(from the article "Western architecture") ...in the Gothic mode, and most secular architecture was local in style with only a slight influence from the Italianate Renaissance. A few minor royal commissions were more Classical, such ...
(from the article "Lesotho") Area: 30,355 sq km (11,720 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 2,008,000 | Capital: Maseru | Chief of state: King Letsie III | Head of government: Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha ...
(from the article "cryptology") A code is simply an unvarying rule for replacing a piece of information (e.g., letter, word, or phrase) with another object, but not necessarily of the same sort; Morse code, ...
(from the article "Latin literature") The idea of comparing Romans with foreigners was taken up by Cornelius Nepos, a friend of Cicero and Catullus. Of his De viris illustribus all that survive are 24 hack ...
(from the article "postal system") The raw material of the postal services, always a single object that demands individual treatment, is something sent by one person (or entity) to another who may be anywhere in ...
(from the article "postal system") ...regardless of distance was adopted in 1863 (after an interim period with two rates since 1845), and postage stamps were introduced in 1847. Free collection services came with the provision ...
(from the article "diplomacy") ...country does not object, formal application for agrement, or consent, is made by the envoy being replaced. Then the new ambassador is sent forth with a letter ...
(from the article "olive shell") Olives burrow in sandy bottoms. Common in southeastern American waters is the lettered olive (Oliva sayana), about 6 cm (2.5 inches) long. Abundant in the Indo-Pacific region is the 8-centimetre ...
(from the article "map") Lettering is selected by the map editor in styles and sizes appropriate to the respective features and the relative importance of each. For topographic maps and most others that follow ...
(from the article "Hebrew literature") ...by Joseph Perl of the Epistolae obscurorum virorum (1515; "Letters of Obscure Men") of Crotus Rubianus and the essays of Isaac Erter were classics of the genre. One poet, Meir ...
American late-night talk-show personality, producer, and comedian, best known as the host of the long-running Late Show with David Letterman. [3 Related Articles]
in commercial printing, process by which many copies of an image are produced by repeated direct impression of an inked, raised surface against sheets or a continuous roll of paper. ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "diplomatics") ...concerned with rights in perpetuity, while the mandates dealt mainly with matters of only temporary importance. From the early 14th century, mandates were superseded by the use of letters patent ...
(from the article "copyright") Copyright developed out of the same system as royal patent grants, by which certain authors and printers were given the exclusive right to publish books and other materials. The purpose ...
(from the article "diplomatics") Rulers, all of whom needed to issue directives and edicts, developed writing offices, or chanceries, in which formal documents were drawn up. The Roman imperial chancery, called the Office of ...
(from the article "fur") Fur coats are made by one of two processes: the letting-out technique or the skin-on-skin method. The letting-out process involves slicing a skin into narrow diagonal strips and then sewing ...
(from the article "The Environment") The 2007 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement from the University of Southern California was presented in April to Gatze Lettinga, professor emeritus of environmental technology at Wageningen (Neth.) University. Lettinga ...
lieutenant colonel commanding Germany's small African force during World War I, who became a determined and resourceful guerrilla leader hoping to influence the war in Europe by pinning down a ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "calligraphy") ...forms of black-letter scripts. One such style-used extensively in French vernacular books-is called cursiva bastarda, lettre batarde, or simply batarde, the ...
(from the article "cachet, lettre de") ...lettre de cachet was thus an expression of that exercise of justice that the king reserved to himself, independently of the law courts and their processes, just as he reserved ...
(from the article "Parlement") ...and with the interests of the king and realm; if it did not, they withheld registration and addressed remonstrances to the king. If the king wished to force registration, he ...
(from the article "black letter") ...book, Nouvel exemplaire pour apprendre a escrire (1565; "New Copy for Learning to Write"). A late black-letter cursive is the 17th-century lettre financiere, which became an officially ...
(from the article "black letter") ...used in the Netherlands, France, and England, where it was known as the secretary hand, a translation of its French name, secretaire. Lettre francoise ...
The 2008 Pulitzer Prize for drama-as well as the 2008 Tony Award for best play-was awarded to Tracy Letts for August: Osage County, a dark comedy depicting a wildly dysfunctional ... [1 Related Articles]
(Lactuca sativa), cultivated annual salad plant, probably derived from the prickly lettuce (L. scariola) of the family Asteraceae. Four botanical varieties of lettuce are cultivated: (1) asparagus lettuce (variety asparagina), ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Skiing") ...World Cup standings. Canadian-born Begg-Smith won six times en route to the men's overall title, with Canada's Alexandre Bilodeau a distant second. In aerials competition, Olympic women's champion Evelyne Leu ...
