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Nizam Shahi Dynasty: succession of rulers of the kingdom of Ahmadnagar in the Deccan of India from 1490 to 1633. The founder was Malik Ahmad, who in 1490 fixed his capital on a ...
nizam-i cedid: (Turkish: "new order"), originally a program of westernizing reforms undertaken by the Ottoman sultan Selim III (reigned 1789-1807). Later the term came to denote exclusively the new, regular troops established ...
Nizam-ul-Mulk: (Arabic: "Governor of the Kingdom"), title borne by various Indian Muslim princes. The term has also been translated as "Deputy for the Whole Empire." In 1713 it was conferred on ...
Nizamabad: city, northwestern Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. The city is located on the Hyderabad-Godavari Valley line of the Central Railway, north-northwest of Hyderabad. Historical points of interest include a temple ...
Nizhegorod: oblast (province) in western Russia, in the middle of the Volga River basin. Nizhegorod oblast is bisected by the Volga River. The northern half of the oblast is a low ...
Nizhnekamsk: city, Tatarstan, western Russia. It lies along the left bank of the Kama River, just southwest of Naberezhnye Chelny. It is an important petrochemical centre. Its synthetic-rubber plant, intended to ...
Nizhnevartovsk: city and port, Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug (district), Tyumen oblast (province), west-central Russia. It lies along the right bank of the Ob River. The city grew rapidly, especially in the 1970s, ...
Nizhny Novgorod: city and administrative centre of Nizhegorod oblast ("region"), western Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers, 260 miles (420 km) east of Moscow.
Nizhny Tagil: city, Sverdlovsk oblast (province), western Russia. Nizhny Tagil lies along the Tagil River. One of the oldest smelting centres of the Ural Mountains region, it was founded ...
Nizhnyaya Tunguska River: river in western Siberia that is a right-bank tributary of the Yenisey River, flowing through Irkutsk oblast (province) and Krasnoyarsk kray (region) of Russia. Its length is 1,857 miles (2,989 ...
Nizhyn: city, Chernihiv oblast (province), north-central Ukraine. Nizhyn dates from the 11th century and was incorporated in 1781. It contains several buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries, including the cathedrals ...
Nizip, Battle of: (June 24, 1839), battle between forces of the Ottoman Empire and those of Muhammad 'Ali, viceroy of Egypt, at Nizip (now in southeastern Turkey), in which the Ottomans were defeated. ...
Njals saga: one of the longest and generally considered the finest of the 13th-century Icelanders' sagas. It presents the most comprehensive picture of Icelandic life in the heroic age and has a ...
Njord: in Norse mythology, the god of the wind and of the sea and its riches. His aid was invoked in seafaring and in hunting, and he was considered the god ...
Nkayi: town (commune), southwestern Congo. It lies west of the capital, Brazzaville, and northeast of the port of Pointe-Noire, on the Brazzaville-Pointe-Noire railway; its airport has scheduled flights to both cities. ...
Nkhotakota: town, central Malawi. It lies on the shores of Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi). It originated as a group of villages in the 19th century, served as a depot for Arab ...
NKK Corporation: major Japanese industrial company and one of the country's largest steelmakers. Headquarters are in Tokyo.
Nkole: a people of the Interlacustrine Bantu-speaking group who occupy the area of southwestern Uganda between Lakes Edward and George and the Tanzania border.
Nkomo, Joshua: black nationalist in Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia), who, as leader of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), was Prime Minister Robert Mugabe's longtime rival.
Nkongsamba: town, western Cameroon. Nkongsamba lies at the foot of Mount Manengouba (7,861 feet [2,396 m]). It is the terminus of the railway from Douala and has road connections to Bamenda ...
Nkosi, Lewis: South African author, critic, journalist, and broadcaster.
Nkrumah, Kwame: Ghanaian nationalist leader who led the Gold Coast's drive for independence from Britain and presided over its emergence as the new nation of Ghana. He headed the country from independence ...
NKVD: Soviet secret police agency, a forerunner of the KGB (q.v.).
Nmai Hka: river in northern Myanmar (Burma). It rises in the Languela glacier and flows generally south, joining the Mali River to form the Irrawaddy River. The Nmai, which is virtually unnavigable ...
