| | - machine gun
- automatic weapon of small calibre that is capable of rapid, sustained fire. Most machine guns are belt-fed weapons that fire from 500 to 1,000 rounds per minute and will continue ... [6 Related Articles]
- machine indexing
- (from the article "information processing") The subject analysis of electronic text is accomplished by means of machine indexing, using one of two approaches: the assignment of subject descriptors from an unlimited vocabulary (free indexing) or ...
- machine language
- the numeric codes for the operations that a particular computer can execute directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary digits ("bits"), which are frequently converted both ... [3 Related Articles]
- machine learning
- (from the article "artificial intelligence") There are a number of different forms of learning as applied to artificial intelligence. The simplest is learning by trial and error. For example, a simple computer program for solving ...
- machine programming
- (from the article "automation") The programmed instructions determine the set of actions that is to be accomplished automatically by the system. The program specifies what the automated system should do and how its various ...
- machine screw
- (from the article "hand tool") ...device was used to turn them. Slotted, roundheaded screws were used in the 16th century, but few screw-and-nut-fastened clocks are in evidence earlier than the 17th century. Metal screws were ...
- machine shop
- (from the article "tool and die making") The successful introduction of interchangeable parts and the development of machine tools, both in the 19th century, brought the modern machine shop into being. Then, as now, the independent machine ...
- machine tool
- any stationary power-driven machine that is used to shape or form parts made of metal or other materials. The shaping is accomplished in four general ways: (1) by cutting excess ... [9 Related Articles]
- machine translation
- (from the article "linguistics") ...Theoretically more interesting, though much more difficult, is the automatic grammatical analysis of texts by computer. Considerable progress was made in this area by research groups working on machine translation ...
- Machine-Readable Cataloging
- (from the article "library") ...wishing to participate, and the Bibliographic Services Division and its predecessor, the British National Bibliography, cooperated closely with the U.S. Library of Congress in the Project for Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC), ...
- Machine-Readable Cataloging Project
- (from the article "library") ...a file at any point and then to be transmitted to a central data file from which other libraries can obtain details by means of telecommunications links. The process is ...
- machine-tractor station
- in the Soviet Union, state-owned institution that rented heavy agricultural machinery (e.g., tractors and combines) to a group of neighbouring kolkhozy (collective farms) and supplied skilled personnel to operate and ...
- Machinery Hall
- (from the article "Horiguchi Sutemi") Horiguchi graduated in 1920 from the University of Tokyo, where he also received a Ph.D. in architecture in 1944. The Machinery Hall, which he designed for the Tokyo Peace Exhibition ...
- Machinery Hall
- (from the article "Philadelphia Centennial Exposition") Unquestionably the focal point of the exposition was Machinery Hall, where viewers marveled at the working models of steam engines and dynamos and celebrated the advent of the United States ...
- Machines, Gallery of
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...an engineer who had done outstanding work in the Paris Exposition of 1878 and in steel structures such as the trussed parabolic arches in the viaduct at Garabit, France (1880-84). ...
- machining
- (from the article "plastic") Rigid thermoplastics and thermosets can be machined by conventional processes such as drilling, sawing, turning on a lathe, sanding, and other operations. Glass-reinforced thermosets are machined into gears, pulleys, and ...
- machining centre
- (from the article "machine tool") A further development in the automation of machine tools is the "machining centre," usually a vertical milling machine fitted with automatic tool-changing facilities and capable of several axes of control. ...
- Machito
- (from the article "salsa") ...notably to Mexico. However, New York City became the forge for its transformation into salsa, beginning in the 1940s with the contributions of the orchestra led by Cuban emigre Machito ...
- Machkund Lake
- (from the article "Dholpur") ...avoid encroachments by the Chambal River. It was the capital of the former princely state of Dholpur, which became part of the state of Rajasthan in 1949. Several temples surround ...
- Machmeter
- (from the article "airspeed indicator") ...differences and temperature give the true airspeed, which is used to calculate the aircraft's position. In faster aircraft, indicators that measure airspeed relative to the speed of sound, called Machmeters, ...