(from the article "religion, study of") More radical, but drawing from a rather larger range of examples, was the American psychologist J.H. Leuba (1868-1946). In A Psychological Study of Religion he attempted to account for mystical ...
(from the article "Europe, history of") ...Helmsdorf, and Straubing in central Germany and Leki Male in southern Poland. These graves were inhumations under large barrows, with elaborate chambers and rich grave goods. Leubingen, for example, was ...
(from the article "scrubland") ...and orchids, all of which consist of small, herbaceous plants that grow beneath the shrub canopy. The most colourful and conspicuous shrubs are heathers (Erica) and proteoids, especially Leucadendron and ...
(from the article "Fabales") Various forms of leucaena (such as Leucaena leucocephala) have been developed for animal forage, firewood, and construction, as well as for the high production of nitrogen that enriches impoverished soils, ...
Greek island in the Ionian Sea, forming with the island of Meganisi the nomos (department) of Levkas. The 117-sq-mi (303-sq-km) island is a hilly mass of limestone and bituminous shales ... [3 Related Articles]
an amino acid obtainable by the hydrolysis of most common proteins. Among the first of the amino acids to be discovered (1819), in muscle fibre and wool, it is present ... [6 Related Articles]
Greek philosopher credited by Aristotle and by Theophrastus with having originated the theory of atomism. It has been difficult to distinguish his contribution from that of his most famous pupil, ... [6 Related Articles]
one of the most important feldspathoid minerals, a potassium aluminosilicate (KAlSi2O6). It occurs only in igneous rocks, particularly potassium-rich, silica-poor, recent lavas. Some important localities include Rome; Uganda; and Leucite ... [2 Related Articles]
extrusive igneous rock, coloured ash gray to nearly black, that contains leucite and augite as large, single crystals (phenocrysts) in a fine-grained matrix (groundmass) of leucite, augite, sanidine, apatite, titanite, ...
German zoologist and teacher who initiated the modern science of parasitology. He described the complicated life histories of various parasites, including tapeworms and the liver fluke, and demonstrated that some ...
(from the article "mimicry") The flukes (Trematoda) are a class of parasitic worms belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes. One species, Leucochloridium macrostomum, resides principally in the intestine of songbirds. The eggs of the parasite ...
(from the article "igneous rock") ...feldspathoids (nepheline and leucite), muscovite, and corundum. Because felsic minerals lack iron and magnesium, they are generally light in colour and consequently are referred to as such or as leucocratic. ...
(from the article "dye") ...of a soluble species to an insoluble dye after transfer to the fibre is the basis of vat dyeing, one of the ancient methods. Indigo is insoluble but is readily ...
(from the article "sponge") ...system). Three types of water-current systems of increasingly complex structure may be distinguished by the arrangement of choanocytes and the development of canals-ascon, sycon, and leucon. The simplest, or ascon, ...
(from the article "chromatophore") ...cell in the deeper layers of the skin of animals. Depending on the colour of their pigment, chromatophores are termed melanophores (black), erythrophores (red), xanthophores (yellow), or leucophores (white). The ...
genus of tubular branched sponges of the class Calcispongiae (phylum Porifera). Found in tide pools and on wharves and represented by numerous species, the widespread genus includes most of the ...
(from the article "fungus") ...in plants (some cause smut); violet teliospores; example genera include Microbotryum and Ustilentyloma.Mycoparasitic; mycelia lack clamp connections; septate basidia; example genera include Leucosporidiella, Leucosporidium, and...
(Greek: White Goddess [of the Foam]), in Greek mythology, a sea goddess first mentioned in Homer's Odyssey, in which she rescued the Greek hero Odysseus from drowning. She was customarily ... [2 Related Articles]
genus of about eight species of shrubs, of the heath family (Ericaceae), native to North America and eastern Asia. Species such as L. fontanesiana are grown as ornamentals, chiefly for ...
(371 BC), battle fought on the plain of Leuctra (near modern Levktra) in southern Boeotia, in which a Boeotian army under Epaminondas defeated a Spartan army under King Cleombrotus. This ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Switzerland") Area: 41,284 sq km (15,940 sq mi) | Population (2006 est.): 7,533,000 | Capital: Bern | Head of state and government: President Moritz Leuenberger |
Swiss peasant hero, spokesman for rural discontent, and leader of the peasant revolt at Bern (1653), for which he earned the sobriquet King of the Peasants.
a cancer of the blood-forming tissues characterized by a large increase in the numbers of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the circulation or bone marrow. A number of different leukemias ... [12 Related Articles]
(from the article "stem cell") The most studied embryonic stem cells are mouse embryonic stem cells, which were first reported in 1981. This type of stem cell can be cultured indefinitely in the presence of ...