Noah: the hero of the biblical Flood story in the Old Testament book of Genesis, the originator of vineyard cultivation, and, as the father of Shem, Ham, and Japheth, the representative ...
Noahide Laws: a Jewish Talmudic designation for seven biblical laws given to Adam and to Noah before the revelation to Moses on Mt. Sinai and consequently binding on all mankind.
Noailles, Adrien-Maurice, 3e duc de: the third duc de Noailles, son of Anne-Jules of Noailles; he served in all the most important wars of the reign of Louis XV in Italy and Germany and became ...
Noailles, Anna de: poet, a leading literary figure in France in the pre-World War I period.
Noailles, Anne, 1er duc de: count of Noailles (grandson of the first count, Antoine of Noailles) who was created the first duc de Noailles and a peer of France in 1663. He had played an ...
Noailles, Anne-Jules, 2e duc de: duke of Noailles, marshal of France, son of Anne of Noailles, the first duke. He was made field marshal at the age of 23 and was named lieutenant general and ...
Noailles, Jean-Paul-Francois, 5e duc de: son of Louis of Noailles, lieutenant general, and member of the French Academie des Sciences. Though he served in the army, his tastes were scientific, and for his eminence as ...
Noailles, Louis, 4e duc de: duc d'Ayen until the death of his father (Adrien-Maurice) in 1766, when he became the duc de Noailles. He served in most of the wars of the 18th century without ...
Noailles, Louis-Antoine de: cardinal and archbishop of Paris, who, with his brother, the second duc de Noailles, made the name Noailles one of the most honoured in France.
Noailles, Louis-Marie, vicomte de: second son of the marshal of Mouchy and one of the most distinguished members of the Noailles family in France.
Noakhali: port city, southern Bangladesh, on the Noakhali Watercourse near the Meghna Estuary as it empties into the Bay of Bengal. The port is connected by road and rail with Comilla ...
Noami: Japanese poet, painter, and art critic, the first nonpriest who painted in the suiboku ("water-ink"), or Chinese, style.
Noatak National Preserve: national preserve in Alaska, U.S., adjoining Gates of the Arctic National Park to the east and Kobuk Valley National Park to the south. Proclaimed a national monument in 1978, the ...
Nobel Foundation: private institution founded in 1900 to coordinate the various provisions of the will of Alfred Nobel, in which he set aside funds to establish the Nobel Prizes. The foundation administers ...
Nobel Prize: any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and ...
Nobel's will: The following is the relevant portion of Alfred Bernhard Nobel's will establishing the Nobel Prizes:The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:The capital ...
Nobel, Alfred Bernhard: Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist, who invented dynamite and other, more powerful explosives and who also founded the Nobel Prizes.
nobelium: synthetic chemical element of the actinide series in Group IIIb of the periodic table, atomic number 102. Not occurring in nature, nobelium (as the isotope nobelium-254) was discovered (April 1958) ...
Nobeoka: city, Miyazaki ken (prefecture), Kyushu, Japan, on the delta of the Gokase River (Gokase-gawa). It developed as a castle town in the 12th century and has been a fishing port ...
Nobile, Umberto: Italian aeronautical engineer and pioneer in Arctic aviation who in 1926, with the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and Lincoln Ellsworth of the United States flew over the North Pole in ...
noble gas: any of the six chemical elements that make up Group O of the periodic table (see ). The elements are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), ...
noble metal: any of several metallic chemical elements that have outstanding resistance to oxidation, even at high temperatures; the grouping is not strictly defined but usually is considered to include rhenium, ruthenium, ...
noble savage: in literature, an idealized concept of uncivilized man, who symbolizes the innate goodness of one not exposed to the corrupting influences of civilization.
Noble, Sir Andrew, 1st Baronet: Scottish physicist and gunnery expert, considered a founder of the science of ballistics. His pioneering research on fired gunpowder, often in conjunction with the British chemist Frederick Abel, contributed greatly ...
noblesse de robe: (French: "Nobility of the Robe"), in 17th- and 18th-century France, a class of hereditary nobles who acquired their rank through holding a high state office. Their name was derived from ...
Noboribetsu: city, Hokkaido, Japan, on the Pacific coast of southwestern Hokkaido, northeast of Muroran. Since the discovery of hot springs during the late Tokugawa era (1603-1867), the city has been one ...
