| | - Necker Island
- (from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") ...been attached to the coronets typical of later periods. A few simple stone figures belong to a "developmental" phase (AD 600-1300); one closely resembles small stone figures from Necker Island, ...
- Necker, Jacques
- Swiss banker and director general of finance (1771-81, 1788-89, 1789-90) under Louis XVI of France. He was overpraised in his lifetime for his somewhat dubious skill with public finances and ... [6 Related Articles]
- Necker, Suzanne
- Swiss hostess of a brilliant Parisian salon and the wife of Jacques Necker, the finance minister under King Louis XVI of France. [1 Related Articles]
- Neckham, Alexander
- (from the article "encyclopaedia") ...attention to innumerable passages that they believed might be useful to them in their work or their private lives. The possibility of achieving even more was fully appreciated: the English ...
- necking
- (from the article "order") ...of the entablature on the shaft and also acts as an aesthetic transition between those two elements. In its simplest form (the Doric), the capital consists (in ascending order) of ...
- necking
- (from the article "materials testing") When a material specimen is stressed, it deforms elastically (i.e., recoverably) at first; thereafter, deformation becomes permanent. A cylinder of steel, for example, may "neck" (assume an hourglass shape) in ...
- necklace
- (from the article "jewelry") Necklace beads-generally made of gold, stones, or glazed ceramic-are cylindrical, spherical, or in the shape of spindles or disks and are nearly always used in alternating colours and forms in ...
- necklace problem
- (from the article "combinatorics") It is required to make a necklace of n beads out of an infinite supply of beads of k different colours. The number of different necklaces, c (n, k), that ...
- necrobiosis
- (from the article "necrosis") death of a circumscribed area of plant or animal tissue as a result of an outside agent; natural death of tissue is called necrobiosis. Necrosis may follow a wide variety ...
- Necrolemur antiquus
- (from the article "primate") The Eocene Tarsiidae, represented by the European species Necrolemur antiquus, found in the Quercy deposits of France, and Afrotarsius chatrathi, from the Fayum of Egypt, are likely to contain the ...
- necromancy
- communication with the dead, usually in order to obtain insight into the future or to accomplish some otherwise impossible task. Such activity was current in ancient times among the Assyrians, ... [2 Related Articles]
- necropolis
- (from Greek nekropolis, "city of the dead"), in archaeology, an extensive and elaborate burial place of an ancient city. In the Mediterranean world, they were customarily outside the city proper ... [3 Related Articles]
- necrosis
- death of a circumscribed area of plant or animal tissue as a result of an outside agent; natural death of tissue is called necrobiosis. Necrosis may follow a wide variety ... [6 Related Articles]
- necrotic cell death
- (from the article "death") ...describe as cell death is coagulative necrosis. This is an abnormal morphological appearance, detected in tissue examined under the microscope. The changes, which affect aggregates of adjacent cells or functionally ...
- necrotizing fasciitis
- rapidly spreading infection of the underlying skin and fat layers caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, principally Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as the group A streptococcus. ... [1 Related Articles]
- necrotizing vasculitide
- (from the article "connective tissue disease") The disorders included in this category are characterized by inflammation of segments of blood vessels, chiefly small and medium-sized arteries. Clinical manifestations depend upon the site and severity of arterial ...
- Nectanebo I
- first king (reigned 380-362 BC) of the 30th dynasty of Egypt; he successfully opposed an attempt by the Persians to reimpose their rule on Egypt (373). [1 Related Articles]
- Nectanebo II
- third and last king (reigned 360-343 BC) of the 30th dynasty of Egypt; he was the last of the native Egyptian kings. [2 Related Articles]
- nectar
- sweet, viscous secretion from the nectaries, or glands, in plant blossoms, stems, and leaves. It attracts fruit-eating bats, hummingbirds, and insects, who aid in effecting pollination by transferring from plant ... [6 Related Articles]
- nectar guide
- (from the article "coloration") ...have patterns of yellow, blue, and ultraviolet (see photograph) that evoke a strong response in the insect eye. They usually have a darkly coloured pattern near the centre of the ...
