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N ... Naffara

N: (from the article "metalogic") In order to clarify the abstract concepts of metalogic, a formal system N (with its formal language) may be considered for illustration.
n'dama cattle: (from the article "Congo") ...corn (maize), peanuts (groundnuts), and fruit. Livestock consists of sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry. The government has sponsored the raising of cattle since the introduction in the 1960s of n'dama ...
N'Djamena: capital of Chad, on the southwestern border, adjacent to Cameroon. It lies on the east bank of the Chari (Shari) River at its confluence with the Logone River in an ... [5 Related Articles]
N'Dour, Youssou: (from the article "Performing Arts") ...and nine other cities to call attention to world poverty on the eve of the G-8 meeting. The London Live 8 event included such notables as U2, Madonna, Paul McCartney, ...
n'dragheta: (from the article "Calabria") Despite these changes the local Calabrian Mafia, called the n'dragheta, persists, and its long-established practice of kidnapping was a model for similar acts by others which plagued Italy during the ...
N'ko alphabet: (from the article "Bambara") The Bambara, like other West African peoples, use the distinctive N'ko alphabet, which reads from right to left. They have a remarkable system of metaphysics and cosmology, encompassing associated animistic ...
N-1: (from the article "Energia") ...N1-L3 program, designed to compete with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Apollo program to land humans on the Moon. After four consecutive failures of the giant multistage N1 ...
N-156: (from the article "Northrop Grumman Corporation") In the 1950s Northrop Aircraft-which became Northrop Corporation in 1958-successfully applied the concept of low life-cycle cost to the development and marketing of the N-156 (first flown in 1959), a ...
n-body problem: (from the article "celestial mechanics") The general problem of n bodies, where n is greater than three, has been attacked vigorously with numerical techniques on powerful computers. Celestial mechanics in the solar system is ultimately ...
n-butyl alcohol: (from the article "liquid") ...often depending strongly on temperature. In most cases, rising temperature produces enhanced solubility, but this is not always so. For example, at 50° C the solubility (weight percent) of n-butyl ...
N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor: (from the article "nervous system") ...receptor sites glutamate depolarizes the membrane by opening nonspecific cation channels, which allow a net influx of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺. Of the excitatory amino acid receptors, the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) ...
n-p-n transistor: (from the article "electronics") A transistor is constructed with two p-n junctions parallel and very close to one another. A typical configuration is the n-p-n transistor (see figure), which has different levels of doping ...
n-propyl alcohol: (from the article "chemical industry") In the alcohols with three carbon atoms, there are two possible structures, or isomers. One is called n-propyl alcohol (or 1-propanol), the other isopropyl alcohol (or 2-propanol).
N-square law: (from the article "naval warfare") ...reach most of the ships on the opposite side, making concentration of firepower by a whole fleet feasible and expected. The advantage was worked out mathematically in what were called ...
N-Town plays: an English cycle of 42 scriptural (or "mystery") plays dating from the second half of the 15th century and so called because an opening proclamation refers to performance "in N. ...
n-type semiconductor: (from the article "crystal") ...may have a high density of impurities that cause holes, and a high electrical conductivity is created by their motion. A p-type semiconductor is one with a preponderance of holes; ...
N-type star: (from the article "stellar classification") Supplementary classes of cool stars include R and N (often called C-type, or carbon stars: less than 3,000 K), and S, which resemble class M stars but have spectral bands ...
N.W. Ayer & Son: (from the article "Ayer, Francis Wayland") U.S. advertising pioneer who founded N.W. Ayer & Son and revolutionized that industry by making the advertising firm an active agent for the advertiser, rather than a middleman selling a ...
N.W.A.: (from the article "gangsta rap") ...music was the subject of outrage in some corners. But gangsta rap became a national phenomenon in California, where a distinct school of West Coast hip-hop began with Eazy E's ...
Na Chul: (from the article "New Religious Movement") ...century, Korea had been heavily influenced by Christian missionaries, both Catholic and Protestant. In the late 19th century the millenarian Tajong-gyo, or the Tangun Cult, was formulated by Na Chul. ...
Na'imah, Mikha'il: Lebanese literary critic, playwright, essayist, and short-story writer who helped introduce modern realism into Arabic prose fiction.