- Machpelah, Cave of
- (from the article "Hebron") ...or "Tetrapolis"), possibly referring to four confederated settlements in the area in biblical times or to the fact that the city is built on four hills. At Hebron Abraham purchased ...
- Machray, Robert
- Scottish-born archbishop of Rupert's Land in northern and western Canada.
- Machu Picchu
- site of ancient Inca ruins located about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Cuzco, Peru, in the Cordillera de Vilcabamba of the Andes Mountains. It is perched above the Urubamba ... [4 Related Articles]
- Machuca, Pedro de
- (from the article "Alhambra") ...removed. Charles V, who ruled in Spain as Charles I (1516-56), rebuilt portions in the Renaissance style and destroyed part of the Alhambra in order to build an Italianate palace ...
- Macia, Francesc
- Catalan leader and founder of the nationalist party Estat Catala (1922), who played a major role in achieving an autonomous status for Catalonia.
- Macias Nguema, Francisco
- (from the article "Equatorial Guinea, flag of") ...by martyrs in the liberation struggle. The flag hoisted at independence did not bear the coat of arms, which was added later. In 1978 a different coat of arms was ...
- Maciel Degollado, the Rev. Marcial
- Mexican Roman Catholic priest founded (1941) the Roman Catholic religious order Legionaries of Christ (also known as the Legion of Christ), of which he remained head until 2005. The order ...
- Macina
- region, the middle course of the Niger River in Mali, between Segou and Timbuktu (Tombouctou), where its braided channels form a vast inland delta extending 300 mi (480 km) northeast-southwest. ... [2 Related Articles]
- macinato
- (from the article "Italy") ...and-in the telling phrase of the Piedmontese author and statesman Massimo d'Azeglio-to "make Italians." Popular disaffection remained high, especially because of the grist tax that had been introduced in 1869. ...
- MacInnes, Helen Clark
- Scottish-born American novelist, known for her taut, realistic espionage thrillers.
- MacInnes, Tom
- Canadian writer whose works range from vigorous, slangy recollections of the Yukon gold rush, Lonesome Bar (1909), to a translation of and commentary on Lao-tzu's philosophy, irreverently titled The Teaching ...
- MacIntire, Carl
- (from the article "fundamentalism, Christian") ...the question of premillennialism and postmillennialism. While Machen defended the more conventional postmillennialism of the Princeton theology, the opposite view was taken by New Jersey minister Carl McIntire, who later ...
- Macintosh
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") ...known as Mac OS X 10.5). Although not dramatically different, it automated and simplified useful but often-neglected tasks such as backing up data, programs, and system settings. Record-setting Macintosh computer ...
- Macintosh, Charles
- Scottish chemist, best known for his invention in 1823 of a method for making waterproof garments by using rubber dissolved in coal-tar naphtha for cementing two pieces of cloth together. ... [3 Related Articles]
- Macintosh, Douglas Clyde
- (from the article "religious experience") ...typical, have focussed on the "religious" as a quality of experience and an attitude toward life that is more expressive of the human spirit than of any supernatural reality. Theologians ...
- Macintyre, Duncan Ban
- (from the article "Celtic literature") Duncan Ban Macintyre (Donnchadh Ban Mac an t-Saoir), who was influenced by Macdonald, had his poems published in 1768. He fought on the Hanoverian side at the Battle of Falkirk ...
- Maciunas, George
- (from the article "Fluxus") The name Fluxus, meant to suggest both "flow" and "effluent," was coined by Fluxus founder George Maciunas (1931-78), a Lithuanian American designer and "cultural entrepreneur." Maciunas used the word fluxus ...
- MacIver, Robert Morrison
- Scottish-born sociologist, political scientist, and educator who expressed belief in the compatibility of individualism and social organization. His creative power to make distinctions between state and community led to new ...
- Mack von Leiberich, Karl, Freiherr
- (Baron) Austrian soldier, commander of the defeated forces at the Napoleonic battles of Ulm and Austerlitz. [1 Related Articles]
- Mack, Alexander
- (from the article "Brethren") group of Protestant churches that trace their origin to Schwarzenau, Hesse, where in 1708 a group of seven persons under the leadership of Alexander Mack (1679-1735) formed a brotherhood dedicated ...