- nectarine
- (Prunus persica variety nectarina), smooth-skinned peach of the family Rosaceae, known for more than 2,000 years and grown throughout the warmer temperate regions of both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Nectariniidae
- songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of the sunbirds and spider hunters, about 116 species of small, brilliantly coloured birds widespread throughout the warmer forests of Africa and Asia. [1 Related Articles]
- nectarivore
- (from the article "community ecology") ...species from 17 plant families, and oilbirds eat at least 36 fruit species from 10 plant families. Similarly, hummingbirds, social bees such as honeybees, and other species that feed on ...
- nectary
- (from the article "angiosperm") The flowers provide food from floral nectaries that secrete sugars and amino acids. These flowers often produce fragrances that attract pollinators which feed on the nectar. Nectar-feeding animals include many ...
- nectophore
- (from the article "cnidarian") ...order Siphonophora, free-floating colonial hydrozoans, display an even greater variety of polymorphs. These include gas-filled floats called pneumatophores, pulsating, locomotory structures called nectophores, and flattened, protective individuals called bracts or ...
- Nectophrynoides
- (from the article "Anura") ...firmisternal; intercalary cartilages and omosternum absent; Bidder's organ present; maxillary teeth present or absent; aquatic larvae, direct development, or live birth (Nectophrynoides only); worldwide, except the eastern ...
- Neddermeyer, Seth
- (from the article "nuclear weapon") In late April 1943 a Project Y physicist, Seth H. Neddermeyer, proposed the first serious theoretical analysis of implosion. His arguments showed that it would be feasible to compress a ...
- Nedelin, Mitrofan Ivanovich
- (from the article "rocket and missile system") ...effectiveness; pumps for liquid propellants froze, metal fatigue was extreme, and lubrication of moving parts was nearly impossible. In 1960 a missile engine exploded during a test, killing Mitrofan Ivanovich ...
- Nederburgh's Charter
- (from the article "Nederburgh, Sebastian Cornelius") conservative Dutch statesman who was chiefly responsible for the Charter of 1801, or Nederburgh's Charter, which established Dutch colonial policy after the government's takeover of the Dutch East India Company.
- Nederburgh, Sebastian Cornelius
- conservative Dutch statesman who was chiefly responsible for the Charter of 1801, or Nederburgh's Charter, which established Dutch colonial policy after the government's takeover of the Dutch East India Company. [1 Related Articles]
- Nedic, Milan
- (from the article "Serbia") ...was set up under German military supervision, from the Vojvodina in the north and of most of the territorial gains of 1913 in the south. A client regime was established ...
- Nedim, Ahmed
- one of the greatest lyric poets of Ottoman Turkish literature. [3 Related Articles]
- Nedunjeliyan
- (from the article "India") ...and the Kaveri valley), founders of the Cola dynasty. The inscriptions of the Pandyas, recording royal grants and other grants made by local citizens, date to the 2nd century BCE. ...
- Nedunjeral Adan
- (from the article "India") ...district), identified with the Korura of Ptolemy. Cankam literature mentions the names of Cera chiefs who have been dated to the 1st century CE. Among them, Nedunjeral ...
- Nee, Watchman
- (from the article "Local Church, the") The Local Church grew out of the ministry of Watchman Nee (1903-72), a Chinese Christian who had been strongly influenced by the Plymouth Brethren, a British fundamentalist free church. In ...
- need
- (from the article "drive") in psychology, an urgent basic need pressing for satisfaction, usually rooted in some physiological tension, deficiency, or imbalance (e.g., hunger and thirst) and impelling the organism to action. Some researchers ...
- Needham's organ
- (from the article "cephalopod") In males the reproductive system contains a series of chambers or sacs along the course of the vas deferens, which produce long tubes (spermatophores) to contain the spermatozoa. The final ...
- Needham, John Turberville
- English naturalist and Roman Catholic divine, first clergyman of his faith to become a fellow of the Royal Society of London (1768). [2 Related Articles]
- Needham, Joseph
- English biochemist, embryologist, and historian of science who wrote and edited the landmark history Science and Civilisation in China, a comprehensive study of Chinese scientific development. [2 Related Articles]
- Needham, Marchamont
- British journalist and publisher of the Mercurius Britanicus, an anti-Royalist commentary on news and politics and a forerunner of the modern newspaper. [1 Related Articles]
- Needham, Roger Michael
- British engineer and computer scientist (b. Feb. 9, 1935, Sheffield, Eng.-d. Feb. 28, 2003, Cambridge, Eng.), devised a secure way of protecting computer password files that became the basis for ...
