Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

Mary Gregory glass ... Maspero, Gaston

Mary Gregory glass: variety of glass produced in the United States toward the end of the 19th century in imitation of the then popular English cameo glass. It was named for Mary Gregory, ...
Mary I: the first queen to rule England (1553-58) in her own right. She was known as Bloody Mary for her persecution of Protestants in a vain attempt to restore Roman Catholicism ...
Mary II: queen of England (1689-94) and wife of King William III. As the daughter of King James II, she made it possible for her Dutch husband to become co-ruler of England ...
Mary Immaculate, Oblates of: (O.M.I.), one of the largest missionary congregations of the Roman Catholic Church, inaugurated at Aix-en-Provence, Fr., on Jan. 25, 1816, as the Missionary Society of Provence by Charles-Joseph-Eugene de Mazenod. ...
Mary Kathleen: district and former mining settlement, northwestern Queensland, Australia, in the Selwyn Range. In 1954 a major deposit of uranium ore was discovered there near the Corella River. The town, named ...
Mary Magdalene, Saint: one of Jesus' most celebrated disciples, famous, according to Mark 16:9-10 and John 20:14-17, for being the first person to see the resurrected Christ.
Mary Of Lorraine: regent of Scotland for her daughter, Mary Stuart, during the early years of the Scottish Reformation. A Roman Catholic, she pursued pro-French policies that involved her in civil war with ...
Mary of Modena: second wife of King James II of England; it was presumably on her inducement that James fled from England during the Glorious Revolution (1688-89).
Mary Of Orange: eldest daughter of the English king Charles I and wife of the Dutch stadholder William II of Orange. The marriage to Prince William took place in London on May 2, ...
Mary Of Teck: queen consort of King George V of Great Britain and the mother of kings Edward VIII (afterward duke of Windsor) and George VI.
Mary Of The Incarnation: mystic whose activity and influence in religious affairs inspired most of the leading French ecclesiastics of her time.
Mary Tudor: English princess, the third wife of King Louis XII of France; she was the sister of England's King Henry VIII (ruled 1509-47) and the grandmother of Lady Jane Grey, who ...
Maryborough: city, central Victoria, Australia. It lies along the Pyrenees Highway and is connected by rail to Melbourne (southeast). Located on the northern slopes of the Eastern Highlands and originating (1839) ...
Maryborough: city, southeastern Queensland, Australia, 20 mi (32 km) above the mouth of Mary River. Founded in 1843 and named after the river, which was named after Mary, the wife of ...
Maryland: constituent state of the United States of America. One of the original 13 states, it lies at the centre of the Eastern Seaboard, astride the great industrial-population complex that stretches ...
Maryland, University of: state university system consisting of 11 coeducational campuses in eight cities. In 1970 the University of Maryland comprised five campuses. The University of Maryland System was created in 1988 when ...
Marylebone Cricket Club: former governing body of cricket, founded in London in 1787. Marylebone soon became the leading cricket club in England and, eventually, the world authority on laws. The MCC headquarters are ...
Marysville: city, seat (1850) of Yuba county, north-central California, U.S. It is situated in the Central Valley, at the junction of the Feather and Yuba rivers, 50 miles (80 km) north ...
Maryville: city, seat (1795) of Blount county, eastern Tennessee, U.S., about 15 miles (25 km) south of Knoxville and a gateway to Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The settlement was founded ...
Maryville: city, seat (1845) of Nodaway county, northwestern Missouri, U.S. It lies about 40 miles (65 km) north of St. Joseph. Founded in 1845, it was named for Mary Graham, an ...
marzipan: a malleable confection of crushed almonds or almond paste, sugar, and whites of eggs. Soft marzipan is used as a filling in a variety of pastries and candies; that of ...
Mas'udi, al-: historian and traveler, known as the "Herodotus of the Arabs." He was the first Arab to combine history and scientific geography in a large-scale work, Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawahir ...
Masaccio: important Florentine painter of the early Renaissance whose frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel of the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence (c. 1427) remained influential throughout the Renaissance. ...
Masada: ("Ruins of Masada"), ancient mountaintop fortress in southeastern Israel, site of the Jews' last stand against the Romans after the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70.
