oblast (province), east-central Belarus, occupying an area of 11,200 square miles (29,000 square km) in the middle Dnieper River lowland, astride the Dnieper, which bisects it north-south. It consists of ...
city and administrative centre of Mahilyow oblast (province), east-central Belarus, on the Dnieper River. It was founded in 1267 as a fortress and became a town in 1526, when it ...
(from the article "Kathmandu") ...earthquake in 1934 resulted in the construction of many modern-style buildings. The city's most notable building is the old palace of the Malla kings, which includes Taleju temple (1549), built ...
(from the article "India") ...referred to the kingdom of Juzr (which is generally identified as Gurjara) and its strong and able ruler, who may have been Bhoja. Of the successors of Bhoja, the only ...
(from the article "India") ...At the end of the 9th century, however, the Pala kingdom declined, with feudatories in Kamarupa (modern Assam) and Utkala (Orissa) taking independent titles. Pala power revived during the reign ...
(from the article "Karnataka") The name Mysore (from the Hindu word for "buffalo town") derives from the destruction of the buffalo-demon Mahisasura by the goddess Camunda. The prehistory of Mysore is lost in legends ...
(from the article "Arabic literature") Such tendencies were at their most vigorous among the writers of the mahjar (the name given to emigre writers in the Americas), but similar movements emerged in ...
(from the article "Sudan, history of the") ...al-Khatim al-Khalifah, the transitional government held elections in April and May 1965 to form a representative government. A coalition government headed by a leading Ummah politician, Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub, was ...
(from the article "Chagatai literature") ...with the poetry created in the other, but, when they created new works, these reflected the dominant literary influences within each linguistic tradition. For example, the Kokandian princess Mahlarayim (Mahilar), ...
Austrian-Jewish composer and conductor noted for his 10 symphonies and various songs with orchestra, which drew together many different strands of Romanticism. Although his music was largely ignored for 50 ... [18 Related Articles]
(from the article "Husayn I") ...Husayn ruled in relative peace for 20 years, while the nation slowly declined. Suddenly he was faced with a series of revolts by his tribal subjects, the most serious of ...
(from the article "Central Asia, history of") ...feuds, internecine rivalry, and Muscovite expansionism. Thus, in the case of the Kazan khanate, its founder Ulugh Muhammad (c. 1437-45) bequeathed the throne to his able son Mahmud (or Mahmutek), ...
(from the article "Ramazan Dynasty") ...of Ottoman territories to the Taurus Mountains and after an Ottoman-Mamluk war in 1485-90, the Ramazan territory assumed strategic importance for the Ottomans. In 1514 the Ramazan ruler Mahmud was ...
(from the article "Necati, Isa") ...entered the service of one of his sovereign's sons, Prince Abdullah. Upon his return to Constantinople, Necati was once again awarded a government post with another of the Sultan's sons, ...
sultan of the kingdom of Ghazna (998-1030), originally comprising modern Afghanistan and northeastern modern Iran but, through his conquests, eventually including northwestern India and most of Iran. He transformed his ... [13 Related Articles]
(from the article "Afghanistan") ...begun by 'Abd al-Rahman was furthered by Habibollah. Western ideals and styles penetrated the Afghan royal court and upper classes. An Afghan nationalist, Mahmud Beg Tarzi, published (1911-18) the periodical ...
(from the article "Junagadh") ...stone) of the emperor Asoka. The peaks of the Girnar Hills are dotted with Jaina temples. A Rajput stronghold until the 15th century, Junagadh was captured in 1472 by Mahmud ...
Ottoman sultan who on succeeding to the throne in 1730 restored order after the Patrona Halil uprising in Constantinople; during his reign the Ottomans fought a successful war against Austria ... [1 Related Articles]
Ottoman sultan (1808-39) whose westernizing reforms helped to consolidate the Ottoman Empire despite defeats in wars and losses of territory. [13 Related Articles]
(from the article "Zangi") When Zangi's father, the governor of Aleppo, was killed in 1094, Zangi fled to Mosul. He served the Seljuq dynasty, and in 1126 the Seljuq sultan, Mahmud II, appointed Zangi ...
(from the article "Central Asian arts") ...style suggests considerable earlier development of the language. Excavations in Chinese Turkistan have brought to light specimens of writings of the Uighur Turks from the 9th to the 11th century. ...