- needle
- basic implement used in sewing or embroidering and, in variant forms, for knitting and crocheting. The sewing needle is small, slender, rodlike, with a sharply pointed end to facilitate passing ... [2 Related Articles]
- needle
- (from the article "climate") ...an open lattice (network) with hexagonally symmetrical structure. According to a recent internationally accepted classification, there are seven types of snow crystals: plates, stellars, columns, needles, spatial dendrites, capped columns, ...
- needle biopsy
- (from the article "cancer") ...a piece of a tumour, are done if the mass is large. Biopsies obtained with visual control of an endoscope consist of small fragments of tissue, usually no larger than ...
- needle lace
- with bobbin lace, one of the two main kinds of lace. In needle lace the design is drawn on a piece of parchment or thick paper, cloth-backed. An outlining thread ... [2 Related Articles]
- needle spire
- (from the article "spire") In the 14th century, during the Decorated period in England, a slender, needle spire was set in from the edge of the tower, broaches disappeared, corner pinnacles became customary, and ...
- needle-clawed bush baby
- (from the article "bush baby") The needle-clawed bush babies are classified in another genus, Euoticus. The two species live in the rainforests of west-central Africa. They feed on tree exudate, clinging upside-down to the bark ...
- needlefish
- any of the long, slim, primarily marine fishes of the family Belonidae (order Atheriniformes), found throughout temperate and tropical waters. Needlefish are adept jumpers, carnivorous in habit, and distinguished by ... [2 Related Articles]
- needlegrass
- any of the grasses of the genus Stipa (family Poaceae), consisting of about 150 species with a sharply pointed grain and a long, threadlike awn (bristle). In some species, such ... [1 Related Articles]
- needlepoint
- type of embroidery known as canvas work until the early 19th century. In needlepoint the stitches are counted and worked with a needle over the threads, or mesh, of a ...
- Needles
- city, San Bernardino county, southeastern California, U.S. Situated on the Colorado River (impounded [south] to form Lake Havasu), the city was founded in 1883 as a way station for the ...
- Needles
- (from the article "Canyonlands National Park") The Needles has sandstone formations that include the massive red- and white-banded rock pinnacles for which the area is named, as well as the Druid and Angel arches, which are ...
- Needles, Howard
- (from the article "bridge") ...a single plane of cables, but these remain in one plane that fans out down the centre of the deck. The longest cable-stayed bridge in the United States is Dames ...
- Needles, The
- (from the article "Wight, Isle of") The Isle of Wight's geology and scenery are varied. The backbone of the island is formed by a chalk ridge that extends across the entire breadth of the island, from ...
- Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, Union of
- North American trade union formed in 1995 by the merger of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (q.v.) and the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (q.v.). The union represents ... [1 Related Articles]
- Neefe, Christian Gottlob
- (from the article "Beethoven, Ludwig van") ...the German literary renaissance associated with Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, and the young Goethe and Schiller. A sign of the times was the nomination as court organist of ...
- Neel temperature
- (from the article "Neel temperature of antiferromagnetic substances") The antiferromagnetic Curie point is called the Neel temperature in honour of the French physicist Louis Neel, who in 1936 successfully explained antiferromagnetism.effect on antiferromagnets
- Neel, James Van Gundia
- American geneticist (b. March 22, 1915, Hamilton, Ohio-d. Feb. 1, 2000, Ann Arbor, Mich.), was a pioneer in the field of genetics; his studies provided evidence of the genetic basis ...
- Neel, Louis-Eugene-Felix
- French physicist who was corecipient, with the Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfven, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1970 for his pioneering studies of the magnetic properties of solids. His ... [3 Related Articles]
- Neenah
- city, Winnebago county, east-central Wisconsin, U.S. It lies on Lake Winnebago and the Fox River, just south of Appleton. The city, with adjoining Menasha to the north, forms one economic ... [1 Related Articles]
- Neer, Aert van der
- Dutch painter of the Baroque period, famous for his nocturnal landscapes.