Masai: nomadic pastoralists of East Africa. Masai is essentially a linguistic term, referring to speakers of this Eastern Sudanic language (usually called Maa) of the Nilo-Saharan language family. These include the ...
Masaka: town, southern Uganda, situated about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Kampala (the national capital), at an elevation of 4,300 feet (1,310 m). Roads connect it with Mbirizi, Lyantonde, and ...
Masamune Hakucho: writer and critic who was one of the great masters of Japanese naturalist literature. Unlike others of that school, he seems to have had a basically unsentimental and skeptical view ...
Masan: city, Kyongsang-nam do (province), southeastern South Korea. It is located on Masan Bay, across from Chinhae Bay, 22 miles (35 km) west of Pusan, with which it is connected by ...
Masaniello: leader of a popular insurrection in Naples against Spanish rule and oppression by the nobles.
Masaoka Shiki: poet, essayist, and critic who revived the haiku and tanka, traditional Japanese poetic forms.
Masaryk, Jan: statesman and diplomat who served as foreign minister in both the Czechoslovak emigre government in London during World War II and the postwar coalition government of Czechoslovakia.
Masaryk, Tomas: chief founder and first president (1918-35) of Czechoslovakia.
Masaya: city, southwestern Nicaragua, at the eastern foot of Masaya Volcano, just east of the small Lake Masaya in the rift valley between Lakes Nicaragua and Managua. Masaya serves as a ...
Masbate: island and town, central Philippines, part of the Visayas group, bordered by the Sibuyan (west), Visayan (south), and Samar (east) seas. The island, 30 miles (48 km) southwest of the ...
Mascagni, Pietro: Italian operatic composer, one of the principal exponents of verismo, a style of opera writing marked by melodramatic, often violent plots with characters drawn from everyday life.
Mascara: town, northwestern Algeria, situated about 40 miles (60 km) south of the Mediterranean coast. Spread across two hills separated by the Wadi Toudman, it lies on the southern slope of ...
Mascarene Islands: collectively, the islands of Reunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues, which are situated in a line along a submarine ridge, the Seychelles-Mauritius Plateau, 400 to 500 miles (640 to 800 km) northeast ...
mascon: a region of excess gravitational attraction on the surface of the Moon. The word is a contraction of mass concentration.
masculine rhyme: in verse, a monosyllabic rhyme or a rhyme that occurs only in stressed final syllables (such as claims, flames or rare, despair). Compare feminine rhyme. Emily Dickinson used the masculine ...
Masdevallia: genus of about 300 species of tropical American orchids, family Orchidaceae, that have brightly coloured flowers with unusual shapes. Most species grow on other plants.
Masefield, John: poet, best known for his poems of the sea, Salt-Water Ballads (1902, including "Sea Fever" and "Cargoes"), and for his long narrative poems, such as The Everlasting Mercy (1911), which ...
maser: device that produces and amplifies electromagnetic radiation mainly in the microwave region of the spectrum. The maser operates according to the same basic principle as the laser (the name of ...
Maseru: capital and largest urban centre of Lesotho. It is on the left bank of the Caledon River near the border with Free State province, South Africa. In 1869 the chief ...
Masham, Abigail, Baroness Masham Of Otes: favourite of Queen Anne of England. That she turned against both her patrons-Sarah Jennings, Duchess of Marlborough, and Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford-has led historians to speak harshly of her, ...
Masham, Samuel Cunliffe Lister, 1st Baron: English inventor whose contributions included a wool-combing machine that helped to lower the price of clothing and a silk-combing machine that utilized silk waste.
Mashonaland: traditional region in northeastern Zimbabwe, bordering Zambia to the north and Mozambique to the northeast and east. It is the traditional homeland of the Shona (q.v.), a Bantu-speaking people who ...
Mashriq: geographic region extending from the western border of Egypt to the western border of Iran. It includes the modern states of Egypt, The Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Kuwait, United ...
mashriq al-adhkar: (Arabic: "place where the uttering of the name of God arises at dawn"), temple or house of worship in the Baha'i faith. The mashriq is characterized by a nine-sided construction, ...