- Mack, Connie
- American professional baseball manager and team executive, the "grand old man" of the major leagues in the first half of the 20th century. He managed the Philadelphia Athletics (A's) from ... [2 Related Articles]
- Mack, John
- American oboist and teacher (b. Oct. 30, 1927, Somerville, N.J.-d. July 23, 2006, Cleveland, Ohio), occupied the first-oboe chair at the Cleveland Orchestra from 1965 and was considered one of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Mackay
- city, eastern coast of Queensland, Australia, at the mouth of the Pioneer River. Its deepwater artificial port has one of the world's largest bulk-handling installations. The centre of Australia's sugar ...
- Mackay, Clarence Hungerford
- U.S. communications executive and philanthropist who supervised the completion of the first transpacific cable between the United States and the Far East in 1904.
- Mackay, John
- (from the article "Celtic literature") Four other poets mark the transition from the poetry of the 17th century to that of the 18th: Lachlan MacKinnon (Lachlann Mac Thearlaich Oig); John Mackay (Am Piobaire Dall), whose ...
- Mackay, Robert
- (from the article "Celtic literature") Other poets of note in the 18th century included John MacCodrum, author of much humorous and satirical poetry; Robert (called Rob Donn) Mackay, who wrote social satire with a wealth ...
- MacKaye, Benton
- (from the article "Appalachian National Scenic Trail") Benton MacKaye, a regional planner for Massachusetts, is credited with spearheading the effort to build the Appalachian Trail when he published an article in 1921 promoting its creation. The first ...
- MacKaye, Ian
- (from the article "Fugazi") ...player Joe Lally (b. Dec. 3, 1963Rockville, Md.),vocalist-guitarist Ian MacKaye (b. April 16, 1962Washington, D.C.), and vocalist-guitarist Guy Picciotto...
- MacKaye, Percy
- U.S. poet and playwright whose use of historical and contemporary folk literature furthered the development of the pageant in the U.S.
- MacKaye, Steele
- U.S. playwright, actor, theatre manager, and inventor who has been called the closest approximation to a Renaissance man produced by the United States in the 19th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Macke, August
- German painter who was a leader of Der Blaue Reiter ("The Blue Rider"), an influential group of Expressionist artists. [2 Related Articles]
- Macken, Walter
- Irish novelist and dramatist whose tales combine an honest and often harsh reflection of the realities of Irish life with a love of Ireland and a compassionate respect for its ...
- Mackensen, August von
- German field marshal and one of the most successful commanders in World War I. [3 Related Articles]
- Mackensen, Fritz
- (from the article "Worpswede school") ...the heaths, meadows, forests, streams, bridges, windmills, and peasants of the area in a romantic and sentimental style, somewhat reminiscent of the earlier 19th-century Barbizon school in France. Fritz Mackensen ...
- Mackenzie Delta
- (from the article "Arctic Regions") ...the "pipeline race" continued between the proposed natural gas pipeline from Alaska's Prudhoe Bay south through the Yukon to the U.S. Midwest and a separate gas pipeline project from the ...
- Mackenzie dike swarm
- (from the article "Precambrian time") ...up to several hundred metres in width and length, and there may be hundreds or even thousands of dikes in a swarm, some having transcontinental dimensions. For example, the 1.2-billion-year-old ...
- Mackenzie Eskimo
- (from the article "Arctic") ...The Baffinland Eskimo were often included in the Central Eskimo, a grouping that otherwise included the Caribou Eskimo of the barrens west of Hudson Bay and the Iglulik, Netsilik, Copper, ...
- Mackenzie Lowlands
- (from the article "North America") ...settlers-large cool-to-cold areas lie in the north and extend as far south as the Ozark Mountains in winter. The continent's northerly position means that Greenland, the Canadian Shield, the Mackenzie ...
- Mackenzie Mountains
- northern extension of the Rocky Mountains, in the Yukon and in Inuvik and Fort Smith regions (Northwest Territories), Canada. The range extends northwestward from the British Columbia border for approximately ... [3 Related Articles]
- Mackenzie River
- seasonal tributary of the Fitzroy River, eastern Queensland, Australia. Formed by the junction of the Comet and Nogoa rivers, which rise in the Eastern Highlands, it flows for 170 miles ...
