| | - lenition
- (from the article "Uralic languages") The alternation of consonants known as consonant gradation (or lenition) is sometimes thought to be of Uralic origin. In Baltic-Finnic, excluding Veps and Livonian, earlier intervocalic single stops were typically ...
- Leniwka River
- (from the article "Vistula River") In the past the Vistula crossed its delta and entered the sea by two or more branch channels, notably the Nogat, which issued into the Vistula Lagoon, and the Leniwka ...
- Lennep, Emile van
- Dutch public official who was secretary-general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1969-84, and helped build its effectiveness as a forum for international cooperation (b. Jan. 20, 1915--d. ...
- Lennep, Jacob van
- Dutch novelist, poet, and leading man of letters in the mid-19th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Lenngren, Anna Maria
- Swedish poet whose Neoclassical satires and pastoral idylls show a balance and moderation characteristic of the Enlightenment period and are still read for their gaiety and elegance.
- Lenngren, Carl
- (from the article "Lenngren, Anna Maria") Educated by her father, a lecturer at Uppsala University, Lenngren began to publish poetry at age 18. In 1780 she married Carl Lenngren, founder (with Johan Henric Kellgren) and later ...
- Lennoaceae
- the sand food family, very close to, or possibly embedded in, the family Boraginaceae, composed of two genera and four species of curious, parasitic plants, which send out rootlike structures ...
- Lennon, John
- leader or coleader of British rock group the Beatles, author and graphic artist, solo recording artist, and collaborator with Yoko Ono on recordings and other art projects. [6 Related Articles]
- Lennon, Sean
- (from the article "Lennon, John") ...separated in the fall of 1973, he spent a "lost weekend" of more than a year drinking and making highly uneven music in Los Angeles. When the couple reunited, they ...
- Lennox
- (from the article "Beagle Channel") ...Gordon. The eastern portion forms part of the Chile-Argentina border, while the western portion lies entirely within Chile. The three islands at the channel's eastern end, Picton, Nueva, and Lennox ...
- Lennox, Annie
- (from the article "2003: Other Winners") ...the Rings: The Return of the KingOriginal Song: "Into the West" from The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King; music and lyrics by Fran ...
- Lennox, Betty
- (from the article "Basketball") In the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), another new power arose. The Seattle Storm plucked a human tornado named Betty Lennox from the dispersal draft of players from the defunct ...
- Lennox, Charlotte
- English novelist whose work, especially The Female Quixote, was much admired by leading literary figures of her time, including Samuel Johnson and the novelists Henry Fielding and Samuel Richardson. [2 Related Articles]
- Lennox, Margaret Douglas, Countess of
- prominent intriguer in England during the early reign of Queen Elizabeth I. [1 Related Articles]
- Lennox, Matthew Stewart, 4th earl of
- (from the article "Lennox, Margaret Douglas, Countess of") ...Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor (daughter of King Henry VII of England and widow of King James IV of Scotland), and in 1544 she married Matthew Stewart ...
- Leno, Dan
- popular English entertainer who is considered the foremost representative of the British music hall at its height in the 19th century. In 1901 Leno gave a command performance for King ...
- Leno, Jay
- American comedian and writer best known as the longtime host of The Tonight Show (1992- ). [2 Related Articles]
- Lenoir engine
- (from the article "gasoline engine") ...in developing an operational system, however. Finally, in 1860 Etienne Lenoir of France marketed an engine that operated on illuminating gas and provided reasonably satisfactory service. The Lenoir engine was ...
- Lenoir, Alexandre
- (from the article "Daumier, Honore") Daumier received a typical lower middleclass education, but he wanted to draw, and his studies did not interest him. His family therefore placed him with an old and fairly well-known ...
- Lenoir, Etienne
- Belgian inventor who devised the first commercially successful internal-combustion engine. [2 Related Articles]
- Lenoir, Jean-Charles-Pierre
- (from the article "police") ...health), but their highest priority was public safety. During the 18th century, no fewer than three inspectors devoted their efforts to it. One of the most famous lieutenants general of ...
- Lenormand, Henri-Rene
- French dramatist, the most important of those playwrights concerned with subconscious motivation who flourished between World Wars I and II.
- Lenormand, Louis-Sebastien
- French aeronaut, generally recognized as the first person to make a parachute descent. He was not the inventor of the parachute; the ancient Chinese may have devised one, and it ...
- Lenormant, Francois
- French Assyriologist and numismatist who recognized, from cuneiform inscriptions, a language now known as Akkadian that proved valuable to the understanding of Mesopotamian civilization 3,000 years before the Christian era. ...
- Lenovo Group
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") IBM showed improved earnings while it completed the sale of its PC business to Lenovo of China, settled an antitrust case it had filed against Microsoft, and laid off 13,000 ...
