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m: (from the article "Romance languages") An archaic feature that does recur in Vulgar Latin is the loss of word-final m, of which virtually no trace remains in Romance. It is possible, however, that the written ...
M: (from the article "applied logic") These foundational alethic systems differ by virtue of the different axioms and rules adopted for such modalities as necessity, possibility, and contingency. In the system designated M, for example, developed ...
M band: (from the article "muscle") ...a narrow, lightly stained region that contains bare thick filaments without cross bridges and is called the pseudo-H zone. In the centre of the A band is a narrow, darkly ...
M bridge: (from the article "muscle") ...Sections through the H zone contain only thick filaments arranged in the same hexagonal pattern they form in the overlap region. In the M band the hexagonal array of thick ...
M'ba, Leon: first president of independent Gabon, whose regime, after an abortive 1964 coup, came to depend on French government and business support. [1 Related Articles]
M'banza Congo: city, northwestern Angola. It is situated on a low plateau about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Noqui, which is the nearest point on the Congo River. Originally known as ... [1 Related Articles]
M'Barek, Sghair Ould: (from the article "Mauritania") ...of state: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and, from August 3, Chairman of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy Ely Ould Mohamed Vall | Head of government: Prime ...
M'Carthy, Justin: Irish politician and historian who first made his name as a novelist with such successes as Dear Lady Disdain (1875) and Miss Misanthrope (1878) but then published his History of ...
M'Carthy, Sir Charles: (from the article "Laing, Alexander Gordon") Serving with the British army in Sierra Leone (1822), Laing was sent among the Mande people of the region by the governor, Charles (later Sir Charles) M'Carthy, to attempt to ...
M'Clure Strait: eastern arm of the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is about 170 miles (270 km) long and 60 miles (90 km) wide. In western Franklin District, Northwest Territories, ...
M'Goun, Mount: (from the article "High Atlas") ...for 460 miles (740 km), from the Atlantic Coast to the Algerian border. Many peaks exceed an elevation of 12,000 feet (3,660 metres), including Mount Ayachi (12,260 feet [3,737 metres]), ...
M'Naghten's Case: (from the article "Cockburn, Sir Alexander James Edmund, 10th Baronet") ...in Britain and in the United States as well, where it stood until rejected in 1933 by Federal Judge John Woolsey in the case involving James Joyce's Ulysses. Another of ...
M'Sila: town, north-central Algeria. It is situated on the Plains of Hodna between the saline lake Chott el-Hodna (south) and the east-west extending Hodna Mountains to the north at an elevation ...
M'zab: region containing five towns, one of the major groups of oases of the Sahara, central Algeria. It was founded in the early 11th century by M'zabite Berbers. The M'zab was ...
M'zabite: member of a Berber people who inhabit the M'zab oases of southern Algeria. Members of the Ibadiyah subsect of the Muslim Kharijite sect, the M'zabites are descendants of the Ibadi ... [2 Related Articles]
M-20: (from the article "rocket and missile system") Beginning in 1971, France deployed a series of solid-fueled SLBMs comprising the M-1, M-2 (1974), and M-20 (1977). The M-20, with a range of 1,800 miles, carried a one-megaton warhead. ...
M-4: (from the article "rocket and missile system") Beginning in 1985, France upgraded its SLBM force with the M-4, a three-stage MIRVed missile capable of carrying six 150-kiloton warheads to ranges of 3,600 miles.
M-class asteroid: (from the article "Asteroid taxonomic classes") ...surface. As pointed out above in the section Composition, at least two asteroids with basaltic surfaces, Vesta and Magnya, survive to this day. Other differentiated asteroids, found today among the ...
M-mode echocardiography: (from the article "human cardiovascular system") ...refers to a group of tests that use ultrasound (sound waves above frequencies audible to humans) to examine the heart and record information in the form of echoes, or reflected ...
M-scan: (from the article "ultrasonics") ...uses a single transducer to scan along a line in the body, and the echoes are plotted as a function of time. This technique is used for measuring the distances ...
M-theory: (from the article "string theory") By the mid-1990s, these and other obstacles were again eroding the ranks of string theorists. But in 1995 another breakthrough reinvigorated the field. Edward Witten of the Institute for Advanced ...