- Mackenzie River
- major river system in the drainage pattern of northwestern North America. Its basin is the largest in Canada, and it is exceeded on the continent only by the Mississippi-Missouri system. ... [6 Related Articles]
- Mackenzie Valley Gas Pipeline
- (from the article "Arctic Regions") ...the Ural Mountains. Meanwhile, Alaskan Gov. Sarah Palin called for initial proposals to build the 5,600-km Alaska Gas Pipeline, which was expected to cost more than $20 billion. In Canada ...
- Mackenzie, Alexander
- Scottish-born politician, the first Liberal prime minister of Canada (1873-78). [2 Related Articles]
- Mackenzie, Charles Frederick
- Scottish-born Anglican priest and the first bishop in the British colonial territory of Central Africa.
- Mackenzie, Compton
- British novelist who suffered critical acclaim and neglect with equal indifference, leaving a prodigious output of more than 100 novels, plays, and biographies.
- MacKenzie, Gisele
- Canadian-born singer and actress (b. Jan. 10, 1927, Winnipeg, Man.-d. Sept. 5, 2003, Burbank, Calif.), became known as Canada's first lady of song in the 1940s and appeared in the ...
- Mackenzie, Henry
- Scottish novelist, playwright, poet, and editor, whose most important novel, The Man of Feeling, established him as a major literary figure in Scotland. His work had considerable influence on Sir ... [1 Related Articles]
- Mackenzie, Holt
- (from the article "India") ...possible in current conditions. Like Munro and Elphinstone, he was suspicious of change and wished to leave the villagers alone as far as possible. In this he was powerfully supported ...
- Mackenzie, John
- British missionary who was a constant champion of the rights of Africans in South Africa and a proponent of British intervention to curtail the spread of Boer influence over the ...
- MacKenzie, Lewis
- In 1993 Canadian Maj. Gen. Lewis MacKenzie published an account of his career, Peacekeeper: The Road to Sarajevo, in which he recounted his harrowing experiences in 1992 as chief of ...
- Mackenzie, Sir Alexander
- Scottish fur trader and explorer who traced the course of the 1,100-mile Mackenzie River in Canada. [6 Related Articles]
- Mackenzie, Sir Alexander Campbell
- Scottish composer who, with Sir Hubert Parry and Sir Charles Stanford, was associated with the revival of British music in the late 19th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Mackenzie, Sir George
- Scottish lawyer who gained the nickname "Bloody Mackenzie" for his prosecution of the Scottish Presbyterian Covenanters; he was founder of the Advocates' Library in Edinburgh, now the National Library of ...
- Mackenzie, Sir James
- Scottish cardiologist, pioneer in the study of cardiac arrhythmias. He was first to make simultaneous records of the arterial and venous pulses to evaluate the condition of the heart, a ...
- Mackenzie, Sir Morell
- English physician who was at the centre of a bitter international controversy over the death of Emperor Frederick III of Germany.
- Mackenzie, Sir Thomas
- Scottish-born explorer, businessman, and politician who was for a short time prime minister of New Zealand (1912) and who later served as High Commissioner in London during World War I.
- Mackenzie, William Lyon
- Scottish-born journalist and political agitator who led an unsuccessful revolt against the Canadian government in 1837. [1 Related Articles]
- mackerel
- any of a number of swift-moving, streamlined food and sport fishes found in temperate and tropical seas around the world, allied to tunas in the family Scombridae (order Perciformes). Mackerels ... [5 Related Articles]
- mackerel shark
- (genus Lamna), any member of a group of sharks in the family Isuridae. The name is also used as a collective name for the family, which includes, in addition, the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Mackey, Robert
- (from the article "rackets") ...In Fleet Prison the game was well established by the middle of the 18th century, and in the new Fleet of 1782 it achieved such popularity that its fame spread ...
- Mackie, John Leslie
- (from the article "ethics") Hare's position was immediately challenged by the Australian philosopher J.L. Mackie (1917-81). In his defense of moral subjectivism, Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (1977), Mackie argued that Hare had stretched ...