- Lenox
- town (township), Berkshire county, western Massachusetts, U.S. It lies in the Berkshire Hills, just south of Pittsfield. Settled about 1750 and originally called Yokuntown, it was set off from Richmond ...
- Lenox Library
- (from the article "Lenox, James") ...editions of the works of John Bunyan, William Shakespeare, and John Milton. The collection was originally intended for the use of scholars but in 1870 was made available to the ...
- Lenox, James
- American philanthropist and pioneer book collector.
- Lenox, Walter Scott
- (from the article "Trenton") ...1868 Cooper's partner, Abram Stevens Hewitt, introduced into the United States the open-hearth process for making steel. Potteries have operated in Trenton since 1723, and in the late 19th century ...
- Lens
- industrial town, Pas-de-Calais departement, Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, northern France, southwest of Lille. It was the chief urban centre of the Pas-de-Calais coal basin. Since the demise of coal mining in the ...
- lens
- in optics, piece of glass or other transparent substance that is used to form an image of an object by focusing rays of light from the object. A lens is ... [28 Related Articles]
- lens
- in anatomy, a nearly transparent biconvex structure suspended behind the iris of the eye, the sole function of which is to focus light rays onto the retina. The lens is ... [9 Related Articles]
- lens
- (from the article "ocean") Over many decades this process forms a deep lens of warm, saline North Atlantic Central Water. The shape of the lens of water is distorted by other dynamical effects, the ...
- lens coating
- (from the article "motion-picture technology") ...components. Also, more types of glass have been discovered and developed, to give better achromatic performance. It was found, about 1939, that a special coating of the glass-to-air surface of ...
- lens dislocation
- abnormal position of the crystalline lens of the eye. The dislocation, which may be congenital, developmental, or acquired (typically via trauma), is usually caused by abnormalities of or injury to ...
- lens eye
- (from the article "photoreception") Relative to pinhole eyes, lens eyes have greatly improved resolution and image brightness. Lenses were formed by increasing the refractive index of material in the chamber by adding denser material, ...
- Lensing, Elise
- (from the article "Hebbel, Friedrich") ...fashion magazine, whose editor, Amalie Schoppe, invited him to Hamburg in 1835 to prepare for the university. He was supported during this time, both spiritually and materially, by a seamstress, ...
- Lenski, Gerhard
- (from the article "social structure") Only a few sociologists have developed structural theories that apply to institutions and whole societies-an approach known as macrosociology. Gerhard Lenski in Power and Privilege (1966) classified ...
- Lent
- in the Christian church, a period of penitential preparation for Easter. In Western churches it begins on Ash Wednesday, 612 weeks before Easter, and provides for a 40-day fast (Sundays ... [8 Related Articles]
- lentejilla
- (from the article "peppergrass") ...leaves. Virginia peppergrass (L. virginicum), spread throughout North America, sometimes is known as canary grass because its seed stalks are fed to cage birds. Its leaves are used in salads. ...
- Lenten crab
- (from the article "crab") ...live in the sea; even the land crabs, which are abundant in tropical countries, usually visit the sea occasionally and pass through their early stages in it. The river crab ...
- Lenten rose
- (from the article "Christmas rose") The closely related Lenten rose (H. orientalis), blooming later, with cream to purplish flowers in clusters of two to six, is popular in Europe.
- Lenthall, William
- English Parliamentarian who, as speaker of the House of Commons, was at the centre of repeated struggles between the Parliamentarians and Royalists during the English Civil Wars.
- Lenthe, Sophie von
- (from the article "Hardenberg, Karl August, Furst von") ...There, however, he proved to be unsuccessful as head of the department of education; moreover, his personal life became the subject of public gossip, for immediately after his divorce he ...
- Lentibulariaceae
- (from the article "bladderwort") any plant of the genus Utricularia (family Lentibulariaceae of the flowering plant order Lamiales). The bladderwort genus contains 220 widely distributed species of land and water plants characterized by small ...
- lenticel
- (from the article "Myrtales") ...by the presence of "breathing roots" (pneumatophores), portions of the root that grow upward until they project some centimetres above the low-tide level. They have small openings (lenticels) in their ...
- lenticular nucleus
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...as the paleostriatum, and the caudate nucleus and putamen are together known as the neostriatum, or simply striatum. Together, the putamen and the adjacent globus pallidus are referred to as ...
- lenticular screen
- (from the article "projection screen") ...is shown. Many materials are suitable for screens, the principal requirement being a high degree of reflectivity. The three most common types of screen are the mat white, the glass ...
- lenticulation
- (from the article "photography, technology of") Stereo photographs can also be combined in a single picture by splitting up the images into narrow vertical strips and interlacing them. On superimposing a carefully aligned lenticular grid on ...