Masina, Giulietta: Italian motion-picture actress and the wife of Italian film director Federico Fellini. Her portrayal of waiflike innocents served as the emotional focal point for some of Fellini's best films.
Masinissa: (b. c. 240 BC-d. 148), ruler of the North African kingdom of Numidia, and an ally of Rome in the last years of the Second Punic War (218-201). His influence ...
Masirah: island of Oman, in the Arabian Sea, off the country's southeastern coast. The island is separated from the mainland by the narrow Tur'at (channel) Masirah. There is an airfield, occupied ...
Masjed Soleyman: town, southwestern Iran. Oil was discovered at Masjed Soleyman in 1908, and the town early became one of Iran's leading oil centres. Pipelines, built in 1909-10, link the town with ...
mask: a form of disguise. It is an object that is frequently worn over or in front of the face to hide the identity of a person and by its own ...
Maskelyne, John Nevil: British magician whose inventions and patronage of new performers greatly influenced the development of the art of producing illusions by sleight of hand.
Maskelyne, Nevil: British astronomer noted for his contribution to the science of navigation.
Maslow, Abraham H.: American psychologist and philosopher best known for his self-actualization theory of psychology, which argued that the primary goal of psychotherapy should be the integration of the self.
masnawi: a series of distichs (couplets) in rhymed pairs (aa, bb, cc, and so on) that makes up a characteristic type of Persian verse, used chiefly for heroic, historical, and romantic ...
Maso Di Banco: Florentine painter who was the most talented of Giotto's pupils. Maso's work displays a style that effectively and intelligently incorporated the teachings of the master. It was the work of ...
masochism: psychosexual disorder in which erotic release is achieved through having pain inflicted on oneself. The term derives from the name of Chevalier Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, an Austrian who wrote extensively ...
Masolino: painter who achieved a compromise between the International Gothic manner and the advanced early Renaissance style of his own day and who owes his prominence in the history of Florentine ...
Mason: an adherent of Freemasonry (q.v.).
Mason and Dixon Line: originally the boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania in the United States. In the pre-Civil War period it was regarded, together with the Ohio River, as the dividing line between slave ...
Mason City: city, seat (1855) of Cerro Gordo county, northern Iowa, U.S., along the Winnebago River, about 120 miles (195 km) north of Des Moines. The area was inhabited by Winnebago and ...
Mason ware: a sturdy English pottery known as Mason's Patent Ironstone China. It was first produced by C.J. Mason & Company in 1813 to provide a cheap substitute for Chinese porcelain, especially ...
Mason, Bobbie Ann: American short-story writer and novelist known for her evocation of rural Kentucky life.
Mason, Charlotte: American philanthropist who for a time encouraged many artists of the Harlem Renaissance. Known as "Godmother," she was a generous patron, but her controlling nature often caused conflict with her ...
Mason, Daniel Gregory: composer in the German-influenced Boston group of U.S. composers.
Mason, George: American patriot and statesman who insisted on the protection of individual liberties in the composition of both the Virginia and U.S. Constitutions (1776, 1787); he was ahead of his time ...
Mason, James: British stage and motion-picture actor best known for his urbane characterizations. During his 50-year acting career he played in 106 films.
Mason, James Murray: antebellum U.S. senator from Virginia and, later, Confederate diplomat taken prisoner in the Trent Affair.
Mason, John Mitchell: U.S. minister and educator, who is best known for his work in raising standards of Protestant theological education in the U.S. He also was noted for his prowess as an ...
Mason, Lowell: hymn composer, music publisher, and one of the founders of public-school music-education in the United States.
Mason, Max: American mathematical physicist, educator, and science administrator.
masonry: the art and craft of building and fabricating in stone, clay, brick, or concrete block. Construction of poured concrete, reinforced or unreinforced, is often also considered masonry.
Masoretic text: (from Hebrew masoreth, "tradition"), traditional Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible, meticulously assembled and codified, and supplied with diacritical marks to enable correct pronunciation. This monumental work was begun around ...
Maspero, Gaston: French Egyptologist and director general of excavations and antiquities for the Egyptian government, who was responsible for locating a collective royal tomb of prime historic importance.