(from the article "iqta'") ...government to extract any payments from the officers, and the Buyids, an Iranian dynasty (reigned 932-1062), made the iqta' a grant of usufruct by which the muqta' (recipient officer) collected ...
(from the article "Cid, the") ...for military prowess. In 1067 he accompanied Sancho on a campaign against the important Moorish kingdom of Zaragoza (Saragossa) and played a leading role in the negotiations that made its ...
(from the article "hudud, al-") ...embodied in Salamah ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab as-Samirri; and the fifth is the Succeeder (at-Tali, or Left Wing [al-Janah al-Aysar]), personified by al-Muqtana Baha' ad-Din. Each of these principles, the true ...
(from the article "Alps") A distinctive Alpine pastoral economy that evolved through the centuries has been modified since the 19th century by industry based on indigenous raw materials, such as the industries in the ...
South American Indian people of the Amazon tropical forest of western Brazil. The Mura originally inhabited the right bank of the lower Madeira River near the mouth of the Jamari ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "painting, Western") ...the characteristic Late Baroque fragmentation of the composition. He himself supplied large paintings to patrons all over Europe, and his pupils occupied key positions in the mid-18th century. Francesco de ...
(from the article "biblical literature") ...This applies to fragments of Leviticus, Deuteronomy, Ezekiel, and Psalms discovered at Masada (the Jewish fortress destroyed by the Romans in CE 73), as well as to the finds at ...
(from the article "Egypt") ...the oases, are of mixed Arab and Amazigh (Berber) descent. They are divided into two groups, the Sa'adi (not to be confused with the Sa'idi, Upper Egyptians) and the Murabitin. ...
(from the article "Ak Koyunlu") ...Esma'il I. In his retreat from the Safavid armies, Alwand in his turn destroyed an autonomous Ak Koyunlu state in Mardin, Diyar Bakr (1503). The last Ak Koyunlu ruler, Murad, ...
(from the article "Samugarh, Battle of") ...a contest for the throne between the sons of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan after the emperor's serious illness in September 1657. The battle was fought between the princes Aurangzeb ...
(from the article "Pyramids, Battle of the") ...square; it was fought during his Egyptian campaign near Embabeh (Imbabah), on the west bank of the Nile River. Napoleon's 25,000-man Army of Egypt faced perhaps 40,000 Egyptians led by ...
(from the article "Ottoman Empire") ...Ottoman exiles in Paris, Geneva, and Cairo, where they helped prepare the ground for revolution by developing a comprehensive critique of the Hamidian system. The most noteworthy among these were ...
Ottoman sultan who ruled from 1360 to 1389. Murad's reign witnessed rapid Ottoman expansion in Anatolia and the Balkans and the emergence of new forms of government and administration to ... [7 Related Articles]
Ottoman sultan (1421-44 and 1446-51) who expanded and consolidated Ottoman rule in the Balkans, pursued a policy of restraint in Anatolia, and helped lead the empire to recovery after its ... [7 Related Articles]
Ottoman sultan in 1574-95 whose reign saw lengthy wars against Iran and Austria and social and economic deterioration within the Ottoman state. [2 Related Articles]
Ottoman sultan from 1623 to 1640 whose heavy-handed rule put an end to prevailing lawlessness and rebelliousness and who is renowned as the conqueror of Baghdad. [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Jelali Revolts") ...however, continued under the leadership of Janbuladoglu in Aleppo and Yusuf Pasa and Kalenderoglu in western Anatolia. They were finally suppressed by the grand vizier Kuyucu Murad Pasa, who by ...
Ottoman sultan from May to August 1876, whose liberal disposition brought him to the throne after the deposition of his autocratic uncle Abdulaziz. [3 Related Articles]
American pharmacologist, who, along with Robert F. Furchgott and Louis J. Ignarro, was co-awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Turkmenistan") ...continued to draw harsh reprisals. Human rights activists were accused of working with the opposition in exile, and foreign diplomats were accused of helping them. Radio Liberty journalist Ogulsapar Muradova ...
