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marginal productivity theory ... marine geophysics
marginal productivity theory
in economics, a theory developed at the end of the 19th century by a number of writers, including John Bates Clark and Philip Henry Wicksteed, who argued that a business ...
marginal utility
in economics, the additional satisfaction or benefit (utility) that a consumer derives from buying an additional unit of a commodity or service. The concept implies that the utility or benefit ...
marginal-cost pricing
in economics, the practice of setting the price of a product to equal the extra cost of producing an extra unit of output. By this policy, a producer charges, for ...
Margoliouth, David Samuel
English scholar whose pioneering efforts in Islamic studies won him a near-legendary reputation among Islamic peoples and Oriental scholars of Europe.
Margrethe II
queen of Denmark since the death of her father, King Frederick IX, on Jan. 14, 1972.
Margulis, Gregori Aleksandrovich
Russian mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1978 for his contributions to the theory of Lie groups. Margulis attended Moscow State University (Ph.D., 1970).
Margunios, Maximus
Greek Orthodox bishop and humanist exponent of Greek culture in Italy, whose attempt to reconcile the theologies of the Eastern and Western churches aroused in Byzantine churchmen suspicion of his ...
Mari
European people, numbering about 670,000 in the late 20th century, who speak a language of the Finno-Ugric family and live mainly in Mari El, Russia, in the middle Volga River ...
Mari
ancient Mesopotamian city situated on the right bank of the Euphrates River in what is now Syria. Excavations, initially directed by Andre Parrot and begun in 1933, uncovered remains extending ...
Mari El
republic within Russia, in the basin of the middle Volga River.
Mari language
member of the Finno-Ugric division of the Uralic language family, spoken primarily in the Mari El republic, Russia. The three major dialects of Mari are the Meadow dialect, spoken in ...
Maria Carolina
queen of Naples and wife of King Ferdinand IV of Naples. She held the real power in Naples, and, under the influence of her favourite, Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet, ...
Maria Cristina De Borbon
queen consort of Ferdinand VII of Spain from 1829 to 1833 and queen regent from 1833 to 1840.
Maria Cristina De Habsburgo-Lorena
queen consort (1879-85) of Alfonso XII of Spain whose tact and wisdom as queen regent (1885-1902) for her son Alfonso XIII were instrumental in giving Spain a degree of peace ...
Maria I
the first queen regnant of Portugal (1777-1816).
Maria II
queen of Portugal (1834-53).
Maria Island
island in the Tasman Sea, 4 mi (6 12 km) off the east coast of Tasmania, Australia. Extending 12 mi north-south and up to 8 mi east-west, it comprises two ...
Maria Legio
largest African, independent church with a Catholic background, which had a meteoric rise in the 1960s. The church should not be confused with a less successful predecessor in Kenya, the ...
Maria Stella
Italian adventuress who contested the parentage of Louis Philippe, duc d'Orleans, upon his accession to the French throne in 1830.
Maria Theresa
archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740-80), wife and empress of the Holy Roman emperor Francis I (reigned 1745-65), and mother of the Holy Roman emperor Joseph ...
Maria Trinidad Sanchez
coastal province, northern Dominican Republic, facing the Atlantic Ocean (northeast) and rising to a rugged, though not mountainous, interior (maximum elevation 3,091 ft [942 m]). The province, 505 sq mi ...
mariachi
Mexican string orchestra composed of 3 to 12 performers playing a variety of stringed and brass instruments. (In addition to referring to an ensemble, the term mariachi is also used ...
Mariamne
(c. 57-29 BC), Jewish princess, a popular heroine in both Jewish and Christian traditions, whose marriage (37 BC) to the Judean king Herod the Great united his family with the ...
Mariana
city, east-central Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. It is located on the Carmo River in the Doce River basin, at 2,287 feet (697 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as ...
Mariana Islands
series of volcanic and uplifted coral formations in the western Pacific Ocean, 1,500 mi (2,400 km) east of the Philippines. They are divided politically into Guam (an organized unincorporated territory ...
Mariana Trench
submarine trench in the floor of the western North Pacific Ocean, situated east of the Mariana Islands. It is the deepest such trench known. An arcing depression, the trench stretches ...
Mariana, Juan de
historian, author of Historiae de rebus Hispaniae (1592), a history of Spain from its earliest times.
