Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

National Council ... National Government

National Council: (from the article "Austria") The parliament, known as the Federal Assembly, consists of two houses: the National Council (Nationalrat) and the Federal Council (Bundesrat). The National Council, wielding the primary legislative power, is elected ...
National Council: (from the article "Budapest") Explosive urban and industrial growth created social tension and the emergence of a working-class movement before World War I. After the disintegration of Austria-Hungary in the autumn of 1918, the ...
National Council: (from the article "Namibia") ...is constituted to initiate and pass legislation. It consists of 72 members who are directly elected to five-year terms under universal adult suffrage and 6 appointed members. The second house, ...
National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy: (from the article "Burundi") A series of ousters, firings, and resignations within the highest ranks of the ruling party, the National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD), splintered ...
National Council of Administration: (from the article "Uruguay") ...a compromise that partly rescued the colegiado; thus, in a constitution promulgated in 1918, executive responsibility was split between the president and a National Council of Administration.
National Council of Hispanic Women: organization of both individuals and organizations, such as universities and corporations, founded in 1985 with the mission of empowering Hispanic women and giving them a greater role in American society. ...
National Council of Jewish Women: oldest volunteer Jewish women's organization in the United States, founded in 1893. Prompted by Jewish values, the organization works with both the Jewish community and the general public to safeguard ... [1 Related Articles]
National Council of Negro Women: American umbrella organization, founded by Mary McLeod Bethune in New York City on December 5, 1935, whose mission is "to advance opportunities and the quality of life for African American ... [2 Related Articles]
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons: (from the article "Azikiwe, Nnamdi") ...before returning to Nigeria in 1937. There he founded and edited newspapers and also became directly involved in politics, first with the Nigerian Youth Movement and later (1944) as a ...
National Council of Provinces: (from the article "South Africa") ...the bicameral national Parliament. The lower house, or National Assembly, comprises 350 to 400 members who are directly elected to a five-year term through proportional representation. The National Council of ...
National Council of Radio and Television: (from the article "Albania") ...threat to boycott the ballot, the Socialists agreed with Berisha's Democratic Party on August 31 to make a number of important electoral changes as well as to add four opposition ...
National Council of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs: (from the article "Croatia") ...of the lands of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in an independent Croatian state; announced the incorporation of Croatia into a South Slav state; and transferred its power to the newly ...
National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.: an agency of Protestant, Anglican, and Eastern Orthodox denominations that was formed in 1950 in the United States by the merger of 12 national interdenominational agencies. The National Council of ... [2 Related Articles]
National Council of the Evangelical Free Churches: (from the article "free church") ...churches was first applied collectively to several nonepiscopal Protestant evangelical communions in England that convened the first Free Church Congress in 1892 and combined in 1896 to form the National ...
National Council of Trade Unions: (from the article "South Africa") ...the ANC and is a nonracial but mainly black body that includes the country's largest unions, among them the National Union of Mineworkers. Other federations include the black consciousness-rooted National ...
National Council of Women: (from the article "Sheppard, Kate") In 1896 Sheppard helped establish the National Council of Women (NCW) and became its first president. Among the issues she supported were greater equality in marriage and the right of ...
National Counterterrorism Center: (from the article "Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement") In April the newly established National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), assuming a statistical reporting responsibility previously undertaken by the U.S. Department of State, announced that 651 "significant" terrorist attacks took 1,907 ...
National Covenant: solemn agreement inaugurated by Scottish churchmen on Feb. 28, 1638, in the Greyfriars' churchyard, Edinburgh. It rejected the attempt by King Charles I and William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, to ... [6 Related Articles]
National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center: (from the article "Oklahoma") ...of their leaders, and extensive displays of their artifacts. Western historical collections are maintained by the University of Oklahoma and by the Oklahoma Historical Society in Oklahoma City. The National ...
National Cricket Association: (from the article "cricket") ...was asked to create a governing body for the game along the lines generally accepted by other sports in Great Britain. The Cricket Council, comprising the Test and County Cricket ...
