulties, heart palpitations, a shortness of breath or dizziness, and insomnia. The term neurasthenia was formerly used ...
- Neurath, Konstantin, Baron von
- German diplomat who was Adolf Hitler's foreign minister from 1933 to 1938. [2 Related Articles]
- Neurath, Otto
- Austrian philosopher and sociologist noted for interpreting logical-positivist thought as a basis for behaviourist social and economic theory. [3 Related Articles]
- neuristor
- (from the article "bionics") ...does not weaken in travelling along the axon. This impulse can travel in only one direction. These properties make the nerve axon capable of logic operations. In 1960 a semiconductor ...
- neuritic plaque
- (from the article "Alzheimer disease") The presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain are used to diagnose Alzheimer disease in autopsy. Neuritic plaques-also called senile, dendritic, or amyloid plaques-consist of deteriorating neuronal ...
- neuritis
- inflammation of one or more nerves. The characteristic symptoms of neuritis include pain and tenderness; impaired sensation, strength, and reflexes; and abnormal circulation and decreased ability to sweat in the ...
- neuro-fuzzy system
- (from the article "fuzzy logic") The late 1990s witnessed the development of hybrid systems, which combine the advantages of two or more computing techniques. So-called neuro-fuzzy systems integrate fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks, enabling ...
- neurobiology
- (from the article "hallucination") A historical survey of the study of hallucinations reflects the development of scientific thought in psychiatry, psychology, and neurobiology. By 1838 the significant relationship between the content of dreams and ...
- neuroblast
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...system originate from the ventricular zone of the neural tube-that is, the layer of neuroepithelial cells lining the central cavity of the tube. These cells differentiate and proliferate into neuroblasts, ...
- NeuroBloc™
- (from the article "dystonia") ...that destroys a specific group of cells in the brain, or cutting the nerves that supply the dystonic area. Some dystonias can be treated with botulinum toxin (e.g., Botox™, Myobloc™, ...
- neurochemistry
- (from the article "Kluver, Heinrich") In later years Kluver turned to neurochemistry, particularly to the study of free porphyrins found in the brain. His work on the staining of nervous tissue was widely used by ...
- neurochord
- (from the article "annelid") The nerve cord of many annelids has giant nerve fibres (neurochords), which may have either a simple or a compound structure. Simple neurochords are very large single nerve cells; their ...
- neurocirculatory asthenia
- (from the article "cardiovascular disease") ...often associated with profuse sweating and, at times, with local edema. It is a form of local sensitivity to cold and is frequently seen in mentally or emotionally disturbed people ...
- neurocomputer
- (from the article "information processing") ...human brain as an information processor of the parallel type. The cognitive sciences, the interdisciplinary field that focuses on the study of the human mind, have contributed to the development ...
- neurodermatitis
- (from the article "dermatitis") Neurodermatitis refers to a skin inflammation that is apparently caused by the patient's own repeated and chronic scratching of an itchy area of skin.
- neuroendocrine cell
- (from the article "nervous system") ...to the endoplasmic reticulum. From there they are transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where they are packed into secretory vesicles and transported to the terminals. Some peptides are secreted by ...
- neuroepithelial cell
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...ectoderm cells to thicken along what will become the dorsal midline of the body, forming the neural plate. The neural plate is composed of neural precursor cells, known as neuroepithelial ...
- neuroepithelium
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...adjacent undifferentiated ectoderm cells to thicken along what will become the dorsal midline of the body, forming the neural plate. The neural plate is composed of neural precursor cells, known ...
- neurofibrillary tangle
- (from the article "Alzheimer disease") The presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain are used to diagnose Alzheimer disease in autopsy. Neuritic plaques-also called senile, dendritic, or amyloid plaques-consist of deteriorating neuronal ...
- neurofibromatosis
- either of two hereditary disorders characterized by distinctive skin lesions and by benign, progressively enlarging tumours of the nervous system. Neurofibromatosis type 1, also known as von Recklinghausen's disease, is ... [1 Related Articles]
- neurofibromatosis type 1
- (from the article "neurofibromatosis") either of two hereditary disorders characterized by distinctive skin lesions and by benign, progressively enlarging tumours of the nervous system. Neurofibromatosis type 1, also known as von Recklinghausen's disease, is ...
