conflict arising during the late 8th century BC from colonial disputes and trade rivalry between the Greek cities of Chalcis and Eretria. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "myth") ...along with every other living thing, is to fit himself within this given world. This does not mean that people living in such traditional societies lack distinctions. Among the African ...
(from the article "Marivaux, Pierre") Marivaux's first plays were written for the Comedie-Francaise, among them the five-act verse tragedy Annibal (1727). But the Italian Theatre of Lelio, sponsored in Paris by the regent Philippe d'Orleans, ...
Argentine biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1970 for his investigations of the processes by which carbohydrates are converted into energy in the body.
(from the article "Balmain, Pierre") "Dressmaking is the architecture of movement," declared Balmain, who had initially studied architecture. After apprenticing with Captain Edward Molyneux, he joined the firm of Lucien Lelong, where he worked with ...
motion-picture director, noted chiefly for his lush visual style, who achieved prominence in 1966 with his film Un Homme et une femme (A Man and a Woman), which shared the ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Lelystad") ...Netherlands, on the IJsselmeer (Lake IJssel). After the East Flevoland Polder was drained in 1957, the town was built on a foundation of piles driven into the subsoil. It was ...
Baroque portrait painter known for his Van Dyck-influenced likenesses of the mid-17th-century English aristocracy. The origin of the name Lely is said to be the lily carved into the gable ... [3 Related Articles]
gemeente (municipality), north-central Netherlands, on the IJsselmeer (Lake IJssel). After the East Flevoland Polder was drained in 1957, the town was built on a foundation of piles driven into the ... [1 Related Articles]
U.S. rabbi and Reform Judaism leader whose social activism embraced support for recognition of Israel two years before that country's birth, the fostering of closer relations between Jews and African-Americans, ...
Polish author of science fiction that veers between humanism and despair about human limitations. His books have been translated into more than 35 languages. [1 Related Articles]
Walloon poet, historian, and pamphleteer who, writing in French, was the last and one of the best of the school of poetic rhetoriqueurs ("rhetoricians") and the chief forerunner, both ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "nature, philosophy of") ...or the perfect cosmological principle upon which it is based. Instead, one must favour either a Friedmann model, which has a beginning, from which it expands monotonically and without limit; ...
(from the article "Paris") ...de la Renaissance, where the actor Benoit-Constant Coquelin created the role of Cyrano de Bergerac in 1897, remains on the boulevard Saint-Martin. The Theatre de l'Ambigu, where Frederic Lemaitre, the ...
Belgian astronomer and cosmologist who formulated the modern big-bang theory, which holds that the universe began in a cataclysmic explosion of a small, primeval "super-atom."
French singer and songwriter (b. Nov. 25, 1917, Paris, France-d. April 20, 2002, La Varenne-Saint-Hilaire, France), during a nearly 70-year career, wrote some 1,000 chansons, notably A ...
(from the article "Canadian literature") ...The Canadians of Old); Gerin-Lajoie's colonization novel, Jean Rivard (1862-64; Eng. trans. Jean Rivard); and numerous collections of verse by Pamphile Lemay (Les Gouttelettes [1904; "The Droplets"]) and Louis-Honore Frechette ...
(from the article "Swabian Alp") ...average elevation of about 2,300 feet (700 m). The plateau rises in a steep northwestern scarp some 1,300 feet (400 m) above the valleys of the Neckar, Rems, and Fils ...
(from the article "Minas Gerais") Minas Gerais was first explored by Fernao Dias Pais Leme between 1664 and 1677, though he was not the first European to enter the area. The discovery of gold in ...
(from the article "Canadian literature") ...Montreal in Bonheur d'occasion (1945; The Tin Flute), for which she received the Prix Femina. She also wrote much autobiographical fiction set in rural Manitoba. Roger Lemelin's Les Plouffe (1948; ...
(from the article "nitrogen group element") ...the free element. The first clearly authentic report of the free substance was made in 1649 by Johann Schroeder, a German pharmacist, who prepared arsenic by heating its oxide with ...
(from the article "genocide") ...genos ("race," "tribe," or "nation") and the Latin cide ("killing"), was coined by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-born jurist who served as an adviser to the U.S. Department ...
