| | - maarib
- ("who brings on twilight"), Jewish evening prayers recited after sunset; the name derives from one of the opening words of the first prayer. Maarib consists essentially of the Shema, with ... [1 Related Articles]
- Maas, Peter
- American writer (b. June 27, 1929, New York, N.Y.-d. Aug. 23, 2001, New York), had a half-century-long career during which he published over a dozen books as well as numerous ...
- Maasai
- nomadic pastoralists of East Africa. Maasai is essentially a linguistic term, referring to speakers of this Eastern Sudanic language (usually called Maa) of the Nilo-Saharan language family. These include the ... [13 Related Articles]
- Maasina Rule
- (from the article "Solomon Islands") Another result of the war was to stimulate political consciousness among the islanders and so inspire a nationalist movement known as Maasina Rule, which lasted from 1944 to 1952. Subsequently, ...
- Maass, Clara
- American nurse, the only woman and the only American to die during the yellow fever experiments of 1900-01.
- Maastricht
- gemeente (municipality), southeastern Netherlands. It lies along the Maas (Meuse) River at the junction of the Juliana, Liege-Maastricht, and Zuid-Willems canals. Maastricht is the principal city in the southeastern appendix ... [4 Related Articles]
- Maastricht Treaty
- international agreement approved by the heads of government of the states of the European Community (EC) in Maastricht, Netherlands, in December 1991. Ratified by all EC member states (voters in ... [8 Related Articles]
- Maastricht, Treaty of
- (from the article "Spain") Spain's defeat in war cost it many of its possessions outside Iberia. The treaties of Maastricht and Utrecht (1713) stripped it of its European possessions (Belgium, Luxembourg, Milan, Sardinia, Sicily, ...
- Maastricht-Liege Canal
- (from the article "canals and inland waterways") ...the Gent Ship Canal, cut through to Terneuzen, was opened in 1827, giving a shorter route to the sea. The Dutch extended their canals to serve the continental European industrial ...
- Maastrichtian Stage
- uppermost of the six main divisions in the Upper Cretaceous Series, representing rocks deposited worldwide during the Maastrichtian Age, which occurred 70.6 to 65.5 million years ago during the Cretaceous ...
- Maat
- in ancient Egyptian religion, the personification of truth, justice, and the cosmic order. The daughter of the sun god Re, she was associated with Thoth, god of wisdom. [2 Related Articles]
- maat
- (from the article "Egyptian religion") The concept of maat ("order") was fundamental in Egyptian thought. The king's role was to set maat in place of isfet ...
- Maathai, Wangari
- Kenyan politician and environmental activist who was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize for Peace, the first black African woman to win a Nobel Prize. [3 Related Articles]
- Maazel, Lorin
- conductor and violinist who, as music director of the Cleveland Orchestra from 1972 to 1982, was only the second American to have served as principal conductor of a major American ... [1 Related Articles]
- Mab
- in English folklore, the queen of the fairies. Mab is a mischievous but basically benevolent figure. In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, she is referred to as the fairies' midwife, ...
- Maba
- (from the article "Gambia, The") ...opposition at home and in the Gambia foiled these plans. Complicating matters was the series of religious conflicts, called the Soninke-Marabout Wars, lasting a half century. Only one Muslim leader, ...
- Maba
- (from the article "Ouaddai") ...caravans linking the Sahara with equatorial Africa and by Muslim pilgrim routes from West Africa toward Mecca, Ouaddai is an amalgam of cultural and ethnic influences. The dominant people, the ...
- Maba cranium
- fossil fragments of an ancient human skull found in 1958 near the village of Maba (Ma-pa), Guangdong (Kwangtung) province, southern China. Intermediate in form between Homo erectus and H. sapiens, ...
- Maba language
- (from the article "Maban languages") group of related languages spoken in the border area of Chad, The Sudan, and the Central African Republic. The Maban languages form a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Maba ...