- lentil
- (species Lens esculenta), small annual legume of the pea family (Leguminosae) and its lens-shaped edible seed, which is rich in protein and one of the most ancient of cultivated foods. ...
- Lenton, Lisbeth
- A charter member of Australia's aquatic "Golden Girls," Lisbeth (Libby) Lenton was already among the most decorated female swimmers in Australian history when she arrived at the Federation Internationale de ... [2 Related Articles]
- Lentulus Crus, Lucius Cornelius
- Roman politician, a leading member of the senatorial party that vigorously opposed Julius Caesar. [1 Related Articles]
- Lentulus Spinther, Publius Cornelius
- a leading supporter of the Roman general Pompey the Great during the Civil War (49-45 BC) between Pompey and Julius Caesar; he was a brother of Lentulus Crus.
- Lentulus, Publius Cornelius
- a leading figure in Catiline's conspiracy (63 BC) to seize control of the Roman government.
- Lenya, Lotte
- Austrian actress-singer who popularized much of the music of her first husband, the composer Kurt Weill, and appeared frequently in the musical dramas of Weill and his longtime collaborator Bertolt ... [1 Related Articles]
- Lenz's law
- in electromagnetism, statement that an induced electric current flows in a direction such that the current opposes the change that induced it. This law was deduced in 1834 by the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Lenz, Heinrich Friedrich Emil
- (from the article "Lenz's law") in electromagnetism, statement that an induced electric current flows in a direction such that the current opposes the change that induced it. This law was deduced in 1834 by the ...
- Lenz, Hermann
- German writer whose greatest success came in the 1970s with his seven-part Schwabische Chronik whose main character, based on Lenz, chronicled German life in the 20th century (b. Feb. 26, ...
- Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold
- Russian-born German poet and dramatist of the Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) period, who is considered an important forerunner of 19th-century Naturalism and of 20th-century Expressionistic theatre.
- Lenz, Wilhelm von
- (from the article "Beethoven, Ludwig van") It was his biographer Wilhelm von Lenz who first divided Beethoven's output into three periods, omitting the years of his apprenticeship in Bonn. The first period begins with the completion ...
- Leo
- (Latin: Lion), in astronomy, zodiacal constellation lying between Cancer and Virgo, at about 10 hours 30 minutes right ascension (the coordinate of the celestial sphere analogous to longitude on the ...
- leo
- (from the article "Mithraism") The initiates were organized in seven grades: corax, Raven; nymphus, Bridegroom; miles, Soldier; leo, Lion; Perses, Persian; heliodromus, Courier of (and to) the Sun; pater, Father. To each rank belonged ...
- Leo Africanus
- traveller whose writings remained, for some 400 years, one of Europe's principal sources of information about Islam.
- Leo I
- Eastern Roman emperor from AD 457 to 474. [2 Related Articles]
- Leo I, Saint
- pope from 440 to 461, master exponent of papal supremacy. His pontificate-which saw the disintegration of the Roman Empire in the West and the formation in the East of theological ... [8 Related Articles]
- Leo II
- Roman emperor of the East, grandson of Leo I, and son of Zeno. His grandfather, growing ill, felt compelled to name a successor but, deciding that his son-in-law Zeno, an ...
- Leo II the Great
- (from the article "Crusades") Armenia was more closely involved in Latin politics, partly as a result of marriage alliances with the house of Antioch-Tripoli. King Leo II of Armenia joined the Crusaders at Cyprus ...
- Leo II, Saint
- pope from 682 to 683. He promoted church music (he was an accomplished singer), opposed heresy, and maintained good relations with Constantinople. [1 Related Articles]
- Leo III
- Byzantine emperor (717-741), who founded the Isaurian, or Syrian, dynasty, successfully resisted Arab invasions, and engendered a century of conflict within the empire by banning the use of religious images ... [11 Related Articles]
- Leo III, Saint
- pope from 795 to 816. [9 Related Articles]
- Leo IV
- Byzantine emperor whose reign marked a transition between the period of Iconoclasm and the restoration of the icons.
- Leo IV, Saint
- pope from 847 to 855. [2 Related Articles]
- Leo IX, Saint
- original name Bruno, Graf (count) Von Egisheim Und Dagsburg head of the medieval Latin Church (1049-54), during whose reign the papacy became the focal point of western Europe, and the ... [15 Related Articles]
- Leo Pargial
- (from the article "Himalayas") ...and in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, the Tethys are at their widest, forming the Spiti Basin and the Zaskar Mountains, the highest peaks of which, to the southeast, ...
- Leo the Deacon
- (from the article "eclipse") ...are recorded in Byzantine history, beginning in the 6th century AD. By far the most vivid account relates to the solar eclipse of Dec. 22, AD 968. This was penned ...