- Neeson, Liam
- In recent years motion picture audiences had become accustomed to seeing Irish-born actor Liam Neeson portray strong leading men-the Holocaust hero Oskar Schindler in Schindler's List (1993), ...
- nef
- European vessel in the form of a medieval ship, often complete with rigging. Although occasionally made of Venetian glass, nefs were usually elaborately constructed of precious metals and sometimes had ... [1 Related Articles]
- Nef'i
- one of the greatest classical Ottoman poets and one of the most famous satirists and panegyrists in Ottoman Turkish literature. [2 Related Articles]
- Nef, John Ulric
- American chemist whose studies demonstrated that carbon can have a valence (i.e., affinity for electrons) of two as well as a valence of four, thus greatly advancing the understanding of ...
- nefazodone
- (from the article "drug") ...antidepressants inhibit reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in variable amounts. For example, venlafaxine is a nonselective inhibitor of the uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Nefazodone inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine ...
- Neferirkare
- (from the article "Egypt, ancient") The first two kings of the 5th dynasty, Userkaf and Sahure, were sons of Khentkaues, who was a member of the 4th-dynasty royal family. The third king, Neferirkare, may also ...
- Nefertari
- (from the article "Ramses II") Of Ramses' personal life virtually nothing is known. His first and perhaps favourite queen was Nefertari; the fact that, at Abu Simbel, the smaller temple was dedicated to her and ...
- Nefertem
- in ancient Egyptian religion, youthful god associated with the lotus flower. Nefertem was an ancient god, mentioned in the Pyramid Texts (c. 2350 BCE), but he became more prominent during ... [2 Related Articles]
- Nefertiti
- queen of Egypt and wife of King Akhenaton (formerly Amenhotep IV; reigned c. 1353-36 BC), who played a prominent role in the cult of the sun god known as the ... [5 Related Articles]
- nefesh
- (from the article "Judaism") ...can be erected on the basis of these several verses alone-a broader view must be taken. A careful examination of the biblical material, particularly the words nefesh, ...
- Nefta
- oasis town situated in southwestern Tunisia. It lies on the northwest shore of Chott El-Jarid (Shatt Al-Jarid), a saline lake that is an important source of phosphates. It was known ...
- Negara National Park
- park in the south-central part of the Malay Peninsula, West Malaysia, occupying 1,677 square miles (4,343 square km). Established in 1938 as King George V National Park, it consists largely ... [1 Related Articles]
- negari
- (from the article "Minangkabau") ...house, in which a head woman, her sisters, their daughters, and their children lived. Several of these houses made up the clan, within which no marriage was allowed. Several clans ...
- negation
- (from the article "Romance languages") Negation in Latin was expressed by a range of special items (non, nemo, nihil, nullus, nunquam, and so on). Although some of the others survive in Romance, continuators of non ...
- negation
- (from the article "logic, history of") ...can be analyzed as consisting of (1) usually a quantifier ("every," "some," or the universal negative quantifier "no"), (2) a subject, (3) a copula, (4) perhaps a negation ("not"), (5) ...
- negative
- photographic image that reproduces the bright portions of the photographed subject as dark and the dark parts as light areas. Negatives are usually formed on a transparent material, such as ... [8 Related Articles]
- negative acceleration stress
- (from the article "acceleration stress") Negative acceleration stress occurs when the direction of acceleration is from feet to head. This causes a slight displacement of the internal organs in the abdomen and chest and a ...
- negative assortative mating
- (from the article "assortative mating") ...mating, or homogamy, exists when people choose to marry persons similar to themselves (e.g., when white marries white, tall person marries tall person); this type of selection is very common. ...
- negative covenant
- (from the article "servitude") ...land development for a wide variety of purposes. They include affirmative covenants, which require the landowner to make payments, provide services, or render some other performance, and negative covenants, which ...
- negative easement
- (from the article "property law") ...by one's neighbours (known as an affirmative easement). Exceptionally, it is the right to prevent a landowner from doing something on his land that he would otherwise be privileged to ...