Na-Dene languages: major grouping (phylum or superstock) of North American Indian languages, consisting of three language families-Athabascan (or Athapascan), Haida, and Tlingit-with a total of 22 languages. Of these languages 20 belong ...
Na-mu, Lake: (from the article "Tibet") Among the province's lakes, the three largest are located in central Tibet, northwest of Lhasa: Lakes T'ang-ku-la-yu-mu (Tibetan Tangra Yum), Na-mu (Nam), and Ch'i-lin (Ziling). South of Lhasa lie two ...
Naab River: (from the article "Germany") ...Danube draws upon a series of right-bank Alpine tributaries, which, through reliance on spring and summer snowmelt, make its regime notably uneven. Further exceptions are the Altmuhl and the Naab, ...
NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund: (from the article "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People") ...of education and public information to win popular support, and direct action to achieve specific goals. In 1939 the NAACP established as an independent legal arm for the civil rights ...
Naas: market and garrison town (urban district) and county seat of County Kildare, Ireland. Naas was one of the royal seats of the ancient province of Leinster, and St. Patrick, the ...
Nabahani: (from the article "eastern Africa, history of") During the 15th century, Shirazi families continued to rule in Malindi, Mombasa, and Kilwa and at many lesser places along the coast. They also dominated Zanzibar and Pemba. The Nabahani, ...
Nabarro, F. R. N.: (from the article "solids, mechanics of") ...ground displacement and deformation induced by tectonic faulting. Also, the first elastodynamic solutions for the rapid motion of crystal dislocations, developed by South African materials scientist F.R.N. Nabarro in the ...
Nabataean: member of a people of ancient Arabia whose settlements lay in the borderlands between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates River to the Red Sea. Little is known about them ... [6 Related Articles]
Nabataean: (from the article "Aramaic language") In the early centuries AD, Aramaic divided into East and West varieties. West Aramaic dialects include Nabataean (formerly spoken in parts of Arabia), Palmyrene (spoken in Palmyra, which was northeast ...
Nabataean alphabet: writing system used between approximately 150 BC and AD 150 in the Nabataean kingdom of Petra in the Arabian Peninsula. Used by the Nabataeans to write the Aramaic language, this ... [2 Related Articles]
nabati: (from the article "Saudi Arabia") Native Bedouin poetry, known as nabati, is extremely popular. It has similarities to the classical qasidah, or ode, of which the central and eastern ...
Nabatiyyah al-Tahta, Al-: town, southern Lebanon. It is the major centre of tobacco growing in Lebanon. Other agricultural products are grapes, olives, figs, and grains. Most of the inhabitants of the town are ...
Nabbes, Thomas: English dramatist and writer of verse, one of a number of lesser playwrights of the period. He is perhaps best known for his masques.
Naber, John: American swimmer who won four gold medals and a silver at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. [1 Related Articles]
Naberezhnye Chelny: city, Tatarstan, west-central Russia, on the left bank of the Kama River. The city is best known for its Kama truck plant, the world's largest. Also located at Naberezhnye Chelny ...
Nabeshima ware: (from the article "Imari ware") ...Korean craftsmen and by the popularity of Chinese wares; but by the mid-17th century, native Japanese designs began to predominate, especially in the development of such overglaze enameled wares as ...
Nabeul: town in northeastern Tunisia located on the Gulf of Hammamet. Formerly a Phoenician settlement, it was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BCE and later rebuilt as a Roman colony ...
Nabha: city, southeastern Punjab state, northwestern India. It is located some 16 miles (26 km) west and slightly north of Patiala. Nabha (founded 1755) was the capital of the princely state ...
Nabi: (from the article "Turkish literature") The leading poet of the later 17th century was Nabi, a provincial notable who became an intimate of the second vizier, Koprulu Fazil Mustafa Pasa, and eventually served as his ...
Nabi Salih: (from the article "Bahrain") ...and Sitrah, both to the northeast-are joined to Bahrain Island by causeways that have facilitated residential and industrial development; other islands in the group are Nabi Salih, Al-Muhammadiyyah (Umm al-Sabban), ...