(from the article "Japan") ...Yamato court was thus headed by a hereditary ruler, while its members were drawn from the group of powerful clan leaders awarded kabane (titles). The two major titles appear to ...
By 2005 Takashi Murakami, who had been dubbed the Japanese Andy Warhol, had reached a new level of success in his career as an artist, curator, product designer, theorist, and ...
(from the article "Japan") ...Nippon Broadcasting System (NBS), guilty of padding profits in the balance sheet of his company, Livedoor, an Internet services provider. In a separate case in July, the court convicted fund ...
(from the article "Japan") ...organs of the common people. In any case, there was a marked growth in popular knowledge over the two and half centuries of Tokugawa rule. As an example, "village conflicts" ...
a painting applied to and made integral with the surface of a wall or ceiling. The term may properly include painting on fired tiles but ordinarily does not refer to ... [42 Related Articles]
(from the article "Flamsteed, John") ...instruments at Greenwich, apart from a few gifts; he was forced to take private pupils to augment his income. A small inheritance from his father, who died in 1688, provided ...
In May 2003 Sri Lankan spin bowler Muttiah Muralitharan became the third cricketer in history to take 450 Test wickets, placing him behind Courtney Walsh of the West Indies (with ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Zimbabwe") ...accredited by the Zimbabwean government to observe proceedings-determined that the election met the will of the people. Shortly after the parliamentary election, the government launched "Operation Murambatsvina," a cleanup campaign ...
(from the article "nashiji") ...technique were developed, such as e-nashiji, in which nashiji is applied to parts of the design. Later, in the Tokugawa period (1603-1867), more variations were devised-muranashi-ji, for example, in which ...
island, north of Venice, in Veneto region, northeastern Italy, with an area of 1,134 acres (459 hectares) in the Laguna Veneta (Venice Lagoon). It was founded between the 5th and ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "hal") Though the Sufis spoke of hundreds of ahwal, the following are among those most often referred to. (1) The hal of muraqabah ("watching") fills the Sufi with either fear or ...
(from the article "South Asian arts") Many of the paintings produced at the imperial atelier are preserved in the albums assembled for Jahangir and his son Shah Jahan. The Muraqqah-e Gulshan is the most spectacular. (Most ...
court lady who was the author of the Genji monogatari (The Tale of Genji), generally considered the greatest work of Japanese literature and thought ... [9 Related Articles]
river, the major headstream of the Euphrates. In antiquity it was called Arsanias. The river rises north of Lake Van near Mount Ararat, in eastern Turkey, and flows westward for ... [1 Related Articles]
French cavalry leader who was one of Napoleon's most celebrated marshals and who, as king of Naples (1808-15), lent stimulus to Italian nationalism. [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "arts, East Asian") ...spiritual conviviality, the tea ceremony grew in complexity. Tea competitions (tocha) with the goal of discerning various blends began to be held in the Muromachi period and were espoused by ...
(from the article "patristic literature") ...too, admired works such as I Clement, Barnabas, and the Shepherd of Hermas were translated into Latin. The oldest original Latin texts are probably ...
(from the article "Bulgaria") ...created panic in Sofia. When Bagrianov's attempt to proclaim Bulgarian neutrality was rejected as insufficient by both Britain and the Soviet Union, the prime minister resigned and was replaced by ...
(from the article "January Insurrection") ...strong leadership for the revolutionary movement (mid-October), the rebellion had lost its dynamism. The Lithuanian insurrection had been brutally crushed by the "hangman of Vilnius," Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov; the new ...
Russian diplomat and statesman who at the end of the 19th century directed Russia's activities in the Far East and played a major role in developments leading to the outbreak ... [1 Related Articles]
Russian statesman and explorer whose efforts led to the expansion of the Russian Empire to the Pacific. In 1860 he planted the Russian flag at what was to become the ... [1 Related Articles]
American baseball player and broadcaster was a dependable centrefielder and batter who was named to five consecutive All-Star teams (for the New York Yankees [1971-74] and the San Francisco Giants ...