(from the article "Switzerland") ...as Crans-Montana on the slopes above the Rhone valley in Valais canton and Wengen in the Berner Oberland, have developed into famous resorts. Places such as Bad Ragaz in the ...
a cellular component of the blood that lacks hemoglobin, has a nucleus, is capable of motility, and defends the body against infection and disease by ingesting foreign materials and cellular ... [19 Related Articles]
(from the article "therapeutics") Leukocyte-poor red blood cells are obtained by employing a filter to remove white blood cells (leukocytes) from a unit of packed red blood cells. This type of transfusion is used ...
abnormally high number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood circulation, defined as more than 10,000 leukocytes per cubic millimetre of blood. Leukocytosis is most commonly the result of ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "eye, human") When the cornea is damaged-e.g., by a virus infection-the collagen laid down in the repair processes is not regularly arranged, with the result that an opaque patch called a leukoma, ...
abnormally low number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood circulation, defined as less than 5,000 leukocytes per cubic millimetre of blood. Leukopenia often accompanies certain infections, especially those ... [3 Related Articles]
precancerous tumour of the mucous membranes, most common in older men and usually seen on the lips or tongue, but also known to occur in women on the vagina or ...
flow of a whitish, yellowish, or greenish discharge from the vagina of the female that may be normal or that may be a sign of infection. Such discharges may originate ...
(from the article "carboxylic acid") Arachidonic acid is important because the human body uses it as a starting material in the synthesis of two kinds of essential substances, the prostaglandins and the leukotrienes, both of ...
(from the article "number game") In 1624 a French Jesuit, Jean Leurechon, writing under the pen name of van Etten, published Recreations mathematiques. This volume struck the popular fancy, passing through at least 30 editions ...
(from the article "Aceh") Aceh is largely mountainous; Mounts Leuser and Abongabong rise to elevations of 11,092 feet (3,381 metres) and 9,793 feet (2,985 metres), respectively. Except in the extreme north, there is a ...
(from the article "Seven Years' War") ...fought a two-hour battle that cost his enemies 7,000 men as against 550 Prussian troops. He then turned to meet the Austrians in Silesia and, again heavily outnumbered, won his ...
(from the article "quantum chromodynamics") In 1973 the concept of colour as the source of a "strong field" was developed into the theory of QCD by European physicists Harald Fritzsch and Heinrich Leutwyler, together with ...
German-born American historical painter whose picture Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851) numbers among the most popular and widely reproduced images of an American historical event. [2 Related Articles]
municipality, Flanders Region, central Belgium. It lies along the Dyle (Dijle) River and is connected by canal with the Scheldt (Schelde). The city is about 16 miles (26 km) east ... [1 Related Articles]
renowned institution of higher learning founded in 1425 in Leuven (Louvain), Brabant (now in Belgium). The university was a unitary entity until 1970 when it was partitioned, based on linguistic ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...factions and their partisans in the lower classes. In 1522 the Hungarian king Louis II left for Prague, intending to heighten the royal authority. With the help of loyal lords, ...
(from the article "Religion") ...saint who is considered the father of Western monasticism and Pope Benedict XV, who tried to promote the cause of peace during World War I. A month after taking office, ...
(from the article "horsemanship") ...the piaffe, in which the horse trots without moving forward, backward, or sideways, the impulse being upward; the passage, high-stepping trot in which the impulse is more upward than forward; ...
city, Hauts-de-Seine departement, Paris region, France. The city is a northwestern industrial and residential suburb of Paris and is located on the right bank of the Seine River, 4 miles ...
toolmaking technique of prehistoric Europe and Africa, characterized by the production of large flakes from a tortoise core (prepared core shaped much like an inverted tortoise shell). Such flakes, seldom ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the French lever, "to rise," as in sunrise, meaning the east), historically the countries along the eastern Mediterranean shores. Common use of the term is associated with Venetian and ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "sparrowhawk") ...dark gray above and brown barred white below, is a common inhabitant of wooded areas throughout Europe, in coastal northwestern Africa, and in temperate to sub-Arctic forests of Asia. The ...
strong wind of the western Mediterranean Sea and the southern coasts of France and Spain. It is mild, damp, and rainy and is most common in spring and fall. Its ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Mediterranean Sea") ...sounding in the Mediterranean, about 16,000 feet (4,900 metres), has been recorded. A submarine ridge between the western end of Crete and Cyrenaica (Libya) separates the Ionian Basin from the ...