- neurofibromatosis type 2
- (from the article "neurofibromatosis") ...tumours appear in late childhood or early adulthood; the latter can sometimes result in grossly disfiguring effects owing to their large size. The course of the disease is progressive in ...
- neurogenic arthropathy
- condition characterized by the destruction of a stress-bearing joint, with development of new bone around the joint. Eventually the affected individual is unable to use the joint but experiences little ... [3 Related Articles]
- neurogenic contraction
- (from the article "circulation") ...contraction is found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. In the second, the heart is stimulated by nerve impulses from outside the heart muscle. The hearts of other invertebrates exhibit ...
- neurogenic shock
- (from the article "diagnosis") ...The underlying cause of this precipitous drop characterizes shock; for example, hypovolemic shock is caused by inadequate blood volume, cardiogenic shock is caused by reduced heart function, and neurogenic shock ...
- neuroglia
- (from the article "nervous system") Neurons form a minority of the cells in the nervous system. Exceeding them in number by at least 10 to 1 are neuroglial cells, which exist in the nervous systems ...
- neurogram
- (from the article "Prince, Morton") American psychologist and physician who advocated the study of abnormal psychology and formulated concepts such as the neurogram, or neurological record of psychological behaviour, and the coconscious, a parallel, possibly ...
- neurohemal organ
- (from the article "hormone") ...polypeptides (compounds similar to proteins but composed of fewer amino acids), pass along nerve-cell extensions, or axons, and are typically released into the bloodstream at special regions called neurohemal organs, ...
- neurohormone
- any of a group of substances produced by specialized cells (neurosecretory cells) structurally typical of the nervous, rather than of the endocrine, system. The neurohormones pass along nerve-cell extensions (axons) ... [7 Related Articles]
- neurolinguistics
- the study of the neurological mechanisms underlying the storage and processing of language. Although it has been fairly satisfactorily determined that the language centre is in the left hemisphere of ... [1 Related Articles]
- neurological model
- (from the article "automata theory") Part of automata theory lying within the area of pure mathematical study is often based on a model of a portion of the nervous system in a living creature and ...
- neurology
- medical specialty concerned with the nervous system and its functional or organic disorders. Neurologists diagnose and treat diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. [1 Related Articles]
- neuromast
- (from the article "lateral line system") ...from cyclostome fishes (lampreys and hagfish) to amphibians, that serves to detect movements and pressure changes in the surrounding water. It is made up of a series of mechanoreceptors called ...
- neuromodulator
- (from the article "endocrine system, human") ...A large number of additional neurotransmitters have been discovered, of which an important group is the neuropeptides. The neuropeptides function not only as neurotransmitters but also as neuromodulators. As neuromodulators, ...
- neuromuscular blocking agent
- (from the article "drug") The action of competitive neuromuscular blocking drugs can be reversed by anticholinesterases (see the section Autonomic nervous system drugs), which inhibit the rapid destruction of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction ...
- neuromuscular junction
- site of chemical communication between a nerve fibre and a muscle cell. The neuromuscular junction is analogous to the synapse between two neurons. A nerve fibre divides into many terminal ... [3 Related Articles]
- neuron
- basic cell of the nervous system in vertebrates and most invertebrates from the level of the cnidarians (e.g., corals, jellyfish) upward. A typical neuron has a cell body containing a ... [38 Related Articles]
- neuron theory
- (from the article "nervous system") ...system is composed of individual units that are structurally independent of one another and whose internal contents do not come into direct contact. According to his hypothesis, now known as ...
- neuroparalytic keratitis
- (from the article "keratitis") Neuroparalytic keratitis is inflammation of the cornea as a sequel to interruption of sensory impulses over the fifth (trigeminal) cranial nerve. The cornea's loss of sensitivity leaves it much more ...