(from the article "Uzbekistan") ...movement known as the New Method (usul-i jadid) during the first two decades of the 20th century. The leaders of the Jadids, as they called themselves, included Munawwar Qari in ...
(from the article "Babur") ...now to deal with the defiant Afghans to the east, who had captured Lucknow while he was facing Rana Sanga. Other Afghans had rallied to Sultan Ibrahim's brother Mahmud Lodi, ...
(from the article "Islamic arts") ...The sources of this school lie with the Timurid academy. Behzad, Sultan Muhammad, Sheykhzadeh, Mir Sayyid 'Ali, Aqa Mirak, and Mahmud Musavvir continued and modified, each in his own way, ...
Ottoman diplomat and grand vizier (served 1871-72 and 1875-76) whose conservative policies and hostility to reforms permitted Sultan Abdulaziz to become an absolute monarch and thereby destroyed the westernizing reforms ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Egypt") ...But the king dismissed him in June and dissolved the parliament in July. In effect, the constitution was suspended, and Egypt was again governed by decree under a Liberal Constitutionalist ...
(from the article "India") Meanwhile, the neighbouring kingdom of Jaunpur developed into a power equal to Delhi during the reign (1402-40) of Ibrahim Sharqi. Ibrahim's successor, Mahmud, conducted expansionist campaigns against Bengal and Orissa ...
(from the article "India") ...had changed by 1246, when Ghiyath al-Din Balban, a junior member of the Forty, had gained enough power to attain a controlling position within the administration of the newest sultan, ...
(from the article "India") ...died in 1482 (of grief over his error in judgment, the chronicles report), the leader of the conspirators, Malik Na'ib, was able to make himself regent for Muhammad's minor son, ...
(from the article "Libya") ...facto) Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi; (nominal) Secretary of the General People's Congress Zentani Muhammad al-Zentani | Head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee (Prime Minister) Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi ...
(from the article "Damietta") ...called Damietta 4 miles (6.4 km) inland on the present site. During both the Mamluk and the Ottoman periods, the town was used as a place of banishment. After the ...
(from the article "conservation") Similar cases of overharvested species are found in terrestrial ecosystems. For example, even when forests are not completely cleared, particularly valuable trees such as mahogany may be selectively logged from ...
any of several tropical hardwood timber trees, especially certain species in the family Meliaceae. One such is Swietenia mahagoni, from tropical America. It is a tall evergreen tree with hard ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "syphilis") ...Much was learned about the course of the disease from the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study (1932-72). The use of antibiotics developed in 1943 after the discovery by the American physician ...
(from the article "Oregon grape") any of several species of the genus Mahonia, evergreen shrubs of the barberry family (Berberidaceae) grown for their ornamental value. M. aquifolium, the typical Oregon grape, is 90 cm (3 ...
(from the article "musical performance") ...(bas, or soft, groups). A similar differentiation exists in Indochinese music in the contrast between the percussion-dominated pi phat band of Thailand and the string-dominated mahori bands of Thailand and ...
(from the article "elephant") ...date to the Indus civilization of the 3rd millennium BC. At Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Pakistan, soapstone carvings depict elephants with cloth on their backs, which indicates use by humans. Mahouts ...
(from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...in 63. Vologeses I (c. AD 51-80) founded the city Vologesias, near Seleucia, as his capital, but the whole area (including Ctesiphon and Seleucia) became an urban complex called Mahoze ...
(from the article "Yemen") ...practice of marrying someone from within one's own kin group) is common, the preferred marriage being with a paternal first cousin of the opposite gender. The practice of
(from the article "Arabia") ...emigrants to the gulf in the early 9th century, but the Baloch, whose ancestors immigrated more recently, have formed a sort of warrior tribe there. In the border regions of ...
former semi-independent state in the southern Arabian Peninsula, including the island of Socotra in the Indian Ocean, in what is now eastern Yemen. The mainland portion of the sultanate, on ...
(from the article "South Arabic language") ...group of Semitic languages, along with Ge'ez, Amharic, Tigre, Tigrinya, and the other Semitic languages of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and The Sudan. Modern dialects of the language include Mahri, Shahri (Ehkali), ...