M-type star: (from the article "stellar classification") ...spectral lines caused by metals. The Sun is a class G star; these are yellow, with surface temperatures of 5,000-6,000 K. Class K stars are yellow to orange, at about ...
M. H. de Young Memorial Museum: (from the article "Libraries and Museums") Following a five-year closure, San Francisco's M.H. de Young Memorial Museum celebrated its 110th anniversary in 2005 by reopening in a landmark building designed by Swiss architects Herzog & de ...
M.G.: (from the article "British Leyland Motor Corporation, Ltd.") ...(later 1st Viscount Nuffield) founded a garage in Oxford, which after 1910 became known as Morris Garages Limited. In the 1920s, with Cecil Kimber as general manager, it began producing ...
M.S. Hershey Foundation: (from the article "Hershey, Milton Snavely") ...refusal to advertise its products. The company town of Hershey received many public amenities under his firm but benevolent control. In 1918 Hershey turned over the bulk of his fortune ...
M103: (from the article "tank") For a time the U.S. Army also subscribed to a policy of developing heavy as well as medium tanks. But the heavy M103 tank, armed with a 120-millimetre gun, was ...
M113: (from the article "tank") In 1955 the M75 began to be replaced by the M59, which was similar in appearance but was less expensive and could swim across calm inland waters. In 1960 came ...
M13: (from the article "star cluster") Though several globular clusters, such as Omega Centauri and Messier 13 in the constellation Hercules, are visible to the unaided eye as hazy patches of light, attention was paid to ...
M14 rifle: (from the article "small arm") ...To fire this new round, the United States produced an improved version of the M1 rifle, featuring a 20-round detachable magazine and being capable of selective fire. Called the U.S. ...
M15: (from the article "nebula") Among nebulae so far discovered, two are particularly deviant in chemical composition: one is in the globular cluster M15 and the other in the halo (tenuous outer regions) of the ...
M16 rifle: assault rifle adopted as a standard weapon by the U.S. Army in 1967. The M16 superseded the M14 rifle. It is gas-operated and has both semiautomatic (i.e., autoloading) and fully ... [1 Related Articles]
M16A1 rifle: (from the article "small arm") ...air force purchased the AR-15, renaming it the M16. Six years later, with units in Vietnam finding the weapon very effective under the close conditions of jungle warfare, the army ...
M16A2 rifle: (from the article "small arm") ...a standard 5.56-millimetre NATO cartridge. This fired a brass-jacketed projectile that, having a heavier lead core and steel nose, was lethal at longer ranges than the original AR-15 bullet. The ...
M1911 Colt pistol: (from the article "small arm") ...and breechblock continued back, ejecting the spent case and cocking the hammer, until a spring forced them forward while a fresh cartridge was picked up from a seven-round magazine in ...
M1A1: (from the article "tank") ...S-tank, the Japanese Type 74, and the Mark 1 and 2 versions of the Israeli Merkava. It was also retained in the original version of the U.S. M1 tank developed ...
M2: (from the article "half-track") ...half-tracks had shorter tracks and tended to be capable of faster road speeds. Some types functioned as armoured personnel carriers, while others were used to carry ammunition and tow guns. ...
M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle: (from the article "tank") Another tracked armoured infantry vehicle was the U.S. M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle, introduced in the 1980s. This 10-man vehicle weighed 22.6 tons and had a two-man turret with a ...
M2 machine gun: (from the article "small arm") ...infantry missions until foot soldiers encountered armoured vehicles. During the 1930s, many higher-powered weapons were adopted, although only two had outstanding success. One was the United States' M2 Heavy Barrel ...
M20: (from the article "bazooka") ...penetrate as much as 5 inches (127 mm) of armour plate. To escape backblast, the operator held the bazooka on his shoulder with about half the tube protruding behind him. ...
M22: (from the article "star cluster") ...patches of light, attention was paid to them only after the invention of the telescope. The first record of a globular cluster, in the constellation Sagittarius, dates to 1665 (it ...
M3: (from the article "Milky Way Galaxy") ...of this peak in the data is related to the richness of the horizontal branch, which is in turn related to the age and chemical composition of the stars in ...