- neuropathology
- (from the article "mental disorder") In the past the postmortem study of the brain revealed information upon which great advances in understanding the etiology of neurological and some mental disorders were based, leading to the ...
- neuropeptide
- (from the article "endocrine system, human") ...are four classic neurotransmitters: epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. A large number of additional neurotransmitters have been discovered, of which an important group is the neuropeptides. The neuropeptides function not ...
- neurophysin
- (from the article "hormone") ...and, in lower vertebrates, the nucleus preopticus. Neurohormones from these regions pass along the axons of the neurosecretory cells to the neural lobe (see Figure 2) bound to a protein ...
- neurophysiology
- (from the article "Granit, Ragnar Arthur") ...Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, in 1940; he was named chairman of the institute's department of neurophysiology in 1946. A year earlier he had also become the director of the Nobel Institute ...
- neuropil
- (from the article "nervous system") ...brain consists of three main regions: the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum. The anterior protocerebrum, which receives the nerves of the eyes and other organs, contains centres, or neuropils, such as ...
- neuroplasticity
- capacity of neurons and neural networks in the brain to change their connections and behaviour in response to new information, sensory stimulation, development, damage, or dysfunction. Although neural networks also ... [3 Related Articles]
- neuropsychology
- (from the article "nervous system, human") The discipline of neuropsychology, by studying the relationship between behaviour and brain function, bridges the gap between neural and cognitive science. Examples of this bridging role include studies in which ...
- neuropteran
- any of a group of insects commonly called lacewings because of the complex vein patterns in the wings, giving them a lacy appearance. In a strict sense, the order Neuroptera ... [1 Related Articles]
- neurosecretory cell
- a type of neuron, or nerve cell, whose function is to translate neural signals into chemical stimuli. Such cells produce secretions called neurohormones that travel along the neuron axon and ... [7 Related Articles]
- neurosphere
- (from the article "stem cell") ...after birth, but some neurons in the olfactory bulbs and in the hippocampus are continually being formed. These neurons arise from neural stem cells, which can be cultured in vitro ...
- Neurospora
- (from the article "Minimum number of nucleotide differences in genes coding for cytochrome c in 20 different organisms") Neurospora, a genus of about 12 widespread species, produces bakery mold, or red bread mold. It has been used extensively in genetic and biochemical investigations. Xylaria contains about 100 species ...
- Neurospora crassa
- (from the article "biochemistry") ...of genes to enzymes has been demonstrated in several ways. The first successful experiments, devised by the Nobel Prize winners George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum, involved the bread ...
- neurosurgery
- (from the article "Cushing, Harvey Williams") Cushing developed many of the operating procedures and techniques that are still basic to the surgery of the brain, and his work greatly reduced the high mortality rates that had ...
- neurotensin
- (from the article "digestive system, human") Secreted by the N cells of the ileum in response to fat in the small intestine, neurotensin modulates motility, relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter, and blocks the stimulation of acid ...
- neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
- (from the article "algae") ...paralytic shellfish poisoning. Diarrheic shellfish poisoning is caused by okadaic acids that are produced by several kinds of algae, especially species of Dinophysis. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, caused ...
- neurotoxin
- (from the article "tetanus") Both the occurrence and severity of tetanus are determined by the amount of toxin produced and the resistance of the host. The neurotoxic component, tetanospasmin, is one of the deadliest ...
- neurotransmitter
- any of a group of chemical agents released by neurons (nerve cells) to stimulate neighbouring neurons, thus allowing impulses to be passed from one cell to the next throughout the ... [18 Related Articles]
- neurotransmitter release
- (from the article "nervous system") Two factors are essential for the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal: (1) depolarization of the terminal and (2) the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the extracellular ...
- neurula
- (from the article "human embryology") ...somites, and the outlines of the somites show externally. From them, muscles and vertebrae will differentiate later. This stage, when the embryo is fashioning a neural tube, is often designated ...