Nabi Shu'ayb, Mount Al-: (from the article "Arabia") ...plateau, edged with deeply dissected escarpments on three sides and sloping gently northeastward from the Red Sea to the eastern lowlands adjoining the Persian Gulf. The peninsula's highest peak, An-Nabi ...
Nabighah al-Dhubyani, al-: pre-Islamic Arab poet, the first great court poet of Arabic literature. His works were among those collected in the Mu'allaqat. [4 Related Articles]
Nabis: group of artists who, through their widely diverse activities, exerted a major influence on the art produced in France during the late 19th century. They maintained that a work of ... [2 Related Articles]
Nabis: last ruler (207-192) of an independent Sparta. Nabis carried on the revolutionary tradition of Kings Agis IV and Cleomenes III. Since ancient accounts of him are mainly abusive, the details ... [1 Related Articles]
Nabis: (from the article "damsel bug") Each foreleg of the damsel bug is slightly thickened and has a double row of spines that act as grasping organs when the leg bends. Nabis is one of the ...
Nabisco: former U.S. snack food and bakery product company. The National Biscuit Company was formed in 1898 when the American Biscuit Company merged with the New York Biscuit Company. Better known ... [1 Related Articles]
Nabiyev, Rakhmon Nabiyevich: Tajik political leader (b. Oct. 5, 1930, Shaykhburhan, Khujand rayon (sector), Tajik S.S.R., U.S.S.R.--d. April 10-11, 1993, Khujand, Tajikistan), was a devout member of the Communist Party of the Soviet ... [1 Related Articles]
Nablus: city in the West Bank. It lies in an enclosed, fertile valley and is the market centre of a natural oasis that is watered by numerous springs. [6 Related Articles]
Nabokov, V. D.: (from the article "Nabokov, Vladimir") Nabokov was born into an old aristocratic family. His father, V.D. Nabokov, was a leader of the pre-Revolutionary liberal Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) in Russia and was the author of ...
Nabokov, Vladimir: Russian-born American novelist and critic, the foremost of the post-1917 emigre authors. He wrote in both Russian and English, and his best works, including Lolita (1955), feature stylish, intricate literary ... [3 Related Articles]
Nabonassar: (from the article "Tiglath-pileser III") ...lands of Puqudu, northeast of Baghdad, were joined to the Arrapkha (Kirkuk) province, thereby holding the Aramaean tribes in check. This and contiguous operations strengthened the hands of Nabonassar, the ...
Nabonidus: king of Babylonia from 556 until 539 BC, when Babylon fell to Cyrus, king of Persia. After a popular rising led by the priests of Marduk, chief god of the ... [11 Related Articles]
Nabopolassar: (from the article "Nebuchadrezzar II") Nebuchadrezzar II was the oldest son and successor of Nabopolassar, founder of the Chaldean empire. He is known from cuneiform inscriptions, the Bible and later Jewish sources, and classical authors. ...
naboria: (from the article "Latin America, history of") ...when possible, but the limits of his resources were soon reached. He needed permanent indigenous employees who could learn needed skills and act as a cadre. The indigenous world already ...
Nabrit, James M., Jr.: American lawyer and academic who while practicing law (1930-36) in Houston, Texas, and serving as a teacher and administrator (1936-60) at Howard University, Washington, D.C., was involved in a number ...
Nabu: major god in the Assyro-Babylonian pantheon. He was patron of the art of writing and a god of vegetation. Nabu's symbols were the clay tablet and the stylus, the instruments ... [3 Related Articles]
Nabu-apla-iddina: (from the article "Sippar") ...before 1174 BC, when it was sacked by the Elamite king Kutir-Nahhunte. It recovered and was later captured by the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser I. Under the 8th dynasty of Babylon, ...
Nabu-rimanni: the earliest Babylonian astronomer known by name, who devised the so-called System A, a group of ephemerides, or tables, giving the positions of the Moon, Sun, and planets at any ... [1 Related Articles]
Nabuco de Araujo, Joaquim Aurelio Barreto: statesman and diplomat, leader of the abolition movement in Brazil, and man of letters. [2 Related Articles]
Nacala: (from the article "Mozambique") ...offer some of the liveliest nightlife in southern Africa. Other major cities and towns, most of which lie on or near the Indian Ocean coast, include Beira, Quelimane, Chimoio, Tete, ...