National Crime Information Center: (from the article "police") The police were early adopters of computer database technology. In the United States the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) was established in 1967; police records were subsequently computerized and made ...
National Day: holiday celebrated on October 1 to mark the formation of the People's Republic of China. The holiday is also celebrated by China's two special administrative regions: Hong Kong and Macau. ... [1 Related Articles]
National Day: (from the article "Switzerland") ...there are various harvest and wine festivals. A popular holiday in Geneva is the Escalade, which is celebrated in December and marks the city's victory over the duke of Savoy ...
national debt: (from the article "Latin America, history of") The ingredient of economic crisis that attracted widest attention was Latin America's inability to maintain full service on its foreign debt, which had grown to dangerously high levels. Both Mexico ...
National Defense: (from the article "international relations") The National Defense (Narodna Odbrana) was formed in Serbia in 1908 to carry on pro-Serbian and anti-Austrian agitation across the border. Its nonviolent methods were deemed insufficient by others, who ...
National Defense Act: (from the article "United States") The National Security Act of 1947 created a coordinated command for security and intelligence-gathering activities. The act established the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the ...
National Defense Council: (from the article "Japan") ...forces, established a National Police Reserve, which later became the Self-Defense Forces (SDF; Jieitai). The SDF consist of ground, maritime, and air branches, under the civilian-controlled National Defense Council.
National Defense Council: (from the article "Serbia") ...government, continuing a practice that has long been one of the state's distinctive institutions. Legislation adopted formally in 1982, before the secession of the other republics, established a National Defense ...
National Defense Education Act: (from the article "United States") ...the first artificial satellite, arousing fears that the United States was falling behind the Soviets technologically. This prompted Eisenhower, who generally held the line on spending, to sign the National ...
National Defense Research Committee: (from the article "Bush, Vannevar") With the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, Bush approached Roosevelt about forming an organization, the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), to organize research of interest to the military ...
National Democracy: (from the article "Poland") A reaction to that situation developed in the 1890s that had both a nationalist and a socialist character. The National Democratic movement originated with a Polish League organized in Switzerland; ...
National Democratic Action Movement: (from the article "Gambia, The") ...were held that involved the vice president of Ghana and representatives from Swaziland, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Mali, and Cape Verde. Lamin Juwara, the leader of the opposition National Democratic ...
National Democratic Alliance: (from the article "India") ...of change in India. An election in the spring yielded a mixed verdict; no major political party secured an absolute majority in the 543 member Lok Sabha, the lower house ...
National Democratic Alliance: (from the article "Sudan, The") Nevertheless, questions still remained about the future. Even in the north the NIF was not universally popular, and the minimal share of political power accepted grudgingly by the National Democratic ...
National Democratic Movement: (from the article "Jamaica") ...who stabilized the economy through austerity measures. During the 1990s the PNP retained power, even during an economic recession, partly because the JLP split in 1995 (creating a third party, ...
National Democratic Party: (from the article "Egypt") ...and independent electoral observers that they were barred from carrying out their duties because of heavy interference by security forces. The winning candidates came predominantly from the ruling National Democratic ...
National Democratic Party: (from the article "Nkomo, Joshua") ...Congress (ANC), the leading black nationalist organization in Rhodesia. When the ANC was banned early in 1959, Nkomo went to England to escape imprisonment. He returned in 1960 and founded ...
National Democratic Party: (from the article "Akintola, Samuel Ladoke") ...as premier. The Northern-dominated federal government, however, hostile to Awolowo, declared a state of emergency in the region and restored Akintola to his post (1963). He formed the Nigerian National ...
National Democratic Party of Germany: (from the article "Germany") In the state elections held in September in Mecklenburg-West Pomerania and Berlin, concern was once again raised by the electoral successes of the right-wing National Democratic Party (NPD). In Mecklenburg-West ...
National Democratic Rally: (from the article "Algeria") ...was approved by a majority of the voters, although claims of manipulation were made by the opposition parties. The main change, however, took place in early 1997 when a new ...