M3: (from the article "submachine gun") ...the British 9 mm Sten gun; the Soviet 7.62 mm PPSh M1941 and PPS M1943; the German Schmeisser MP38 and MP40; the Israeli Uzi submachine gun (q.v.); the Czech Model ...
M3 General Grant: (from the article "tank") ...German and Soviet tanks. As a result, during 1943 and 1944, British armoured divisions were mostly equipped with U.S.-built M4 Sherman medium tanks. The M4 was preceded by the mechanically ...
M30: (from the article "artillery") ...owing to the spin imparted to the bomb. The difficulty here was to arrange for the bomb to be drop-loaded freely and yet engage the rifling once the propelling charge ...
M32 Tank Recovery vehicle: (from the article "Sherman tank") ...equipped with extendable and collapsible skirts that made it buoyant enough to be launched from a landing craft and make its way to shore under propeller power. The M4 also ...
M33: (from the article "Members of the Local Group of galaxies") M33 in the constellation Triangulum-a spiral galaxy with thick, loose arms (an Sc system in the Hubble classification scheme)-has about 300 known clusters, not many of which have globular characteristics. ...
M47: (from the article "tank") ...tanks. But the heavy M103 tank, armed with a 120-millimetre gun, was only built in small numbers in the early 1950s. As a result, virtually the only battle tanks the ...
M48: (from the article "tank") ...But the heavy M103 tank, armed with a 120-millimetre gun, was only built in small numbers in the early 1950s. As a result, virtually the only battle tanks the U.S. ...
M60: (from the article "tank") ...guns. After the mid-1950s the M47 tanks were passed on to the French, Italian, Belgian, West German, Greek, Spanish, and Turkish armies, and during the 1960s the M48 began to ...
M60A2: (from the article "tank") ...launchers. These were to provide tanks with a combination of the armour-piercing capabilities of large shaped-charge warheads with the high accuracy at long range of guided missiles. The U.S. M60A2 ...
M67: (from the article "star") ...colour-magnitude array. These clusters contain a number of white dwarfs, indicating that the initially most luminous stars have already run the gamut of evolution. In a very old cluster such ...
M72: (from the article "bazooka") ...their short effective range (about 120 yards [110 metres]). For this reason, beginning in the Vietnam War the U.S. Army abandoned bazookas in favour of light antitank weapons, or LAWs, ...
M75: (from the article "tank") In the postwar era the U.S. Army led in developing fully tracked carriers with all-around armour protection. The first postwar carrier was the large M44. This was followed in 1952 ...
M79: (from the article "small arm") ...accuracy remained poor. An effective answer was a shoulder-fired grenade launcher developed in the 1950s by the Springfield Armory. Resembling a single-shot, break-open, sawed-off shotgun, the M79 lobbed a 40-millimetre, ...
M9 pistol: (from the article "small arm") ...was picked up from a seven-round magazine in the grip. The M1911 Colt did not begin being replaced until 1987. Its successor, the nine-millimetre Italian Beretta, given the NATO designation ...
Ma: (from the article "Anatolian religion") ...by musicians. Her name and her association with the lion cannot be separated from the Hittite Kubaba, whose cult had spread from Carchemish to the borders of Phrygia, but the ...
Ma Chih-yuan: (from the article "Chinese literature") ...Yuan Chen, renamed Chang Chun-jui in the play. Besides its literary merits and its influence on later drama, it is notable for its length, two or three times that of ...
Ma Chung-ying: (from the article "Kansu") ...shrank substantially when Sinkiang, Tsinghai, and Ningsia became independent provinces in 1928. During the 1920s and '30s the province was controlled by Muslim warlords. The provincial leader, Ma Chung-ying, of ...
Ma clan: (from the article "Ningsia") ...continued well into the 20th century. After 1911 the region came under the control of Muslim warlords, and Ningsia, as part of the "Muslim" belt, became part of the political ...
Ma Duanlin: Chinese historian who wrote the Wenxian tongkao ("General Study of the Literary Remains"), a huge encyclopaedia of general knowledge. This work, with the works of two other ... [2 Related Articles]
Ma Ho-chih: (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...legitimize their necessary but technically unlawful assumption of power by supporting works illustrating the ancient classics and traditional virtues. Such works, by artists including Li T'ang and Ma Ho-chih, often ...