- Maban languages
- group of related languages spoken in the border area of Chad, The Sudan, and the Central African Republic. The Maban languages form a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Maba ... [2 Related Articles]
- Mabanckou, Alain
- (from the article "Literature") The Prix Renaudot crowned the year's African trend, going to another foreign-born writer, Alain Mabanckou of the Republic of the Congo, in whose Memoires de porc-epic a sorcerer uses his ...
- Mabillon, Jean
- French monastic scholar, antiquarian, and historian who pioneered the study of ancient handwriting (paleography). [4 Related Articles]
- Mabini, Apolinario
- Filipino theoretician and spokesman of the Philippine Revolution, who wrote the constitution for the short-lived republic of 1898-99.
- Mabinogion
- collection of 11 medieval Welsh tales based on mythology, folklore, and heroic legends. The tales provide interesting examples of the transmission of Celtic, Norman, and French traditions in early romance. ... [5 Related Articles]
- Mabley, Moms
- American comedian who was one of the most successful black vaudeville performers. She modeled her stage persona largely on her grandmother, who had been a slave. Wise, clever, and often ...
- Mably, Gabriel de
- (from the article "Europe, history of") ...(1755), attacked property as the parent of crime and proposed that every man should contribute according to ability and receive according to need. Two decades later, another radical abbe, Gabriel ...
- Mabuchi Toichi
- (from the article "anthropology") ...Japanese anthropology and anthropology in the United States and Europe. Two Japanese anthropologists were particularly significant in laying the groundwork for promoting these linkages. One was Mabuchi Toichi, who started ...
- mabuya
- (from the article "skink") Some of the more common genera are described below. Keeled skinks (Tropidophorus), which are semiaquatic, are found from Southeast Asia to northern Australia. Mabuyas (
- Mac Dang Dung
- (from the article "Vietnam") The first and shorter division of the country occurred soon after the elimination of Champa. The Mac family, led by Mac Dang Dung, the governor of Thang Long (Hanoi), made ...
- Mac Family
- Vietnamese clan that established a dynasty ruling the Tonkin area of northern Vietnam from 1527 to 1592. [2 Related Articles]
- Mac Lane, Saunders
- American mathematician who was a cocreator of category theory, an architect of homological algebra, and an advocate of categorical foundations for mathematics. [5 Related Articles]
- Mac, Bernie
- American comedian and actor earned two Emmy nominations (2002 and 2003) for his portrayal of a high-strung comedian looking after his drug-addicted sister's three children on the television series The ...
- Mac, Project
- (from the article "computer") ...the Soviet Union in 1957. ARPA researched interesting technological areas, and under Licklider's leadership it focused on time-sharing and interactive computing. With ARPA support, CTSS evolved into Project MAC, which ...
- Mac-Mahon, Marie-Edme-Patrice-Maurice, comte de (count of), Duc De (duke of) Magenta
- marshal of France and second president of the Third French Republic. During his presidency the Third Republic took shape, the new constitutional laws of 1875 were adopted, and important precedents ... [8 Related Articles]
- macadam
- form of pavement invented by John McAdam of Scotland in the 18th century. McAdam's road cross section was composed of a compacted subgrade of crushed granite or greenstone designed to ... [3 Related Articles]
- macadamia
- (Macadamia), any of about 10 species of ornamental evergreen tree belonging to the family Proteaceae, producing an edible, richly flavoured dessert nut.
- Macadamia integrifolia
- (from the article "macadamia") Macadamias originated in the coastal rain forests and scrubs of what is now Queensland in northeastern Australia. The macadamias grown commercially in Hawaii and Australia are principally of two species, ...
- Macadamia tetraphylla
- (from the article "macadamia") ...in northeastern Australia. The macadamias grown commercially in Hawaii and Australia are principally of two species, the smooth-shelled Macadamia integrifolia and the rough-shelled M. tetraphylla; the two tend to hybridize ...
- Macaire
- title often assigned to a French medieval epic poem, or chanson de geste, after one of its chief characters. Blanchefleur, wife of the aged and infirm emperor Charlemagne, having repulsed ...