Nacaome: city, southern Honduras, on the seasonally dry Nacaome River. It was founded in 1535 and given city status in 1845. Its colonial church, rebuilt in 1867, still stands. Nacaome is ...
Nachi-katsuura: town, Wakayama ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, facing the Pacific Ocean. Lying within Yoshino-Kumano National Park, the town is a summer resort renowned for its proximity to more than 40 waterfalls. ...
Nachikufan industry: industry of the African Late Stone Age practiced by hunting-gathering peoples who occupied the wooded plateaus of south-central Africa some 10,000-11,000 years ago. The Nachikufan tool industry is characterized by ... [1 Related Articles]
Nachman, Jerry: American journalist (b. Feb. 24, 1946, Brooklyn, N.Y.-d. Jan. 19/20, 2004, Hoboken, N.J.), became well known for his street-smart bluntness and humour during the course of his career in television ...
Nachtigal, Gustav: explorer of the Sahara who helped Germany obtain protectorates in western equatorial Africa. After spending several years as a military surgeon, he went to Tunisia as physician to the bey ... [3 Related Articles]
Nachtwey, James: photojournalist noted for his unflinching and moving images of wars, conflicts, and social upheaval. [1 Related Articles]
Nacna Kutthara: (from the article "South Asian arts") The Parvati Devi temple at Nacna Kutthara, also of this period, is interesting for the covered circumambulatory provided around the sanctum and the large hall in front. When first discovered, ...
Nacogdoches: city, seat (1837) of Nacogdoches county, eastern Texas, U.S., near the Angelina River, 140 miles (225 km) north-northeast of Houston. In 1716 a Spanish mission (Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe) was ...
nacrite: (from the article "nacrite") clay mineral, a form of kaolinite [Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄] (q.v.).form of kaolinitekaolinite group of common clay minerals tha
Nacunday Falls: (from the article "Plata, Rio de la") ...called the Rio Grande de Curitiba), the Iguacu flows about 380 miles from east to west, during which some 70 waterfalls reduce the river's elevation by a total of about ...
Nadal Prize: (from the article "Literature") The Nadal Prize was awarded to Felipe Benitez Reyes for his parody novel Mercado de espejismos, in which two retired art thieves are commissioned to steal the remains of the ...
Nadal, Rafael: Spanish tennis player who emerged in the early 21st century as one of the game's leading competitors, especially noted for his performance on clay. From 2005 to 2008 he won ... [6 Related Articles]
Nadar: French writer, caricaturist, and photographer who is remembered primarily for his photographic portraits, which are considered to be among the best done in the 19th century. [1 Related Articles]
Nadasdy, Ferenc: (from the article "Wesselenyi Conspiracy") ...Roman Catholic magnates, including the palatine administrator Ferenc Wesselenyi; the ban (governor) of Croatia, Peter Zrinyi; the chief justice of Hungary, Ferenc Nadasdy; and Ferenc Rakoczi. They formed a conspiracy ...
Nadel, S.F.: Austrian-born British anthropologist whose investigations of African ethnology led him to explore theoretical questions.
Nadelman, Elie: Polish-born sculptor whose mannered, curvilinear human figures greatly influenced early 20th-century American sculpture.
Nader Khan, Mohammad: (from the article "Barakzay Dynasty") ...Khan gained preeminence and founded the dynasty about 1837. Thereafter his descendants ruled in direct succession until 1929, when the reigning monarch abdicated and his cousin Mohammad Nader Khan was ...
Nader's Raiders: (from the article "Nader, Ralph") ...of privacy, and the case was settled after GM admitted wrongdoing before a Senate committee. With the funds he received from the lawsuit and aided by impassioned activists, who became ...
Nader, Ralph: American lawyer and consumer advocate who was a four-time candidate for U.S. president (1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008). For coverage of the 2008 election, see United States Presidential Election of ... [4 Related Articles]
NADH dehydrogenase: (from the article "metabolism") ...(or NADP⁺) thus produced (usually written as NADH + H⁺ or NADPH + H⁺) diffuses to the membrane-bound respiratory chain to be oxidized by an enzyme known as NADH dehydrogenase; ...
Nadi brothers: Italian brothers who were among the greatest and most versatile fencers in the history of the sport. At the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belg., Nedo Nadi (b. July ...