Ma Junren: (from the article "Wang Junxia") Born to a peasant family, Wang took up long-distance running as a teenager. She was soon coached by Ma Junren, who was known for his demanding and sometimes cruel training ...
Ma Lin: (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...the primacy of landscape painting was reasserted. The tradition of Li T'ang was turned, however, in an increasingly romantic and dreamlike direction by the great masters Ma Yuan, his son ...
Ma River: river, northern Vietnam, one of the longest of the region, rising in the northwest. It flows southeastward through Laos for about 50 miles (80 km), cutting gorges through uplands to ... [1 Related Articles]
Ma Ying-jeou: Hong Kong-born politician who was chairman of the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang; 2005-07) and who in 2008 became president of the Republic of China (Taiwan). [3 Related Articles]
Ma Yuan: Chinese general who helped establish the Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty (25-220 CE) after the usurpation of power by the minister Wang Mang ended the Xi (Western) Han dynasty (206 BCE-25 ... [1 Related Articles]
Ma Yuan: influential Chinese landscape painter whose work, together with that of Xia Gui, formed the basis of the Ma-Xia school of painting. Ma occasionally painted flowers, but his genius lay in ... [3 Related Articles]
Ma'adi, Al-: predynastic Egyptian site located just south of present-day Cairo in Lower Egypt. The settlement at Al-Ma'adi was approximately contemporary with the Amratian and Gerzean cultures of Upper Egypt. Al-Ma'adi was ...
Ma'afu: (from the article "Fiji") ...of Bau, a tiny island off the east coast of Viti Levu, ruled first by Naulivou and then by his nephew Cakobau. By the 1850s Bau dominated western Fiji. Cakobau's ...
ma'amadot: (Hebrew: "stands," or "posts"), 24 groups of Jewish laymen that witnessed, by turns of one week each, the daily sacrifice in the Second Temple of Jerusalem as representatives of the ...
Ma'an: town, southern Jordan. It is a regional trade centre for the sparsely settled southern part of the country, which is inhabited mainly by the Huwaytat and other Bedouin tribes. Once ...
Ma'anshan: city and industrial centre in southeastern Anhui sheng (province). Ma'anshan is situated on the south bank of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) some 22 miles (35 km) ...
Ma'arri, al-: great Arab poet, known for his virtuosity and for the originality and pessimism of his vision. [4 Related Articles]
ma'ase bereshit: (from the article "Ishmael ben Elisha") The literature of the tanna period dealing with mysticism mentions Ishmael, and a number of mystical works are attributed to him, including several of the type known as ma'ase bereshit ...
ma'ase Merkava: (from the article "Ishmael ben Elisha") ...Ishmael, and a number of mystical works are attributed to him, including several of the type known as ma'ase bereshit ("work of creation") and several in the genre of ma'ase ...
Ma'bad: (from the article "Islamic arts") ...of Persian ancestry; Ibn Surayj, son of a Persian slave and noted for his elegies and improvisations (murtajal); his pupil al-Gharid, born of a Berber family; and the Negro Ma'bad. ...
Ma'bar: (from the article "India") Ma'bar, the first among the rebel states to emerge in south India, was founded at Madurai by the erstwhile Tughluq general Jalal al-Din Ahsan Shah in 1335. Lasting only 43 ...
Ma'dan: (from the article "Iraq") ...northwest of Baghdad, were traditionally inhabited by nomadic Bedouin tribes, but few of these people remain in Iraq. Another lifestyle under threat is that of the Shi'ite marsh dwellers (Madan) ...
Ma'dan-e Karkar: (from the article "Afghanistan") Petroleum resources have proved to be insignificant. Many coal deposits have been found in the northern slopes of the Hindu Kush. Major coal fields are at Ma'dan-e Karkar and Eshposhteh, ...
Ma'in: (from the article "Arabia, history of") The Minaean kingdom (Ma'in) lasted from the 4th to the 2nd century BC and was predominantly a trading organization that, for the period, monopolized the trade routes. References to Ma'in ...