- Mackinac Bridge
- one of the longest and strongest suspension bridges in the world, spanning the Mackinac Straits from the Upper to the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. Designed by David B. Steinman ... [2 Related Articles]
- Mackinac Island
- summer resort, Mackinac county, northern Michigan, U.S. It is situated in Lake Huron near the Straits of Mackinac and has ferry connections to St. Ignace and Mackinaw City, on Michigan's ...
- Mackinac, Straits of
- channel connecting Lakes Michigan (west) and Huron (east) and forming an important waterway between the Upper and Lower peninsulas of Michigan, U.S. Spanned by the Mackinac Bridge (opened 1957) and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Mackinaw City
- village, Cheboygan and Emmet counties, northern Michigan, U.S. It lies on the Straits of Mackinac opposite St. Ignace, with which it is linked northward by the 5-mile- (8-km-) long Mackinac ...
- Mackinder, Sir Halford John
- British political geographer noted for his work as an educator and for his geopolitical conception of the globe as divided into two camps, the ascendant Eurasian "heartland" and the subordinate ... [4 Related Articles]
- MacKinnon, Catharine A.
- American feminist and professor of law, a controversial but influential legal theorist whose work primarily took aim at sexual harassment and pornography. [1 Related Articles]
- MacKinnon, Roderick
- American doctor, corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2003 for his pioneering research on ion channels in cell membranes. He shared the award with Peter Agre, also of ...
- Mackinnon, William A.
- (from the article "public opinion") In keeping with theories of social class developed in the 19th century, some scholars of the era viewed public opinion as the domain of the upper classes. Thus, the English ...
- mackintosh
- waterproof outercoat or raincoat, named after a Scottish chemist, Charles Macintosh (1766-1843), who invented the waterproof material that bears his name. The fabric used for a mackintosh was made waterproof ... [3 Related Articles]
- Mackintosh, Charles Rennie
- Scottish architect and designer who was prominent in the Arts and Crafts Movement in Great Britain. [6 Related Articles]
- Mackintosh, Mount
- (from the article "Prince Albert Mountains") ...by the Priestley Glacier and the Deep Freeze Range. The isolated Mount Brooke (8,776 feet [2,675 m]), located west of McMurdo Sound, is the highest peak. At the northern end ...
- Macklin, Charles
- Irish actor and playwright whose distinguished though turbulent career spanned most of the 18th century. [2 Related Articles]
- Mackmurdo, Arthur Heygate
- English architect, designer, and a pioneer of the English Arts and Crafts movement. [3 Related Articles]
- Maclagan, W. D.
- (from the article "Temple, Frederick") ...volume. Temple was named bishop of London in 1885. In 1896 he was made archbishop of Canterbury and thereby spiritual head of the Anglican Church. A year later, with the ...
- MacLaine, Shirley
- outspoken American actress and dancer known for her deft portrayal of charmingly eccentric characters and for her interest in mysticism and reincarnation. [1 Related Articles]
- MacLaren, Archibald
- (from the article "physical culture") ...pertaining to the relationship between fitness and survival. In 1849 the first English athletic competition was conducted at the national military academy at Woolwich. In 1858 an enterprising Scot, Archibald ...
- Maclaren, Charles
- Scottish journalist, editor of the 6th edition (1820-23) of the Encyclopaedia Britannica and cofounder and editor of The Scotsman (1817), Scotland's first independent Liberal paper. He also performed editorial services ... [3 Related Articles]
- Maclaren, Ian
- (from the article "Kailyard school") ...small cabbage patch usually adjacent to a cottage. The Kailyard novels of prominent writers such as Sir James Barrie, author of Auld Licht Idylls (1888) and A Window in Thrums ...
- Maclaurin, Colin
- Scottish mathematician who developed and extended Sir Isaac Newton's work in calculus, geometry, and gravitation. [2 Related Articles]
- Maclean's
- semimonthly news magazine published in Toronto whose thorough coverage of Canada's national affairs and of North American and world news from a Canadian perspective has made it that country's leading ...
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