Nobre, Antonio: Portuguese poet whose verse marked a departure from objective realism and social commitment to subjective lyricism and an aesthetic point of view.
Nobrega, Manuel da: founder of the Jesuit mission of Brazil and leader of the order's activities there from 1549 to 1570.
nocardiosis: chronic systemic bacterial disease of humans and many other animals originating in the respiratory tract and disseminated by way of the blood to other organs, especially the brain. It is ...
Nocera Inferiore: town and episcopal see, Salerno provincia, Campania regione, southern Italy, in the Sarno River valley, northwest of Salerno. It originated as the Oscan and Roman town of Nuceria Alfaterna, which ...
noctilucent cloud: rare cloud form, probably composed of ice crystals and meteoric dust, that occurs at a higher altitude than any other cloud form (about 82 km [50 miles]). It is silvery ...
noctule: any of about six species of vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae) found in Europe and Asia. Noctules are golden to yellowish or dark brown, with a paler underside. They are 5-10 ...
nocturne: (French: "Nocturnal"), in music, a composition inspired by, or evocative of, the night, and cultivated in the 19th century primarily as a character piece for piano. The form originated with ...
Noda: city, northwestern Chiba ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan, between the Edo and the Tone rivers. The city served as an important river port during the Edo (Tokugawa) ...
node: in astronomy, the intersection of the orbit plane of some celestial body, such as the Moon, a planet, or comet, with the plane of the ecliptic (the apparent path of ...
Nodier, Charles: writer more important for the influence he had on the French Romantic movement than for his own writings.
Nodosaurus: armoured dinosaurs found as fossils in North America dating from 95 million to 90 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous Period. A heavy animal about 5.5 metres (18 feet) ...
nodule: rounded mineral concretion that is distinct from, and may be separated from, the formation in which it occurs. Nodules commonly are elongate with a knobby irregular surface; they usually are ...
Noel-Baker, Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron: British statesman and advocate of international disarmament who received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1959. Fluent in seven languages, he campaigned widely for 40 years for peace through multilateral ...
Noether, Emmy: German mathematician whose innovations in higher algebra gained her recognition as the most creative abstract algebraist of modern times.
Nogales: city, seat (1899) of Santa Cruz county, southern Arizona, U.S. A port of entry on the Mexican border, it adjoins Heroica Nogales in Sonora, Mexico. Divided by International Avenue, the ...
Nogaret, Guillaume de: magistrate under King Philip IV the Fair of France, who became one of the most vigorous of the legistes, or expositors, of the royal power, especially in ecclesiastical affairs; in ...
Nogata: city, Fukuoka ken (prefecture), Kyushu, Japan, at the confluence of the Onga River and the Hikosan River. Formed as a castle town in 1626, it declined about 100 years later, ...
Noginsk: city, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia, on the Klyazma River east of Moscow. Originally Yamskaya village, it became the town of Bogorodsk in 1781 and was renamed Noginsk in 1930. ...
Nograd: megye (county), Hungary, occupying an upland area of 982 square miles (2,544 square km) dominated by the Cserhat Hills, a continuation of the Transdanubian Mountains. A few monadnocks (hills of ...
Noguchi, Hideyo: Japanese bacteriologist who first discovered Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, in the brains of persons suffering from paresis. He also proved that both Oroya fever and verruga peruana ...
Noguchi, Isamu: American sculptor and designer, one of the strongest advocates of the expressive power of organic abstract shapes in 20th-century American sculpture.
Noh theatre: traditional Japanese theatrical form and one of the oldest extant theatrical forms in the world.
noiade: in Sami religion, a shaman who mediated between the people that he served and the supernatural beings and forces that he either confronted or made use of for the benefit ...
noise: in acoustics, any undesired sound, either one that is intrinsically objectionable or one that interferes with other sounds that are being listened to. In electronics and information theory, noise refers ...
Nok culture: ancient Iron Age culture that existed on the Benue Plateau of Nigeria between about 500 BC and AD 200.
Nola: town and episcopal see, Napoli provincia, Campania regione, southern Italy. It lies in the fertile and highly cultivated Campanian plain, just east-northeast of Naples. It originated as a city of ...