- Leo Tolstoy Museum
- (from the article "museum, types of") ...of the period and in other cases because of their associations. Among the latter are the memorial museums, such as the cottage of Tu Fu at Ch'eng-tu, in the Chinese ...
- Leo V
- pope from August to September 903. Elected while a priest to succeed Pope Benedict IV, Leo assumed the pontificate in a dark period of papal history. He was deposed and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Leo V
- Byzantine emperor responsible for inaugurating the second Iconoclastic period in the Byzantine Empire. [3 Related Articles]
- Leo VI
- pope from May to December 928. He was Pope John VIII's prime minister and later a cardinal priest when elected by the senatrix Marozia, then head of the powerful Roman ...
- Leo VI
- Byzantine coemperor from 870 and emperor from 886 to 912, whose imperial laws, written in Greek, became the legal code of the Byzantine Empire. [4 Related Articles]
- Leo VII
- pope from 936 to 939. Leo was probably a Benedictine monk when he succeeded John XI, who had been imprisoned by Duke Alberic II of Spoleto. In 936 he invited ...
- Leo VIII
- pope, or antipope, from 963 to 965. The legitimacy of his election has long been debated. [3 Related Articles]
- Leo X
- one of the leading Renaissance popes (reigned 1513-21). He made Rome a cultural centre and a political power, but he depleted the papal treasury, and, by failing to take the ... [26 Related Articles]
- Leo XI
- original name Alessandro Ottaviano De' Medici pope from April 1-27, 1605. Pope Gregory XIII made him bishop of Pistoia, Italy, in 1573, archbishop of Florence in 1574, and cardinal in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Leo XII
- original name Annibale Sermattei Della Genga pope from 1823 to 1829. [1 Related Articles]
- Leo XIII
- original name Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci head of the Roman Catholic Church (1878-1903) who brought a new spirit to the papacy, manifested in more conciliatory positions toward civil governments, by care ... [15 Related Articles]
- Leo, Heinrich
- Prussian conservative historian.
- Leo, Leonardo
- composer who was noted for his comic operas and who was instrumental in forming the Neapolitan style of opera composition.
- Leoben
- town, southeast-central Austria, on the Mur River, northwest of Graz. An ancient settlement, it was reestablished as a town by Ottokar II of Bohemia about 1263. Medieval buildings include the ...
- Leoben, Peace of
- (from the article "Venice") ...Revolution. Napoleon, determined to destroy the Venetian oligarchy, claimed as a pretext that Venice was hostile to him and a menace to his line of retreat during his Austrian campaign ...
- Leochares
- Greek sculptor to whom the Apollo Belvedere (Roman copy, Vatican Museum) is often attributed. About 353-c. 350 BC Leochares worked with Scopas on the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Leodegar, Saint
- (from the article "Ebroin") ...in 675, Ebroin escaped, succeeded by duplicity in luring the new mayor of the palace to his death, and eventually restored Theuderic III. Shortly afterward he accused his rival in ...
- Leofric
- Anglo-Saxon earl of Mercia (from 1023 or soon thereafter), one of the three great earls of 11th-century England, who took a leading part in public affairs. On the death of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Leominster
- town ("parish"), unitary authority and historic county of Herefordshire, west-central England, situated on the River Lugg, a tributary of the Wye. A religious house was founded on the site in ...
- Leominster
- city, Worcester county, north-central Massachusetts, U.S. It lies on the Nashua River, just southeast of Fitchburg and about 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Boston. The site, purchased from the ...
- Leon
- city, northwestern Guanajuato estado ("state"), central Mexico. It stands in a fertile plain on the Turbio River, 6,182 feet (1,884 metres) above sea level. Although Leon was ...
- Leon
- city, capital of Leon provincia (province) in Castile-Leon comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), northwestern Spain. It lies on the northwestern part of the northern Meseta ... [3 Related Articles]
- Leon
- city situated in western Nicaragua. The city of Leon was founded on the edge of Lake Managua in 1524, but after an earthquake it was moved in 1610 to the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Leon
- provincia (province) in the Castile-Leon comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), northwestern Spain, consisting of the northern part of the former kingdom of Leon. In the ...
- Leon
- medieval Spanish kingdom. Leon proper included the cities of Leon, Salamanca, and Zamora-the adjacent areas of Vallodolid and Palencia being disputed with Castile, originally its eastern frontier. The kings of ... [6 Related Articles]
- Leon Toral, Jose de
- (from the article "Mexico") ...reelection" was modified to mean "no successive reelection." Obregon was the successful presidential candidate in 1928, but, as president-elect, he was assassinated by Jose de Leon Toral, a religious fanatic.
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