- Macanaz, Melchor de
- (from the article "Spain") ...of centralizing reform were French civil servants Jean-Jacques Amelot, Louis XIV's ambassador, and Jean-Henri-Louis Orry, a financial expert, and a handful of Spanish lawyer-administrators such as Melchor de Macanaz. They ...
- Macapa
- city, capital of Amapa estado (state), northern Brazil, on the northern channel (Canal do Norte) of the Amazon Delta, situated on a small plateau of firm ground ... [1 Related Articles]
- Macapagal, Diosdado
- reformist president of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965. [1 Related Articles]
- macapat
- (from the article "Indonesia") ...of central and eastern Java, for instance, use pantun structure to recount religious or local historical tales to the accompaniment of a drum. In central Java macapat, a metric and ...
- macaque
- any of about 20 species of gregarious Old World monkeys, all of which are Asian except for the Barbary macaque of North Africa. Macaques are robust primates whose arms and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Macarian literature
- (from the article "Macarius the Egyptian") The Macarian literature appealed to certain Lutheran devotional writers, such as Johann Arndt in the 16th century and Arnold Gottfried in the early 18th century. John Wesley, the 18th-century founder ...
- Macarius
- Russian metropolitan (archbishop) of Moscow and head of the Russian Church during the period of consolidation of the Muscovite Empire.
- Macarius Magnes
- Eastern Orthodox bishop and polemicist, author of an apology for the Christian faith, a document of signal value for its verbatim preservation of early philosophical attacks on Christian revelation.
- Macarius the Egyptian
- monk and ascetic who, as one of the Desert Fathers, advanced the ideal of monasticism in Egypt and influenced its development throughout Christendom. A written tradition of mystical theology under ... [1 Related Articles]
- macaroni
- in art, Late Paleolithic finger tracings in clay. It is one of the oldest and simplest known forms of art. Innumerable examples appear on the walls and ceilings of limestone ... [1 Related Articles]
- macaroni
- (from the article "macaroni") small tubular form of pasta (q.v.).TABLEenergy values of foodsmacaronic
- originally, comic Latin verse form characterized by the introduction of vernacular words with appropriate but absurd Latin endings: later variants apply the same technique to modern languages. The form was ... [2 Related Articles]
- macaronic poetry
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...during the century. Fidenziana poetry derives its name from a work by Camillo Scroffa, a poet who wrote Petrarchan parodies in a combination of Latin words and Italian form and ...
- macaroon
- cookie or small cake made of sugar, egg white, and almonds, ground or in paste form, or coconut. The origin of the macaroon is uncertain. The name is applied generally ...
- MacArthur Foundation Fellowship
- (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") ...the Vincent van Gogh Biennial Award for Contemporary Art in Europe, given to honour European artists by encouraging "communication about art in a free, united, and peaceful Europe." The MacArthur ...
- MacArthur, Charles
- American journalist, dramatist, and screenwriter, a colourful personality who is remembered for his comedies written with Ben Hecht. [2 Related Articles]
- MacArthur, Douglas
- U.S. general who commanded the Southwest Pacific Theatre in World War II, administered postwar Japan during the Allied occupation that followed, and led United Nations forces during the first nine ... [20 Related Articles]
- MacArthur, Ellen
- On Feb. 7, 2005, English yachtswoman Ellen MacArthur became a new legend in British maritime history when she crossed the finish line off Ushant, France, to complete the fastest solo ... [1 Related Articles]
- Macarthur, John
- (christened Sept. 3, 1767, Stoke Damerel, Devonshire, Eng.-d. April 11, 1834, Camden, New South Wales), agriculturist and promoter who helped found the Australian wool industry, which became the world's largest. [4 Related Articles]
- Macartney, George Macartney, Earl, Viscount Macartney of Dervock, baron of Lissanoure, Baron Macartney of Parkhurst and of Auchinleck, Lord Macartney
- first British emissary to Beijing. [1 Related Articles]
- Macas
- town, southeastern Ecuador. It lies on the Upano River along the eastern slopes of the Andes, at an elevation of 3,445 feet (1,050 m). Founded by the Spanish captain Jose ...