- Neuschwanstein Castle
- elaborate castle built atop a rock ledge over the Pollat Gorge in the Bavarian Alps (near Fussen, Ger.) by order of Bavaria's King Louis II, called "Mad Ludwig." The project's ... [2 Related Articles]
- Neuse River
- river in northeast-central North Carolina, U.S., formed by the junction of the Flat, Little, and Eno rivers in Durham county. Named in 1584 for the Neusiok Indians, it flows about ...
- Neuserre
- sixth king of the 5th dynasty (c. 2465-c. 2325 BC) of Egypt; he is primarily known for his temple to the sun-god Re at Abu Jirab (Abu Gurab) in Lower ... [1 Related Articles]
- Neuserre, temple of
- (from the article "Neuserre") sixth king of the 5th dynasty (c. 2465-c. 2325 BC) of Egypt; he is primarily known for his temple to the sun-god Re at Abu Jirab (Abu Gurab) in Lower ...
- Neusiedler Lake
- lake in Burgenland (eastern Austria) and northwestern Hungary, named from the Austrian town of Neusiedl and the Hungarian word for "swamp lake." Formed several million years ago during the Pleistocene ... [2 Related Articles]
- neusis
- (from the article "geometry") The trick for trisection is an application of what the Greeks called neusis, a maneuvering of a measured length into a special position to complete a geometrical ...
- Neusner, Jacob
- (from the article "magic") ...doctrinal, ethical, ritual, and social) worldview analysis for cross-cultural comparison that can be applied to different belief systems, whether called magic or religion. Likewise, Judaic scholar Jacob Neusner suggested the ...
- Neuss
- city, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies on the west bank of the Rhine, opposite Dusseldorf. Founded about 12 BC as a Roman fortress (the ...
- Neustadt an der Weinstrasse
- city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies on the eastern slope of the Haardt Mountains, where the Speyer River breaks through the Haardt into the Rhine River valley. Founded ...
- Neusticomys monticolus
- (from the article "water rat") One of the smallest species is a South American fish-eating rat (Neusticomys monticolus) with a body length of 10 to 12 cm (4 to nearly 5 inches) and a tail ...
- neuston
- group of organisms found on top of or attached to the underside of the surface film of water. The neuston includes insects such as whirligig beetles and water striders, some ... [2 Related Articles]
- Neustria
- during the Merovingian period (6th-8th century) of early medieval Europe, the western Frankish kingdom, as distinct from Austrasia, the eastern kingdom. By derivation, Neustria was the "new" (French neuf; German ... [2 Related Articles]
- Neutra, Richard Joseph
- Austrian-born American architect known for his role in introducing the International Style into American architecture. [1 Related Articles]
- Neutral
- a confederacy of Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribes who lived in what are now southern Ontario, Can., and western New York, northeastern Ohio, and southeastern Michigan, U.S. The French came ... [2 Related Articles]
- neutral asylum
- (from the article "asylum") ...States controversially granted diplomatic asylum to dissident Hungarian Roman Catholic Jozsef Cardinal Mindszenty, who was given refuge in the U.S. embassy and remained there for 15 years. Neutral asylum is ...
- neutral atom
- (from the article "Milky Way Galaxy") The dust is accompanied by gas, which is thinly dispersed among the stars, filling the space between them. This interstellar gas consists mostly of hydrogen in its neutral form. Radio ...
- neutral current interaction
- (from the article "subatomic particle") ...into a proton. The fourth messenger, a second neutral particle, seemed at the time to have no obvious role; it apparently would permit weak interactions with no change of charge-so-called ...
- neutral filter
- (from the article "optics") A colour filter is a sheet of transparent material that modifies a light beam by selective absorption of some colours in relation to others. A neutral filter absorbs all wavelengths ...
- neutral monism
- in the philosophy of mind, theories that hold that mind and body are not separate, distinct substances but are composed of the same sort of neutral "stuff." [3 Related Articles]
- Neutral Zone
- (from the article "Kuwait") ...along the gulf was shared by Kuwait and Saudi Arabia as a neutral zone until a political boundary was agreed on in 1969. Each of the two countries now administers ...
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