Nadi, Aldo: (from the article "Nadi brothers") ...U.S.) led Italy to a sweep of the gold medals in the three team events. Nedo also captured the gold medal in the individual foil and sabre events, and Aldo ...
Nadi, Nedo: (from the article "Nadi brothers") ...Nov. 10, 1965Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.) led Italy to a sweep of the gold medals in the three team events. Nedo also captured the gold medal in the individual foil ...
Nadiad: city, east-central Gujarat state, west-central India. It is situated in the lowlands between the Vindhya Range and the Gulf of Cambay (an extension of the Arabian Sea). Nadiad is a ...
Nadig, Marie-Therese: Swiss Alpine skier who won surprise victories over the pre-Olympic favourite, Austrian Annemarie Moser-Proll, in the downhill and giant slalom events at the 1972 Olympic Games in Sapporo, Japan.
nadir: (from the article "zenith") point on the celestial sphere directly above an observer on the Earth. The point 180° opposite the zenith, directly underfoot, is the nadir. Astronomical zenith is defined by gravity; i.e., ...
Nadir Shah: Iranian ruler and conqueror who created an Iranian empire that stretched from the Indus River to the Caucasus Mountains. [16 Related Articles]
Nadir Shah Zhara, Mount: (from the article "Hindu Kush") ...[7,349 metres]). Another line of imposing mountains, which includes Mounts Langar (23,162 feet [7,060 metres]), Shachaur (23,346 feet [7,116 metres]), Udrem Zom (23,376 feet [7,125 metres]), and Nadir Shah Zhara ...
Nadir, Banu: (from the article "Muhammad") ...valiant uncle Hamzah, however, lost their lives in the struggle. The Jews of Medina, who allegedly plotted with the Quraysh, rejoiced in Muhammad's defeat, and one of their tribes, the ...
Nadira: Indian actress (b. Dec. 5, 1931/32, Baghdad, Iraq-d. Feb. 9, 2006, Mumbai [Bombay], India), starred in more than 60 Bollywood movies, particularly during the 1950s and '60s, and was best ...
Nador: city, northeastern Morocco. The city is a small Mediterranean port on the Bou Areg Lagoon and a trading centre for fish, fruits, and livestock. It is linked by road and ...
Nadym Ob: (from the article "Ob River") ...the confluence of the Poluy (from the right) the river branches out again to form a delta, the two principal arms of which are the Khamanelsk Ob, which receives the ...
Naemul: (from the article "Korea, history of") ...57 BC. The actual task of state building, however, was begun for Koguryo by King T'aejo (reigned AD 53-146?), for Paekche by King Koi (reigned 234-286), and for Silla by ...
Naeroyfjord: (from the article "The Environment") The World Heritage Committee inscribed seven new sites on the World Heritage list in July. The sites included two fjords (Geirangerfjord and Naeroyfjord) in Norway, marine ecosystems within the Gulf ...
Naess, Arne: (from the article "Skepticism") ...the doubting activity from natural practical activities in the world. Skeptical philosophizing went on in theory, while believing occurred in practice. Sextus and the contemporary Norwegian Skeptic Arne Naess have ...
Naestved: city, southern Sjaelland (Zealand), Denmark, on the Susa River. Naestved originated around a Benedictine monastery, founded in 1135. The monks moved at the end of the 12th century, and the ...
Naevius, Gnaeus: second of a triad of early Latin epic poets and dramatists, between Livius Andronicus and Ennius. He was the originator of historical plays (fabulae praetextae) that were based on Roman ... [4 Related Articles]
Nafata: (from the article "Usman dan Fodio") During the 1790s, when Usman seems to have lived continuously at Degel, a division developed between his substantial community and the Gobir ruling dynasty. About 1797-98 Sultan Nafata, who was ...
Nafels, Battle of: (April 9, 1388), major victory for the Swiss Confederation in the first century of its struggle for self-determination against Habsburg overlordship. Though the catastrophic defeat of the Austrians at Sempach ...
Naffara: (from the article "art, African") ...type of animal mask called waniugo has a cup for a magical substance on top; these masks blow sparks from their muzzles in a nighttime ritual protecting the village from ...