- Macassar ebony tree
- (from the article "ebony") The best Indian and Ceylon ebony is produced by Diospyros ebenum, which grows in abundance throughout the flat country west of Trincomalee in Sri Lanka. The tree is distinguished by ...
- Macau
- special administrative region (Pinyin tebie xingzhengqu; Wade-Giles t'e-pieh hsing-cheng-ch'u) of China, on the country's southern coast. Macau is located on the western side of ... [11 Related Articles]
- Macau
- (from the article "Macau") ...the mainland sheng (province) of Kwangtung and includes the islands of Taipa and Coloane. Extending up a hillside and overlooking La-Pa Island is the city of Macau, ...
- Macaulay, Catharine
- British historian and radical political writer.
- Macaulay, Dame Rose
- author of novels and travel books characterized by intelligence, wit, and lively scholarship.
- Macaulay, Hannah
- (from the article "Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron") ...mother, a Quaker, was the daughter of a Bristol bookseller. Thomas was the eldest of their nine children and devoted to his family, his deepest affection being reserved for two ...
- Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron
- English Whig politician, essayist, poet, and historian best known for his History of England, 5 vol. (1849-61); this work, which covers the period 1688-1702, secured his place ... [10 Related Articles]
- Macaulay, Zachary
- (from the article "Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron") Macaulay was born in the house of an uncle in Leicestershire. His father, Zachary Macaulay, the son of a Presbyterian minister from the Hebrides, had been governor of Sierra Leone; ...
- Macauley
- (from the article "Kermadec Islands") Curtis and Macauley were discovered (1788) by the crew of the British ship "Lady Penrhyn." The others were found (1793) by the French navigator Joseph d'Entrecasteaux, who named the entire ...
- macaw
- common name of about 18 species of large colourful parrots native to tropical America. These brightly coloured, long-tailed birds are some of the most spectacular parrots in the world. The ... [2 Related Articles]
- Macaya Peak
- (from the article "Haiti") ...Mount Selle, the highest point in the country. The range's western extension on the southern peninsula is called the Massif de la Hotte (Massif du Sud), which rises to 7,700 ...
- Macbeth
- king of Scots from 1040, the legend of whose life was the basis of Shakespeare's Macbeth. He was probably a grandson of King Kenneth II (reigned 971-995), ... [4 Related Articles]
- Macbeth
- tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, written sometime in 1606-07 and published in the First Folio of 1623 from a playbook or a transcript of one. Some portions of ... [17 Related Articles]
- Macbeth
- a general in King Duncan's army who is spurred on by the prophecy of the Weird Sisters and personal ambition to change the course of Scotland's succession in Shakespeare's [1 Related Articles]
- MacBeth, George Mann
- British poet and novelist whose verse ranged from moving personal elegies, highly contrived poetic jokes, and loosely structured dream fantasies to macabre satires.
- Macbeth, Lady
- wife of Macbeth in Shakespeare's Macbeth. A strong, rational, and calculating woman, Lady Macbeth is determined to see her husband put aside his "milk of human kindness" ... [1 Related Articles]
- MacBride, John
- (from the article "Yeats, William Butler") In 1899 Yeats asked Maud Gonne to marry him, but she declined. Four years later she married Major John MacBride, an Irish soldier who shared her feeling for Ireland and ...
- MacBride, Sean
- Irish statesman who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1974 for his efforts on behalf of human rights. [2 Related Articles]
- Maccabees
- priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem. [9 Related Articles]
- Maccabees, The Books of the
- four books, none of which is in the Hebrew Bible but all of which appear in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. The first two books only are part of canonical ... [4 Related Articles]
- Maccabeus, Eleazar
- (from the article "Maccabees") ...(I Maccabees 5:63). The Syrians, in the war against him, fastened wooden towers on elephants' backs, and each beast then charged into battle with a thousand armoured warriors surrounding it. ...
