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Martin: nonexistent pope. In the 13th century the papal chancery misread the names of the two popes Marinus as Martin, and as a result of this error Simon de Brie in ...
Martin du Gard, Roger: French author and winner of the 1937 Nobel Prize for Literature. Trained as a paleographer and archivist, Martin du Gard brought to his works a spirit of objectivity and a ...
Martin Family: French lacquerware artists of the period of Louis XV. The four brothers-Guillaume (d. 1749), Julien (d. 1752), Robert (b. 1706-d. 1765), and Etienne-Simon (d. 1770)-are remembered for perfecting the composition ...
Martin Garcia Island: island, historically a strategic control point in the estuary of Rio de la Plata, near the mouth of the Uruguay and Parana rivers, between Argentina and Uruguay. The island (0.7 ...
Martin I: prince of Aragon, king of Sicily (1392-1409), and skilled soldier, who had to subdue a popular revolt to maintain his reign on the island.
Martin I, Saint: pope from 649 to 655.
Martin IV: pope from 1281 to 1285.
Martin Luther King, Jr., Day: in the United States, holiday (third Monday in January) honouring the achievements of Martin Luther King, Jr. A Baptist minister who advocated the use of nonviolent means to end racial ...
Martin Marietta Corporation: diversified American corporation (incorporated 1961) that was primarily involved in the production of aerospace equipment and defense systems for the U.S. government. In 1995 it merged with another major aerospace ...
Martin of Tours, Saint: patron saint of France, father of monasticism in Gaul, and the first great leader of Western monasticism.
Martin V: pope from 1417 to 1431.
Martin, A.J.P.: British biochemist who was awarded (with R.L.M. Synge) the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1952 for development of paper partition chromatography, a quick and economical analytical technique permitting extensive advances ...
Martin, Anne Henrietta: American reformer who was an ardent feminist and pacifist in the early 20th century.
Martin, Billy: American professional baseball player and manager whose leadership transformed teams on the field, but whose outspokenness and pugnacity made him the centre of controversy.
Martin, Frank: one of the foremost Swiss composers of the 20th century.
Martin, Glenn L: American airplane inventor whose bombers and flying boats played important roles in World War II.
Martin, Gregory: Roman Catholic biblical scholar, principal translator of the Latin Vulgate into English (Douai-Reims Bible). His version, in Bishop Richard Challoner's third revised edition (1752), was the standard Bible for English ...
Martin, Henri: author of a famous history of France that included excerpts from the chief chroniclers and historians, with original expository passages filling the gaps.
Martin, Homer Dodge: landscape painter who was one of the first to introduce Impressionism into American painting.
Martin, Joseph William, Jr.: U.S. Republican congressional leader and speaker of the House of Representatives (1947-49; 1953-55).
Martin, Lillien Jane: American psychologist who followed up her academic career with an active second career in gerontological psychology.
Martin, Luther: American lawyer best known for defending Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase at his impeachment trial and Aaron Burr at his treason trial and for arguing the losing side in McCulloch ...
Martin, Maria: American artist known for her highly detailed watercolours of flora and fauna, especially those done in collaboration with the naturalist and artist John James Audubon.
Martin, Mary: American singer and actress best known for her work in Broadway musicals.
Martin, Paul: Canadian politician and prime minister of Canada (2003-06).
Martin, Paul Joseph James: Canadian politician and diplomat who served with distinction in the cabinets of four Liberal Party prime ministers: W.L. Mackenzie King, Louis Saint Laurent, Lester B. Pearson, and Pierre Elliott Trudeau. ...
Martin, Pierre-Emile: French engineer who invented the Siemens-Martin (open-hearth) process, which produced most of the world's steel until the development of the basic oxygen process.
Martin, Steve: American comedian, writer, and producer who began his career as a standup comic and eventually achieved success in motion pictures, television, Broadway, and literature.
Martin-Santos, Luis: Spanish psychiatrist and novelist.
Martina Franca: town, Taranto provincia, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy. It has numerous Baroque buildings, such as the Church of San Martino, the Corte palace, and particularly the civic centre, a former ...
Martineau, Harriet: essayist, novelist, and economic and historical writer who, despite deafness, heart disease, and other disabilities, was prominent among English intellectuals of her time. Perhaps her most scholarly work is
Martineau, James: English Unitarian theologian and philosopher whose writings emphasized the individual human conscience as the primary guide for determining correct behaviour. He was a brother of Harriet Martineau.
Martinez: city, seat (1850) of Contra Costa county, western California, U.S. It lies on the south shore of Carquinez Strait (between Suisun and San Pablo bays) north of Oakland. It was ...
Martinez Campos, Arsenio: general and politician whose pronunciamiento (military revolution) on December 29, 1874, restored Spain's Bourbon dynasty.
Martinez de la Rosa, Francisco de Paula: Spanish dramatist, poet, and conservative statesman.
Martinez Estrada, Ezequiel: leading post-Modernismo Argentine writer who influenced many younger writers.
Martinez Sierra, Gregorio: poet and playwright whose dramatic works contributed significantly to the revival of the Spanish theatre.
Martinez, Pedro: professional baseball player who in 1997 became the first Latin American pitcher to strike out 300 batters in a season (see also Sidebar: Latin Americans in Major League Baseball). Martinez began ...
Martini, Arturo: Italian sculptor who was active between the World Wars. He is known for figurative sculptures executed in a wide variety of styles and materials.