Ma'in: ancient South Arabian kingdom that flourished in the 4th-2nd century BC in what is now northern Yemen. The Minaeans were a peaceful community of traders whose government showed features of ... [5 Related Articles]
Ma'lula: village in southern Syria about 30 mi (50 km) north of Damascus. The houses are built on the slopes of a huge cirque of rocks that encloses the village; the ...
Ma'mun, al-: seventh 'Abbasid caliph (813-833), known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in Islam and to impose upon his subjects a rationalist Muslim creed. [16 Related Articles]
Ma'n: (from the article "Lebanon") ...there grew up families of notables who controlled the land and established a feudal relation with the cultivators; some were Christian, some Druze, who were politically dominant. From them arose ...
Ma'nu VII: (from the article "Osroene") ...the other. Finally, the Roman emperor Trajan deposed Abgar VII, king of Osroene, after quelling a Mesopotamian revolt of AD 116, and foreign princes occupied the throne. In AD 123, ...
Ma'rib: town and historic site, north-central Yemen. It is famous as the location of the ancient fortified city of Ma'rib and its associated dam, principal centre of the pre-Islamic state of ... [3 Related Articles]
Ma'rib dam: (from the article "dam") The Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians built dams between 700 and 250 BC for water supply and irrigation. Contemporary with these was the earthen Ma'rib Dam in the southern Arabian Peninsula, ...
ma'yong: (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") The ma'yong, a dance drama that probably dates back more than 1,000 years, was introduced in Kelantan under the patronage of the royal courts. In the 20th century it existed ...
Ma, Yo-Yo: French-born American cellist known for his extraordinary technique and rich tone. His frequent collaborations with musicians and artists from other genres and media reinvigorated classical music and expanded its audience. [2 Related Articles]
Ma-an Mountains: (from the article "Shansi") ...output. Proven reserves of anthracite and high-grade coking coal have supported the development of heavy industry and thermal generation of electricity. Iron ore is mined from vast deposits in the ...
Ma-ch'uan River: (from the article "Tibet") ...flows west to become the Sutlej River in western India; the K'ung-ch'ueh River flows into the Kauriala to eventually join the Ganges River; and the Ma-ch'uan River (Tibetan Damqog Kanbab: ...
Ma-Enyo: (from the article "Comana") ancient city of Cappadocia, on the upper course of the Seyhan (Sarus) River, in southern Turkey. Often called Chryse to distinguish it from Comana in Pontus, it was the place ...
Ma-hsi field: (from the article "Hopeh") ...speeded the development of the iron and steel industry. In the 1960s the emergence of the Hua-pei oil fields made Hopeh a major oil producer, and in 1983 China's first ...
Ma-ubin: town, southern Myanmar (Burma). The town is a river port on the west bank of the main Irrawaddy distributary and is protected by flood-control embankments. It is linked with Yangon ...
Ma-wei: (from the article "Fukien") ...the islands off Fukien. There was some revival of the economy in the mid-19th century with the opening of Fu-chou and Amoy as treaty port cities, but the modern shipbuilding ...
Ma-Xia school: group of Chinese landscape artists that used a style of painting named after Ma Yuan and Xia Gui, two great painters of the Southern Song academy, of which they were ... [5 Related Articles]
Maa: (from the article "Vietnam") ...and Roglai-speak Austronesian languages, linking them to the Cham, Malay, and Indonesian peoples; others-including the Bru, Pacoh, Katu, Cua, Hre, Rengao, Sedang, Bahnar, Mnong, Mang (Maa), Muong, and Stieng-speak Mon-Khmer ...
maa-alused: in Estonian folk religion, mysterious elflike small folk living under the earth. Corresponding to these are the Finnish maahiset and Lude muahiset, which refer both to the spirits and to ... [1 Related Articles]
Maal, Baaba: One of the leading names in popular music in his native Senegal, singer and instrumentalist Baaba Maal raised his profile with a critically acclaimed North American tour in 2004. The ...
maar: (from the article "lake") ...of the roofs of underground magma (molten silica) chambers and those caused by explosion of new volcanic sources and that are built of nonvolcanic material are other examples. The latter ...
Maar, Dora: French photographer and painter who was one of Pablo Picasso's mistresses for eight years in the 1930s and '40s and was the subject of many of his portraits (b. Nov. ...