National Democratic Union: (from the article "Brazil") ...vice presidential elections of 1960 were hotly contested. Janio Quadros, a maverick politician who had governed Sao Paulo successfully, won the presidential contest at the head of the National Democratic ...
National Democrats: (from the article "Russia") ...Poles passively acquiesced in their defeat, while clinging to their language and national consciousness, but in the 1890s two strong, though of course illegal, political parties appeared-the National Democrats and ...
National Dental Association: (from the article "dentistry") ...dental society, which is subdivided into local societies. Membership in the local society automatically confers membership in the state society and the American Dental Association. In addition, the National Dental ...
National Development Party: (from the article "Brunei") Noteworthy in Brunei's domestic politics was the founding in August 2005 of the National Development Party (NDP), headed by Yassin Affendi, a former rebel leader who was implicated in the ...
National Dialogue Council: (from the article "Iraq") ...attended by high-level Iraqi government leaders, including the president and the prime minister, as well as leading Sunni opposition groups, among them the Association of Muslim Scholars and the National ...
National Diamond Enterprise of Angola: (from the article "Angola") ...kimberlite pipe formations that may be mined. Before independence, Angola was the fourth largest diamond exporter in the world in terms of value, but since that time output has fluctuated. ...
National Diamond Mining Company: (from the article "Sierra Leone") ...a large segment of the population and provides a significant contribution to the national economy. Diamonds are mined by a few private companies and by vast numbers of private prospectors. ...
National Diet Library: the national library of Japan, formed at Tokyo in 1948 and combining the libraries of the upper and lower houses of the Diet (national legislature) with the collections of the ... [2 Related Articles]
National Digital Library Program: (from the article "Congress, Library of") In 1994 the Library of Congress launched the National Digital Library Program (NDLP), making freely available on the Internet high-quality electronic versions of American historical material from the library's special ...
National Duck Pin Bowling Congress: (from the article "duckpins") Duckpins is most popular in the United States, where it is governed by the National Duck Pin Bowling Congress (founded Sept. 8, 1927). The game was introduced in 1900 at ...
National Economic Development Council: (from the article "economic planning") The French example also influenced planning in other European countries. In Great Britain a Conservative government undertook, during a balance of payments crisis in July 1961, to set up a ...
national economy: (from the article "economic systems") Very little is known of the origin of the second of the great systems of social coordination-namely, the creation of a central apparatus of command and rulership. From ancient clusters ...
National Education Association: American voluntary association of teachers, administrators, and other educators associated with elementary and secondary schools and colleges and universities. It is the world's largest professional organization. Its headquarters are in ... [5 Related Articles]
National Electrical Energy Fund: (from the article "Italy") ...four of the main state-controlled holding companies were converted into public limited corporations. The four were the IRI, the National Hydrocarbons Agency (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi; ENI), the National Electrical Energy ...
National Endowment for the Arts: an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports the creation, dissemination, and performance of the arts. It was created by the U.S. Congress in the National Foundation on the ... [5 Related Articles]
National Endowment for the Humanities: an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. It was created by the U.S. Congress in the National Foundation on ... [1 Related Articles]
National Energy Program: (from the article "Canada") ...made worse by Ottawa's failure to control its spending and its miscalculation in anticipating that future increases in energy prices would help pay its bills. That expectation was the basis ...
National Environmental Policy Act: (from the article "environmental law") The United States National Environmental Policy Act (1969) requires the preparation of an environmental impact statement for any "major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment." The ...
National Equal Rights League: (from the article "Langston, John Mercer") ...Oberlin College in 1849. He quickly became a leader among free blacks and was elected to local offices in Brownhelm Township, Ohio (1855), and Oberlin (1865-67). In 1864 he helped ...
National Equitable Labour Exchange: (from the article "Owen, Robert") ...himself regarded as their leader. In the unions Owenism stimulated the formation of self-governing workshops. The need for a market for the products of such shops led in 1832 to ...