- Maccabeus, Jonathan
- Jewish general, a son of the priest Mattathias, who took over the leadership of the Maccabean revolt after the death of his elder brother Judas. A brilliant diplomat, if not ... [4 Related Articles]
- Maccabeus, Judas
- Jewish guerrilla leader who defended his country from invasion by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, preventing the imposition of Hellenism upon Judaea, and preserving the Jewish religion. [11 Related Articles]
- Maccabeus, Simon
- (from the article "Palestine") ...Alexander Balas, in order to outplay the legitimate king, Demetrius, granted Jonathan the office of high priest and gave him the Seleucid rank of a courtier, thereby legitimizing his position. ...
- Maccabiah Games
- international games held in Palestine (later Israel) from 1932, sponsored by the World Maccabi Union, an international Jewish sports organization founded in 1921. Events held are such Olympic events as ... [1 Related Articles]
- MacCaig, Norman
- one of the most important Scottish poets of the 20th century. [1 Related Articles]
- MacCarthy Island
- island, in the Gambia River, 176 miles (283 km) upstream from Banjul, central Gambia. It was ceded in 1823 to Captain Alexander Grant of the African Corps, who was acting ... [1 Related Articles]
- MacCarthy, Sir Desmond
- English journalist who, as a weekly columnist for the New Statesman known as the "Affable Hawk," gained a reputation for erudition, sensitive judgment, and literary excellence.
- Macchiaioli
- group of 19th-century Florentine and Neopolitan painters who reacted against the rule-bound Italian academies of art and looked to nature for instruction. The Macchiaioli felt that patches (Italian: [1 Related Articles]
- Maccido, Muhammadu
- 19th sultan of Sokoto (b. April 20, 1926, Sokoto, Nigeria-d. Oct. 29, 2006, near Abuja, Nigeria), as head of the Sokoto caliphate, was regarded as the spiritual leader of Nigeria's ... [1 Related Articles]
- Macclesfield
- (from the article "Macclesfield") town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Cheshire, England. The borough includes a narrow strip of the Pennines in the east that is part of the Peak District ...
- Macclesfield
- town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Cheshire, England. The borough includes a narrow strip of the Pennines in the east that is part of the Peak District ...
- MacColl, Ewan
- British singer, songwriter, and playwright.
- MacColl, Kirsty
- British singer and songwriter (b. Oct. 10, 1959, Croydon, Surrey, Eng.-d. Dec. 18, 2000, Cozumel, Mex.), had a two-decade-long career during which she had her greatest solo success with the ...
- MacCorquodale, Kenneth
- (from the article "learning theory") An attractive possibility is that intervening variables may have discoverable physiological bases. Psychologists Paul E. Meehl and Kenneth MacCorquodale proposed a distinction between the abstractions advocated by some and the ...
- MacCready, Paul Beattie
- American aerodynamicist who headed a team that designed and built both the first man-powered aircraft and the first solar-powered aircraft capable of sustained flights. [2 Related Articles]
- MacDiarmid, Alan G.
- New Zealand-born American chemist who, with Alan J. Heeger and Shirakawa Hideki, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2000 for their discovery that certain plastics can be chemically ... [1 Related Articles]
- MacDiarmid, Hugh
- preeminent Scottish poet of the first half of the 20th century and leader of the Scottish literary renaissance. [2 Related Articles]
- MacDonagh, Donagh
- poet, playwright, and balladeer, prominent representative of lively Irish entertainment in the mid-20th century.
- MacDonald, Alexander
- (from the article "William III") ...without bloodshed, but in Scotland and Ireland there was armed resistance. This collapsed in Scotland in 1689, but the country remained troubled and unsettled throughout William's reign. In 1692 Alexander ...
- Macdonald, Alexander
- (from the article "Celtic literature") ...poetry in Gaelic was printed before 1751, and most earlier verse was recovered from oral tradition after that date. Much of the inspiration of Gaelic printing in the 18th century ...
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