(from the article "Persian literature") ...the English writer Edward FitzGerald translated Omar's poetry as The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), Omar became to Western readers the greatest Persian poet. Mahsati, a female poet to whom ...
any of several species of edible game fishes of the genus Barbus, in the carp family, Cyprinidae, found in clear rivers and lakes of India and southeastern Asia. Mahseer have ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Ecuador") ...of his erratic and controversial behaviour, and in early 1997 Congress removed him from office and replaced him with Fabian Alarcon Rivera. In elections held in 1998, Quito mayor Jamil ...
(from the article "ephedrine") alkaloid used as a decongestant drug. It is obtainable from plants of the genus Ephedra, particularly the Chinese species E. sinica, and it has been used in China for more ...
(from the article "Iran") ...in 642 completed the Sasanids' vanquishment. Yazdegerd fled to the empire's northeastern outpost, Merv, whose marzban, or march lord, Mahuyeh, was soured by Yazdegerd's imperious and expensive ...
originally a Jewish prayer book arranged according to liturgical chronology and used throughout the entire year. Though cantors (hazzanim) still use such a book, mahzor has come to mean the ... [2 Related Articles]
one of three major sites in northern China's Kansu sheng (province) where rock-cut Buddhist caves and sculpture are found. The more than 190 sculptures now visible are carved in nearly ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Congo, Democratic Republic of the") ...There was fighting in January between dissident soldiers and members of the Congolese army in North Kivu, while 4,000 ill-disciplined troops sent to the southeastern province of Katanga to fight ...
lake in western Congo (Kinshasa), east of the Congo River and south-southeast of Lake Tumba. It covers approximately 890 square miles (2,300 square km) and is about 80 miles (130 ...
(from the article "Pleiades") in Greek mythology, the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas and the Oceanid Pleione: Maia, Electra, Taygete, Celaeno, Alcyone, Sterope, and Merope. They all had children by gods (except Merope, ...
(from the article "Pleiades") ...several hundred stars, of which six or seven can be seen by the unaided eye and have figured prominently in the myths and literature of many cultures. In Greek mythology ...
(from the article "Mercury") ...Greek Hermes, fleet-footed messenger of the gods. His worship was introduced early, and his temple on the Aventine Hill in Rome was dedicated in 495 BC. There he was associated ...
(from the article "Lisbon") ...reconstruction-a good deal of foreign aid was forthcoming-was achieved by Joseph I's prime minister, Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho, the virtual ruler of the country. He put Manuel da Maia, engineer ...
Brazilian singer-songwriter whose mixture of samba and soul made him a major force in Brazilian pop music for over 30 years (b. Sept. 28, 1942, Rio de Janeiro, Braz.--d. March ...
(from the article "Vent, Iles du") ...French Polynesia, in the central South Pacific Ocean. The group is composed of volcanic islands surrounded by coral reefs. The large islands of Tahiti and Moorea lie at the centre ...
duck-billed dinosaurs (hadrosaurs) found as fossils from the Late Cretaceous Period (99 million to 65 million years old) of North America and whose discovery led to the theory that these ...
(from the article "Calcutta") More than 200 parks, squares, and open spaces are maintained by the Calcutta Municipal Corporation. There is, however, very little open space in the overcrowded parts of the city. The ...
(from the article "Dorchester") ...was a sizable Roman British centre, and many remains of the period (including mosaics and ruined villas) have been found. In the south an amphitheatre at Maumbury Rings dates from ...
(from the article "cricket") ...players in the field. If a bowler delivers a complete over without a run being scored from the bat (even though the opponents may have scored extras by means of ...
(from the article "plant") ...and photosynthetic; sperm motile; between 9,000 and 12,000 species; representative genera include Pteridium, Polypodium, Polystichum, Adiantum, and Cyathea.
town, Windsor and Maidenhead unitary authority, historic county of Berkshire, England, on the River Thames. A stone bridge (1772-77) carries the London-Bath road across the river, and the Brunel railway ...
(from the article "Brunel, Isambard Kingdom") ...railway lines in Italy and was an adviser on the construction of the Victorian lines in Australia and the Eastern Bengal Railway in India. His first notable railway works were ...