- negative energy state
- (from the article "physical science, principles of") ...theory of relativity. Among the new and experimentally verified results arising from this work was the seemingly meaningless possibility that an electron of mass m might exist with any negative ...
- negative entropy
- (from the article "communication") ...analogous in most communication to audio or visual static-that is, to outside influences that diminish the integrity of the communication and, possibly, distort the message for the receiver. Negative entropy ...
- negative eugenics
- (from the article "eugenics") ...A language pertaining to reproduction and eugenics developed, leading to terms such as positive eugenics, defined as promoting the proliferation of "good stock," and negative eugenics, defined as prohibiting marriage ...
- negative feedback
- (from the article "hormone") ...the presence of ACTH; CAMP in turn promotes synthesis of enzymes necessary for the formation of cortisol and corticosterone. The relationship between ACTH and the adrenal cortex is an example ...
- negative feedback
- (from the article "automation") ...ball to be moved outward. This motion controlled a valve that reduced the steam being fed to the engine, thus slowing the engine. The flying-ball governor remains an elegant early ...
- negative g-force
- (from the article "roller coaster") ...of the descent as well as by the inverted loops, barrel rolls, and banked turns that create positive gravitational forces, or g-forces, that press down upon the rider in the ...
- negative identity formation
- (from the article "human behaviour") ...and settle easily on an available, socially approved identity. Still others resolve their crises by adopting an available but socially disapproved role or ideology. This latter option is called negative ...
- negative number
- (from the article "algebra") ...of its central ideas had been transmitted well before that time to China and the Islamic world. Indian arithmetic, moreover, developed consistent and correct rules for operating with positive and ...
- negative option
- (from the article "book club") ...and nonfiction in its first 40 years, especially to areas where there were few bookstores. Book clubs-and similar marketing ventures patterned after them-usually use a technique called negative option, whereby ...
- negative proposition
- (from the article "logic") ...are composed of premises and conclusions that are stated or could be restated as categorical propositions. Categorical propositions may be distinguished first by their quality, either affirmative or negative. An ...
- negative refractive index
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") The production of tailor-made materials made possible a new class of optical instruments. Researchers had produced materials with negative refractive indexes, which bend light in the opposite direction from that ...
- negative reinforcement
- (from the article "avoidance behaviour") Whatever its physiological basis, negative reinforcement (punishment) can induce in an animal both the inhibition of the response that produced the punishment and the avoidance of the location at which ...
- negative sentence
- (from the article "Uralic languages") Negative sentences in Early Uralic were indicated by means of a marker known as an auxiliary of negation, which preceded the main verb and was marked with suffixes that agreed ...
- negative space
- (from the article "painting") The negative spaces between shapes and masses are also carefully considered by the artist, since they can be so adjusted as to enhance the action and character of the positive ...
- negative strand
- (from the article "virus") ...of viral protein. Several large families of animal viruses, and one that includes both plant and animal viruses (the Rhabdoviridae), however, contain genomic single-stranded RNA, termed a negative strand, which ...
- negative temperature coefficient of resistance thermistor
- (from the article "conductive ceramics") ...whose resistive properties vary with temperature. They are made of materials that have high temperature coefficients of resistance (TCR), the value that describes resistance change with temperature. Negative TCR, or ...
- negative theology
- (from the article "Scholasticism") ...other hand, there had been built in, from the beginning, a corrective and warning, which in fact kept the internal peril of Rationalism within bounds, viz., the corrective exercised by ...
- negative transfer of training
- (from the article "thought") Negative transfer occurs when the process of solving an earlier problem makes later problems harder to solve. It is contrasted with positive transfer, which occurs when solving an earlier problem ...
- Negeri Sembilan
- state (negeri), southwestern West Malaysia (Malaya), bounded by the states of Selangor (northwest), Pahang (north), Johor (east), and Melaka (south). Its area of 2,565 sq mi (6,642 sq km) is ... [1 Related Articles]
- Negev
- (The Southland), arid region, southern part of Israel, occupying almost half of Palestine west of the Jordan, and about 60 percent of Israeli territory under the 1949-67 boundaries. The name ... [3 Related Articles]
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