(from the article "South Asian arts") ...pramana ("measuring") sruti, presumably served as a standard of measurement. In terms of this standard it was determined that the intervals of the murchanas were of three different sizes, consisting ...
waterfall on the lower Victoria Nile River in northwestern Uganda, 20 miles (32 km) east of Lake Albert. The Victoria Nile passes through many miles of rapids before narrowing to ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Principal national parks of the world") Much of southern Uganda has been deforested, but a significant portion of the country's area has been placed in its 10 national parks. Murchison Falls National Park-the largest such park ...
meteorite that fell as a shower of stones (see meteorite shower) in Victoria, Austl., in 1969. More than 100 kg (220 pounds) of the meteorite were collected and distributed to ...
(from the article "Africa") ...rutile, are widely distributed in Africa but are rarely considered as minable reserves. A major source is the Sherbro deposit in Sierra Leone. Almost all of Africa's antimony resources lie ...
ephemeral river in Western Australia, rising north of Meekatharra on Peak Hill in the Robinson Ranges and fed by its tributaries, the Sandford and Roderick. It flows sporadically (chiefly in ...
independent Muslim (Moorish) kingdom centred on the city of Murcia (Arabic: Mursiyah), Spain. It came into being on two occasions: first in the 11th century, following the disintegration of the ... [2 Related Articles]
city, capital of Murcia provincia (province) and comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), southeastern Spain. It lies at the confluence of the Segura and Guadalentin (Sangonera) ... [1 Related Articles]
comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) and historical region of southeastern Spain that is coextensive with the provincia (province) of Murcia. It is bounded by the ...
Australian architect who was noted for designing innovative climate-sensitive private houses. He was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2002. [1 Related Articles]
in criminal law, the unjustified killing of one person by another, usually distinguished from the crime of manslaughter by the element of malice aforethought. See homicide. [27 Related Articles]
in popular usage, an arm of the American national crime syndicate, founded in the 1930s to threaten, maim, or murder designated victims for a price; the organization lacked an official ... [3 Related Articles]
New Zealand pharmacist, veterinary chemist, and inventor held patents on some 46 inventions, most notably the first disposable sterile prefilled hypodermic syringe, which he devised (1956) at age 27 while ...
(from the article "Curling") In Victoria, B.C., Randy Ferbey's Canadian team won its third men's world championship in four years. Ferbey won eight consecutive games, including a tiebreaker, and easily defeated Scotland's David Murdoch ...
Australian-born newspaper publisher and media entrepreneur, founder and head of the global media holding company the News Corporation Ltd., which governed News Limited (Australia), News International (U.K.), and News America ... [9 Related Articles]
(from the article "Australian literature") The character of the times is perhaps best represented in the work of such diverse writers as Mary Gilmore, Walter Murdoch, and Miles Franklin. The life span of each of ...
American anthropologist who specialized in comparative ethnology, the ethnography of African and Oceanic peoples, and social theory. He is perhaps most notable as the originator, in 1937, of the Cross-Cultural ... [6 Related Articles]
In 1997 Rick Murdock, CEO of CellPro, Inc., a small biotechnology firm based in Bothell, Wash., was in the midst of a battle for the company that had saved his ...
(from the article "Sulpicius Rufus, Servius") After studying rhetoric with Cicero and deciding that he could not become an outstanding orator, Sulpicius turned to the law. In 63 he was a candidate for the consulship, but ...
(from the article "Maecenas, Gaius") ...dynastic hopes and worked for the eventual succession of Marcellus, the emperor's nephew. Meanwhile, Maecenas had recently married the beautiful, petulant Terentia. Her brother by adoption, Varro Murena, quarreled with ...
judet (county), north-central Romania, occupying an area of 2,585 square miles (6,696 square km). The eastern Carpathian Mountains, including the Calim and Gurghiu ranges, rise above settlement areas in the ...
river, rising in the Giurgeu Range in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains, east-central Romania. It cuts a gorge between the Caliman and Gurghiu ranges, crosses the Transylvanian Basin southwestward, and then ...