(from the article "Gahanbar") ...of Tir; 75 days later, Paitishhahya (Harvest-time), in the month of Shatvairo; 30 days later, Ayathrima (possibly Time of Prosperity), in the month of Mitra; 80 days later, Maidhyairya (Midwinter), ...
(from the article "Gahanbar") ...the seasons and possibly the six stages in the creation of the world (the heavens, water, the earth, the vegetable world, the animal world, and man). Each lasting five days, ...
(from the article "Gahanbar") ...world, the animal world, and man). Each lasting five days, the Gahanbars are: Maidhyaoizaremaya (Midspring), occurring in the month of Artavahisht, 41 days after the New Year; 60 days later ...
(from the article "Maidstone") town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Kent, southeastern England, astride the River Medway, 38 miles (61 km) southeast of London. The largely rural borough surrounding the town ...
town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Kent, southeastern England, astride the River Medway, 38 miles (61 km) southeast of London. The largely rural borough surrounding the town ...
(from the article "dinosaur") ...too fragmentary to permit a clear image of either animal. In 1834 a partial skeleton was found near Brighton that corresponded with Mantell's fragments from Tilgate Forest. It became known ...
North American Indians who spoke a language of Penutian stock and originally lived in a territory extending eastward from the Sacramento River to the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountains ... [2 Related Articles]
capital and largest city of Borno state, northeastern Nigeria. It is located on the north bank of the seasonal Ngadda (Alo) River, the waters of which disappear in the firki ... [1 Related Articles]
Just two years after leaving his job as a bricklayer to join the Austrian national ski team, Hermann Maier stormed into the Winter Olympic Games in February 1998 at Nagano, ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "alchemy") ...was complicated by the fact that some alchemists were turning from gold making not to medicine but to a quasi-religious alchemy reminiscent of the Greek Synesius. Rudolf II made the ...
(from the article "Mali") Area: 1,248,574 sq km (482,077 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 11,995,000 | Capital: Bamako | Chief of state: President Amadou Toumani Toure | Head of government: Prime Ministers ...
(from the article "Simenon, Georges") ...novel to appear under his own name was Pietr-le-Letton (1929; The Strange Case of Peter the Lett), in which he introduced the imperturbable, pipe-smoking Parisian police inspector Jules Maigret to ...
(from the article "law, philosophy of") It has been tempting for many to seek kinships between natural law and Existentialism, as was attempted by the German legal philosopher Werner Maihofer. Such efforts seem, however, destined to ...
mountain range in Madhya Pradesh state, central India, running in a north-south direction and forming the eastern base of the triangular Satpura Range. The Maikala Range consists of laterite-capped, flat-topped ... [1 Related Articles]
reserve in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, about equidistant from Bukavu, in the great Western Rift Valley just south of Lake Kivu, at the Rwandan border, and Kisangani, about ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "enamelwork") ...to be on ornaments discovered in a cemetery in the Kuban, close to the Caucasus, variously dated between the 9th and 7th centuries BC; but the most important of these ...
(from the article "mail") the postal matter consigned under public authority from one person or post office to another. See postal system.commercial aviation historyairplaneFormation ...
(from the article "postal system") ...the principles of Rowland Hill: a single uniform rate regardless of distance was adopted in 1863 (after an interim period with two rates since 1845), and postage stamps were introduced ...
(from the article "postal system") The third stage is the arrival of the mail at the sorting office of the final destination, where it is sorted systematically. The items finally recover their identity and are ...
(from the article "postal system") Since the 1950s there has been a marked intensification of research and development efforts to apply technology to the handling of mails, especially in countries faced by manpower problems and ...
(from the article "postal system") The collection and sorting of individual items by the most economic method, concentrating together all items that are going to the same place or in the same direction, involves the ...
method of merchandising in which the seller's offer is made through mass mailing of a circular or catalog or through an advertisement placed in a newspaper or magazine and in ... [6 Related Articles]
American novelist and journalist, best known for using a form of journalism-called New Journalism-that combines the imaginative subjectivity of literature with the more objective qualities of journalism. Both Mailer's fiction ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "food preservation") Another chemical reaction that causes major food spoilage is nonenzymatic browning, also known as the Maillard reaction. This reaction takes place between reducing sugars (simple monosaccharides capable of carrying out ...