National Executive Committee: (from the article "Labour Party") ...and a number of individuals attend in ex officio capacity-including members of Parliament and parliamentary candidates. One of the principal functions of the annual conference is to elect the National ...
National Falange: (from the article "Chile") ...9 percent in 1957 to 15 percent in 1961. The Christian Democratic Party grew out of the Conservative Party. In 1938 a group of young conservatives had left their party ...
National Farm Workers Association: (from the article "Chavez, Cesar") organizer of migrant American farmworkers and founder of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) in 1962.
National Farmers' Bank: (from the article "Sullivan, Louis") Particularly noteworthy projects undertaken in his last years were seven banks in a number of small Midwestern towns, beginning with the National Farmers' (now Security) Bank in Owatonna, Minnesota. Sullivan's ...
National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs: (from the article "Phillips, Lena Madesin") Phillips organized a convention in St. Louis, Missouri, in July 1919 at which was formed the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs, and from then until 1923 she ...
National Federation of Fundamentalists: (from the article "fundamentalism, Christian") Discord among northern Baptists was focused at their annual conventions. In 1920 a group of Baptists calling themselves the National Federation of Fundamentalists began holding annual preconvention conferences on Baptist ...
National Federation of Industrial Organizations: (from the article "Japan") ...after the war: the left-wing and highly political General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sohyo), the more moderate and less political Japan Confederation of Labour (Domei), the National Federation ...
National Federation of State High School Associations: (from the article "basketball") ...and Canada in 1936 and until 1979 served as the game's sole amateur rule-making body. In that year, however, the colleges broke away to form their own rules committee, and ...
National Federation Party: (from the article "Fiji") In 1987, however, the Indian-dominated National Federation Party joined in coalition with the new Labour Party (led by a Fijian, Timoci Bavadra), which had strong support from Fijian and Indian ...
National Field Archery Association: (from the article "archery") ...England, a popular upper- and middle-class recreation. In the 1870s many archery clubs sprang up, and in 1879 eight of them formed the National Archery Association of the United States. ...
National Film Board of Canada: (from the article "Canada") The National Film Board of Canada was established by the federal government in 1939 to produce films, filmstrips, and still photographs that reflect the life and thought of Canada and ...
National Flood Insurance Program: (from the article "Preparing for Emergencies") At present there is no policy in the U.S. that discourages people from moving into high-risk hazard-prone areas. Quite the contrary. Through FEMA the federal government underwrites the National Flood ...
National Football League: major U.S. professional gridiron football organization, founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio, as the American Professional Football Association. Its first president was Jim Thorpe, an outstanding American athlete who was ... [9 Related Articles]
national forest: in the United States, any of numerous forest areas set aside under federal supervision for the purposes of conserving water, timber, wildlife, fish, and other renewable resources and providing recreational ... [2 Related Articles]
National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act: (from the article "National Endowment for the Humanities") an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. It was created by the U.S. Congress in the National Foundation on ...
National Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame: (from the article "Hayward") ...the community's logging history through competitive events such as chopping and log rolling, and the American Birkebeiner cross-country ski race (February), in which thousands of skiers compete. The National Fresh ...
National Front: (from the article "Albania") ...Party and began to fight the occupiers as a unified resistance force. After a successful struggle against the fascists and two other resistance groups that contended for power with them-the ...
National Front: (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...remained minister of defense. Thus the provisional system had been endorsed by an overwhelming majority of the Czechoslovak people; provided the political parties, grouped in a coalition called the National ...
National Front: (from the article "fascism") In the 1980s and '90s, neofascism in France was dominated by the National Front (Front National; FN), founded in 1972 by Francois Duprat and Francois Brigneau and led beginning later ...
National Front: (from the article "Singh, V P") Soon afterward, Singh resigned from the government altogether and left Gandhi's Congress (I) Party. He soon assembled a nationwide coalition of centrist opposition parties called the National Front, which contested ...
National Front: (from the article "Tunisia") The outcome of the elections in November 1981 was disappointing to those who sought political liberalization. The National Front, an alliance of the Destourian Socialist Party and the trade union ...