Marianao
city, Ciudad de la Habana provincia, west-central Cuba. Situated in a slightly hilly area along the northern coast, Marianao was founded in 1726. Since 1900, with the growth of Havana ...
Marianist
a religious congregation of the Roman Catholic church founded by William Joseph Chaminade at Bordeaux, Fr., in 1817. The Marianists, including the Brothers of Mary, developed from the sodality (a ...
Marianske Lazne
spa and town, Zapadocesky kraj (region), western Czech Republic. It is situated on the edge of the wooded hills southwest of Karlovy Vary. Its more than 40 mineral springs were ...
Marianus Scotus
chronicler who wrote a universal history of the world from creation to 1082 that disputed the chronology of the Paschal calendar formulated by Dionysius Exiguus, a 6th-century theologian. Marianus' Chronicon, ...
Marias Islands
archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of west-central Mexico. Lying approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Cape Corrientes and about 230 miles (370 km) southeast of the ...
Marias River
river in Glacier county, northwestern Montana, U.S. It is formed by the confluence of Cut Bank, Dupuyer, and Birch creeks and Two Medicine River and flows generally southeastward. The river ...
Mariategui, Jose Carlos
political leader and essayist who was the first Peruvian intellectual to apply the Marxist model of historical materialism to Peruvian problems.
Mariazell
town, Steiermark Bundesland (federal state), east-central Austria, in the Salza River valley amid the north Styrian Alps north of Kapfenberg. Founded in 1157 by the monks of St. Lambrecht's Abbey, ...
Maribo
city, Storstroms amtskommune (county commune), central Lolland Island, Denmark, on Maribo Lake. The city (chartered 1416) grew up around an early 15th-century Bridgettine convent, the chapel of which survives as ...
Maribor
city, northeastern Slovenia, on the Drava River near the Austrian border. Slovenia's second largest city, Maribor lies between the Pohorje mountains and the hills of Slovenske Gorice.
Marichal, Juan Antonio
professional baseball player, the first Latin American to pitch a no-hitter (on June 15, 1963) in the major leagues. (See also Sidebar: Latin Americans in Major League Baseball.)
Marici
in Mahayana Buddhist mythology, the goddess of the dawn. Marici (Sanskrit: "Ray of Light") is usually shown riding on seven pigs and with three heads, one of which is that ...
Marie Byrd Land
unclaimed region of Antarctica, bordering on the South Pacific Ocean and extending from the Ross Sea and Ice Shelf (west) to Ellsworth Land (east). The barren, ice-capped region averages 2,600-6,500 ...
Marie De France
earliest known French woman poet, creator of verse narratives on romantic and magical themes that perhaps inspired the musical lais of the later trouveres, and author of Aesopic and other ...
Marie De Medicis
queen consort of King Henry IV of France (reigned 1589-1610) and, from 1610 to 1614, regent for her son, King Louis XIII (reigned 1610-43).
Marie Leszczynska
queen consort of King Louis XV of France (ruled 1715-74). Although she had no direct influence on French politics, her Polish dynastic connections involved France in a European conflict that ...
Marie, Pierre
French neurologist whose discovery that growth disorders are caused by pituitary disease contributed to the modern science of endocrinology.
Marie-Antoinette
queen consort of King Louis XVI of France (1774-93). Imprudent and an enemy of reform, she helped provoke the popular unrest that led to the French Revolution and to the ...
Marie-Galante
island in the middle of the windward group of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea and a dependency of Guadeloupe, an overseas departement of France. It lies 16 mi ...
Marie-Louise
Austrian archduchess who became empress of the French (imperatrice des Francais), as the second wife of the emperor Napoleon I; she was later duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla.
Marie-Therese Of Austria
queen consort of King Louis XIV of France (reigned 1643-1715).
Marieberg pottery
Swedish pottery produced at the factory of Marieberg on the island of Kungsholmen, not far from Stockholm, from about 1759 until 1788. When the Marieberg factory, founded by Johann Eberhard ...
Mariental
town, south-central Namibia. It lies at an elevation of 3,576 feet (1,090 m) and is situated 145 miles (232 km) north of Keetmanshoop and 170 miles (274 km) southeast of ...