Martini, Giovanni Battista: Italian composer and music theorist who was internationally renowned as a teacher.
Martini, Simone: important exponent of Gothic painting who did more than any other artist to spread the influence of Sienese painting.
Martinique: island of the eastern Caribbean Sea, an overseas departement of France. It is included in the Lesser Antilles island chain. Its nearest neighbours are the island republics of Dominica, 22 ...
Martins Ferry: city, Belmont county, eastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River (there bridged to Wheeling, W.Va.). Squatters in the 1770s and '80s formed settlements (Hoglin's, or Mercer's, Town and ...
Martins, Peter: Danish dancer and choreographer, known principally for his work with the New York City Ballet.
Martinsburg: city, seat (1772) of Berkeley county, eastern panhandle of West Virginia, U.S. It lies 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Hagerstown, Maryland. Settled in 1732, it was laid out by ...
Martinson, Harry: Swedish novelist and poet who was the first self-taught, working-class writer to be elected to the Swedish Academy (1949). With Eyvind Johnson he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature ...
Martinson, Moa: Swedish novelist who was among the first to write about the agricultural labourer, the landless worker of the Swedish countryside known as statare. The first half of her life was ...
Martinsville: city, seat (1793) of Henry county (though administratively independent of it), southern Virginia, U.S., in the eastern foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Established in 1793, when the county courthouse ...
Martinu, Bohuslav: modern Czech composer whose works exhibit a distinctive blend of French and Czech influences.
Martinus Gosia: jurist, one of the "four doctors" of the Bologna Law School, and an important successor of Irnerius, although probably not his pupil.
Martinuzzi, Gyorgy: Hungarian statesman and later cardinal who worked to restore and maintain the national unity of Hungary.
Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von: German botanist best known for his work on Brazilian flora.
Martos: city, Jaen province, in the autonomous community (region) of Andalusia, southern Spain, southwest of Jaen city, on a western peak of the Sierra Jabalcuz. Identified with the Roman Colonia Augusta ...
Martov, L.: leader of the Mensheviks, the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party.
Martyn, Edward: Irish dramatist who with William Butler Yeats and Lady Gregory formed the Irish Literary Theatre (1899), which was part of the nationalist revival of interest in Ireland's Gaelic literary history.
martyr: one who voluntarily suffers death rather than deny his religion by words or deeds; such action is afforded special, institutionalized recognition in most major religions of the world. The term ...
Martyrdom of Polycarp: letter that describes the death by burning of Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna in Asia Minor. It was sent to the Christian church in Philomelium, Asia Minor, from the church in ...
Marugame: city, Kagawa ken (prefecture), Shikoku, Japan, on the coast of the Inland Sea. Founded as a castle town in 1597, Marugame flourished from the Tokugawa period (1603-1867) to the early ...
Marulic, Marko: Croatian moral philosopher and poet whose vernacular verse marked the beginnings of a distinctive Croatian literature.
Marusthali: sand-dune-covered eastern portion of the Great Indian (Thar) Desert in western Rajasthan state, northwestern India, extending over about 24,000 square miles (62,000 square km), north of the Luni River. Marusthali ...
Marvell, Andrew: English poet whose political reputation overshadowed that of his poetry until the 20th century. He is considered to be one of the best secular Metaphysical poets.
Marvin, Lee: rugged, durable American actor who was perhaps the quintessential cinematic "tough guy."
Marwan I ibn al-Hakam: first of the Marwanid caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty (reigned 684-685).
Marwan II: last of the Umayyad caliphs (reigned 744-750). He was killed while fleeing the forces of Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, the first caliph of the 'Abbasid dynasty.
Marwedel, Emma Jacobina Christiana: German-born educator who was instrumental in promoting the kindergarten movement in the United States.
Marwell Zoological Park: zoo in Winchester, Hampshire, Eng., that is known for its large breeding groups of hoofed stock and carnivores. It was opened in 1972 and occupies 99 acres (40 hectares) of ...
marwysgafn: (Welsh: "deathbed song"), religious ode in which the poet, sensing the approach of death, confesses his sins and prays for forgiveness. The marwysgafn was popular during the period of the ...
Marx Brothers: American comedy team that was popular on stage, screen, and radio for 30 years. They were celebrated for their inventive attacks on the socially respectable and upon ordered society in ...
Marx, Karl: revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and economist. He published (with Friedrich Engels) Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (1848), commonly known as The Communist Manifesto, the most celebrated pamphlet in the history of the ...
Marx, Wilhelm: German statesman, leader of the Roman Catholic Centre Party, and twice chancellor during the Weimar Republic.
Marxism: a body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related ideas: a philosophical view ...
Mary: city and administrative centre of Mary oblast (province), Turkmenistan, on the Morghab River, at the intersection of the Karakum Canal and the Turkmenbashy-Tashkent railway. It was founded in 1884 on ...
Mary: duchess of Burgundy (1477-82), daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy; her crucial marriage to the archduke Maximilian (later Maximilian I), son of the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand ...
Mary: queen of Scotland (1542-67) and queen consort of France (1559-60). Her unwise marital and political actions provoked rebellion among the Scottish nobles, forcing her to flee to England, where she ...
Mary: the mother of Jesus, an object of veneration in the Christian church since the apostolic age, and a favourite subject in Western art, music, and literature. Mary is known from ...
Mary: oblast (province), southeastern Turkmenistan, having an area of 33,500 square miles (86,800 square km). It includes the basin of the Morghab River, which diminishes in the Karakum Desert in the ...