(from the article "Raymond VI") ...were led by Simon de Montfort (father of Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, famous in English history), and Raymond found himself obliged to defend his lands against their ambitions. ...
any of the marine snails constituting the family Muricidae (subclass Prosobranchia of the class Gastropoda). Typically the elongated or heavy shell is elaborately spined or frilled. The family occurs throughout ... [2 Related Articles]
American writer in the local-colour movement, most of whose stories present the narrow, stern life of the Tennessee mountaineers who were left behind in the advance of civilization. [1 Related Articles]
city, seat (1811) of Rutherford county, central Tennessee, U.S., on the West Fork Stones River, about 30 miles (50 km) southeast of Nashville. Settled near the end of the American ...
(from the article "Castro, Rosalia de") In 1858 Castro married the historian Manuel Murguia (1833-1923), a champion of the Galician Renaissance. Although she was the author of a number of novels, she is best known for ...
town and traditional emirate, northwestern Taraba state, eastern Nigeria. Originally part of the 17th-century Jukun kingdom called Kororofa, the region now known as Muri emirate was conquered in the 1804 ...
(from the article "South Asian arts") The bison-horn dance of the Muria tribe in Madhya Pradesh is performed by both men and women, who traditionally have lived on equal terms. The men wear a horned headdress ...
(from the article "gastropod") ...(with 2 denticles) radula; shell often with long siphonal canal; proboscis well developed and often extensible; shells generally large; all marine.Murex shells (Muricidae), rock shells (Purpuridae), and coral shells ...
largest extant rodent family, indeedthe largest of all mammalian families, encompassing more than 1,383 species of the "true" mice and rats. Two-thirds of all rodent species and genera belong to ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Senegal") ...practiced through involvement in groups known as Muslim brotherhoods. In Senegal the three primary brotherhoods are the Qadiri (Qadiriyyah), the Tijani (Tijaniyyah), and the Mourides (Murid, Muridiyyah). Spiritual leaders known ...
legendary bandit who became a hero of the Mexican-Americans in California. Facts of his life are few and elusive, and some historians consider him a mythic figure.
the most popular Baroque religious painter of 17th-century Spain, noted for his idealized, sometimes precious manner. Among his chief patrons were the religious orders, especially the Franciscans, and the confraternities ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Some disease-causing rickettsiae") Endemic, or murine, typhus, caused by Rickettsia typhi, has as its principal reservoir of infection the Norway rat; occasionally, the common house mouse and other species of ...
French philosopher and mathematician who was a leading proponent of the new musical style of the 14th century. In his treatise Ars novae musicae (1319; "The Art of the New ...
Scottish lexicographer who was editor of the 10-volume Scottish National Dictionary from 1946 until it was completed in 1976; his work was credited with having given the language respectability and ...
(from the article "Germany") Germany has relatively few lakes. The greatest concentration comprises the shallow lakes of the postglacial lowland of the northeast. The largest natural lake in the region is Lake Muritz (44 ...
(from the article "Baghdad") ...in Tahrir ("Liberation") Square, depicting the struggle of the Iraqi people to achieve liberty before the 1958 revolution, and Muhammad Ghani's "Murjana Monument," which depicts Murjana, Ali Baba's housekeeper in ...
one of the earliest Islamic sects to believe in the postponement (irja') of judgment on committers of serious sins, recognizing God alone as being able to decide whether or not ...
oblast (province), northwestern Russia, with an area of 55,950 sq mi (144,900 sq km) occupying the Kola Peninsula between the White and Barents seas. Its upland blocks and mountain massifs, ...
seaport and centre of Murmansk oblast (region), northwestern Russia, lying 125 mi (200 km) north of the Arctic Circle, and on the eastern shore of Kola Bay, ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Shahdol") town, northeastern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies along the Murna River, about 110 miles (177 km) northwest of Bilaspur. The town is an agricultural market and is a ...
German motion-picture director who revolutionized the art of cinematic expression by using the camera subjectively to interpret the emotional state of a character. [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "German literature") ...they became part of an important intellectual coalition against the Roman Catholic party. The satiric mode of literature set the tone for popular polemics such as the "fool" satires of ...
noted Japanese Confucian scholar who, as a leading government official, helped propagate the philosophy of the famous Chinese Confucian thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200). Muro interpreted Zhu Xi's emphasis on loyalty ...