Marietta
city, seat (1834) of Cobb county, northwestern Georgia, U.S. It lies about 20 miles (30 km) northwest of Atlanta, in the Blue Ridge foothills. A settlement is thought to have ...
Marietta
city, seat (1788) of Washington county, southeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, opposite Williamstown, W.Va. Shortly after the construction (1785) there of ...
Mariette, Auguste
French archaeologist who conducted major excavations throughout Egypt, revealing much about the earlier periods of Egyptian history.
Marignac, Jean-Charles-Galinard de
Swiss chemist whose work with atomic weights suggested the possibility of isotopes and the packing fraction of nuclei and whose study of the rare-earth elements led to his discovery of ...
Marignano, Battle of
(Sept. 13-14, 1515), Franco-Venetian victory over Swiss mercenaries in the first Italian campaign of Francis I of France. Fought near the village of Marignano (modern Melegnano), 10 miles (16 km) ...
Marignolli, Giovanni dei
Franciscan friar and one of four legates sent to the court of the Mongol emperor of China, Togon-Temur, at Khanbaliq (Beijing). Marignolli's notes on the journey, though fragmentary, contain vivid ...
Marigny, Enguerrand de
powerful chamberlain to the French king Philip IV the Fair, who depended heavily on Marigny's advice on foreign policy and on relations between king and church. Marigny was described as ...
marigold
any plant of the genus Tagetes of the family Asteraceae, consisting of about 30 species of annual herbs native to southwestern North America, tropical America, and South America. The name ...
Mariinsky Ballet
prominent Russian ballet company, part of the Mariinsky Theatre of Opera and Ballet in St. Petersburg. Its traditions, deriving from its predecessor, the Imperial Russian Ballet, are based on the ...
Marijampole
administrative centre of a rayon (sector), Lithuania. Marijampole lies along both banks of the Sesupe River. The settlement developed as a monastic centre in the 18th century, when it was ...
marijuana
the Indian hemp plant, Cannabis sativa (cannabis), or the crude drug composed of its leaves and flowers. It is usually dried and crushed and put into pipes ...
Marilia
city, west-central Sao Paulo estado ("state"), Brazil, lying between the Aguapei and Peixe rivers in the highlands at 2,139 feet (652 metres) above sea level. Founded in ...
Marillac, Saint Louise de
cofounder with St. Vincent de Paul of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, a congregation of laywomen dedicated to teaching and hospital work.
marimba
any of several varieties of xylophone. Marimba is one of many African names for the xylophone, and, because African instruments bearing this name frequently have a tuned calabash resonator for ...
Marin, Biagio
Italian poet noted for writing with clarity and simplicity in the unique Venetian dialect spoken on Grado.
Marin, Francisco de Paula
horticultural experimenter who introduced numerous plant species to the Hawaiian Islands.
Marin, John
American painter and printmaker especially known for his expressionistic watercolour seascapes of Maine and his views of Manhattan.
Marina
Mexican Indian princess, one of a group of female slaves given as a peace offering to the Spanish conquistadors by the Tabascan Indians (1519); she became mistress, guide, and interpreter ...
Marinatos, Spyridon
Greek archaeologist whose most notable discovery was the site of an ancient port city on the island of Thera, in the southern Aegean Sea. The city, the name of which ...
Marinduque
island, Philippines, in the Sibuyan Sea, south of Luzon and east of Mindoro. A substantial part of the hilly, oval-shaped island is devoted to agriculture (coconuts, rice). There are also ...
marine
member of a military force especially recruited, trained, and organized for service at sea and in land operations incident to naval campaigns. The use of marines goes far back in ...
Marine Biological Laboratory
independent international research and educational organization founded at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S., in 1888. It was established by the Women's Educational Association of Boston, the Boston Society of Natural History, ...
marine biology
the science that deals with animals and plants that live in the sea. It also deals with air-borne and terrestrial organisms that depend directly upon bodies of salt water for ...
marine ecosystem
complex of living organisms in the ocean environment.
marine geology
scientific discipline that is concerned with all geological aspects of the continental shelves and slopes and the ocean basins. In practice, the principal focus of marine geology has been on ...
marine geophysics
scientific discipline that is concerned with the application of geophysical methods to problems of marine geology. Each of the principal branches of geophysical knowledge is involved: heat-flow data are obtained ...