(from the article "muscle system, human") Differences are also seen in the musculature (the levator ani) that supports the floor of the pelvis and that also controls the passage of feces. The loss of the tail ...
any of the muscles that raise a body part. In humans these include the levator anguli oris, which raises the corner of the mouth; the levator ani, collective name for ...
(from the article "muscle") ...one of the muscles of the ear) and partly by the seventh cranial nerve, the facial nerve (which also supplies an ear muscle associated with the stapes, an ear bone ...
(from the article "eyelid") ...with mucous membrane, and bordered with a fringe of hairs, the eyelashes. The lids move through the action of a circular lid-closing muscle, the orbicularis oculi, and of the lid-raising ...
(from the article "muscle") ...derivatives of the external oblique attaching the scapula (shoulder blade) to the body: the serratus, made up of numerous fingerlike slips running from the scapula to the neighbouring ribs, and ...
(from the article "Spain") ...levante (levanter) can bring as many as 15 consecutive days of dry, clear weather to the coastal strip in the region of the Strait of Gibraltar; the
any low ridge or earthen embankment built along the edges of a stream or river channel to prevent flooding of the adjacent land. Artificial levees are typically needed to control ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars") ...Britain formed the first of seven coalitions that would oppose France over the next 23 years. In response to reverses at the hands of the First Coalition, the Revolutionary government ...
(from the article "mining") ...below the deepest planned mining horizon. At regular intervals along the shaft, horizontal openings, called drifts, are driven toward the ore body. Each of these major working horizons is called ...
device for establishing a horizontal plane. It consists of a small glass tube containing alcohol or similar liquid and an air bubble; the tube is sealed and fixed horizontally in ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "insurance") ...the premium-paying period, or it may be issued with a premium that increases periodically according to the age of the insured. Practically all ordinary life insurance policies are issued on ...
member of a republican and democratic faction in England during the period of the Civil Wars and Commonwealth. The name Levelers was given by enemies of the movement to suggest ... [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "burakumin") ...than was done for U.S. blacks after the American Civil War). Not until the 20th century did groups of burakumin begin organizing for their cause; in 1922 a national organization, ...
(from the article "acid-base reaction") ...→ BH+ + CH3CO2−. All such bases therefore give solutions with indistinguishable acid-base properties; this is often referred to as a levelling effect of the solvent. The converse is true ...
(from the article "international relations") Central to neorealist structural theory is the levels-of-analysis question-i.e., the question of whether international inquiry should be focused at the individual, state, international-system, or other level. Introduced in the 1950s ...
commander of the Scottish army that from 1644 to 1646 fought on the side of Parliament in the English Civil Wars between Parliament and King Charles I.
(from the article "1961: Other Winners") ...Eugen Shuftan for The HustlerCinematography, Color: Daniel L. Fapp for West Side StoryArt Direction, Black-and-White: Harry Horner for The HustlerArt Direction, Color: Boris Leven for West Side StoryMusic Score of ...
lake in Perth and Kinross council area, central Scotland, at the centre of the historic county of Kinross-shire. Roughly circular in shape and about 3 miles (5 km) in diameter, ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Ottoman Empire") ...to the cities, exacerbating the food shortage, and reacted against their troubles by rising against the established order; many more remained in the countryside and joined rebel bands, known as ...
(from the article "dictionary") ...was brought together by his students in the course of their exercises, and the title Alveary was to commemorate their "beehive" of industry. The first rhyming dictionary, by Peter Levens, ...
simple machine used to amplify physical force. All early people used the lever in some form, for moving heavy stones or as digging sticks for land cultivation. The principle of ... [1 Related Articles]
in Port Sunlight, a model village founded for workers in Bebington, Cheshire (now in Merseyside), Eng. The museum was a gift to the public of the 1st Viscount Leverhulme, as ...
(from the article "Lever Brothers") predecessor company of Unilever (q.v.).historical background of UnileverUnileverIn the following decade, in 1885, in Britain, Wil
(from the article "Mudge, Thomas") considered England's greatest watchmaker, who was the inventor of the lever escapement, the most dependable and widely used device for regulating the movement of the spring-driven watch.use in mechanical watches