National Front: (from the article "Malaysia") ...of graft even forcing the resignation in March of the head of the government's anticorruption agency. Despite public criticism of its handling of corruption and other matters, however, the ruling ...
National Front: (from the article "Colombia") The arrangement for the National Front government-a coalition of Conservatives and Liberals-was made by Alberto Lleras Camargo, representing the Liberals, and Laureano Gomez, leader of the Conservative Party, in the ...
National Front for the Defense of Social Security: (from the article "Panama") ...an increase in pension contributions by both employers and workers, sparked violent protests in early May. Despite the protests, the National Assembly approved the reforms on June 1. This led ...
National Front for the Defense of the Revolution: (from the article "Madagascar") ...parties, including the AKFM. In addition, Ratsiraka created a regime party, the Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution (Avant-Garde de la Revolution Malagache; AREMA), as the core of the broader National ...
National Front for the Liberation of Angola: (from the article "Uige") ...centre for coffee production in the 1950s and was designated a city in 1956. Its prosperity was short-lived, however, as the city was affected by recurrent fighting between Portuguese forces ...
National Front Party: (from the article "Mosaddeq, Mohammad") The nationalization resulted in a deepening crisis in Iran, both politically and economically. Mosaddeq and his National Front Party continued to gain power but alienated many supporters, particularly among the ...
National Galleries of Scotland: (from the article "Edinburgh") A major cultural institution is the National Galleries of Scotland. It includes the National Gallery on the Mound, with a fine international collection of art as well as a representative ...
National Gallery: (from the article "Libraries and Museums") ...looting of Tibetan art by the Chinese authorities. These moves echoed ensuing legal action over art works that had been looted by the Nazis before ending up in public museums ...
National Gallery: art museum in London that houses Great Britain's national collection of European paintings. It is located on the north side of Trafalgar Square, Westminster. [4 Related Articles]
National Gallery: German art museum in Berlin that was founded in 1861 and opened to the public in 1876. The National Gallery has one of the world's finest collections of German painting ...
National Gallery: in Oslo, Norwegian national art museum, built in 1836 and enlarged in 1903-07, devoted primarily to Norwegian paintings and sculpture of the 19th and 20th centuries. In 2003 the National ...
National Gallery of Art: (from the article "museums, history of") Despite constraints in public funding, governments have not been inactive. In 1982, for instance, Australia opened its National Gallery of Art in Canberra. Also in Australia the National Gallery of ...
National Gallery of Art: American museum of art, part of the federally operated Smithsonian Institution system, located at the east end of the Mall, Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1937 when the financier ... [5 Related Articles]
National Gallery of Canada: (from the article "Canada") Along with developments in the visual arts came the establishment of art collections and art galleries. The National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa, dating from 1880, includes not only the ...
National Gallery of Modern Art: in Rome, important collection devoted to Italian artists and forming a full survey of 19th- and 20th-century Italian art. The museum was begun in 1883 and moved to its present ... [1 Related Articles]
National Gallery of the Marches: (from the article "Urbino") ...town, the street pattern and character of which are medieval, although most of its buildings were erected in the 17th and 18th centuries. The most notable landmarks, the Ducal Palace, ...
National Gallery of Victoria: major Australian art museum, located in Melbourne, Victoria, with collections ranging over European, Asian, and Australian art of all periods. The museum was once housed entirely in the Victorian Arts ... [3 Related Articles]
National Geographic Magazine: monthly magazine of geography, archaeology, anthropology, and exploration, providing the armchair traveler with literate and accurate accounts and unsurpassed photographs and maps to comprehend those pursuits. It is published in ... [2 Related Articles]
National Geographic Society: American scientific society founded (1888) in Washington, D.C., by a small group of eminent explorers and scientists "for the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge." With more than nine million ... [6 Related Articles]
National Government: (from the article "Poland") ...the head of government in 1862, introduced reforms that were not insignificant but did not include peasant emancipation. He was viewed as an enemy by both the Reds, who created ...