(from the article "Poaceae") ...closely overlapping scales. There are three kinds of scales. The lowermost, called glumes, are usually two in number, and they enclose some or all of the other scales. The other ...
any of 20 species of small rodents, some of which undertake large, swarming migrations. Lemmings are found only in the Northern Hemisphere. They have short, stocky bodies with short legs ... [4 Related Articles]
Swedish track-and-field athlete who was the first great javelin thrower of the modern era. He won gold medals in the first two Olympic javelin contests.
(from the article "Kalevala") ...of the kantele, the Finnish harplike stringed instrument. Other characters include the skilled smith Ilmarinen, one of those who forged the "lids of heaven" when the world was created; Lemminkainen, ...
American screen and stage actor adept at both comedy and drama and noted for his portrayals of high-strung or neurotic characters in American films from the 1950s onward. [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Phidias") The so-called Lemnian Athena was dedicated as an offering by Athenian colonists who were sent to Lemnos between 451 and 448. A head of Athena in Bologna and two statues ...
(from the article "Lemnos") ...Ormos Moudhrou in 1915 the Allies launched their unsuccessful invasion of the Dardanelles; in the same bay, the Allied armistice with Turkey was concluded in 1918. In classical times Lemnian ...
(from the article "mathematics") ...in the previous century. Working in a spirit of keen rivalry, the two brothers arrived at ideas that would later develop into the calculus of variations. In his study of ...
(from the article "ear, human") ...cross the midline to end on the cells of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. There they are joined by the fibres from the ventral cochlear nuclei of both sides ...
U.S. Army general, commander of the United Nations forces in the Korean War (1955-57), chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1960-62), and supreme allied commander in Europe (1963-69).
isolated Greek island in the Aegean Sea, midway between Mount Athos (in northeastern mainland Greece) and the Turkish coast, in the nomos (department) of Lesbos. Composed mainly of volcanic rock, ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "catalysis") This statement of Ostwald was a memorable advance since it implied that catalysts do not change the position of equilibrium in a reaction. In 1877 Georges Lemoine had shown that ...
(Citrus limon), small tree or spreading bush of the rue family (Rutaceae) and its edible fruit. The lemon forms a spreading bush or a small tree, 3-6 m (10-20 feet) ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "sun orchid") A sun orchid derives its name from its habit of remaining closed except in strong sunlight. Some self-pollinating species never open their flowers. The lemon orchid (T. antennifera), the twisted ...
(from the article "sumac") The smaller sumacs are the shining, winged, or dwarf sumac (R. copallina) and the lemon, or fragrant, sumac (R. aromatica). The former is often grown for its shiny leaves, the ...
(Aloysia citriodora or Lippia citriodora), tropical perennial shrub belonging to the family Verbenaceae, originating in Argentina and Chile. Growing more than 3 metres (10 feet) high in warm climates, it ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Lemon, Robert Granville") American baseball player (b. Sept. 22, 1920, San Bernardino, Calif.-d. Jan. 11, 2000, Long Beach, Calif.), was one of the most successful pitchers in the 1940s and '50s. He played ...
(from the article "oil grass") Lemon-oil grass or sweet rush (Cymbopogon citratus) contains citral, obtained by steam distillation of the leaves and used in scented cosmetics, food flavouring, and medicine. Citronella grass (C. nardus) contains ...
American bicycle racer who was the first non-European rider to win the Tour de France, the most celebrated and challenging event in cycling. In his career he won the Tour ... [1 Related Articles]
novelist, short-story writer, and art critic, one of the outstanding personalities of the 19th-century French literary renaissance in Belgium. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Romance languages") ...using oc (from Latin hoc) for 'yes' in contrast to langue d'oil, denoting French, and the si languages, Spanish and Italian. In the area itself, the names Lemosi (Limousin) and ...
river in Central America. It rises in Guatemala near Esquipulas, crosses a corner of Honduras, and enters El Salvador at Citala. After cutting across El Salvador's northern mountain range, it ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "telecommunication") ...that can adapt to the unknown probabilities of a source. A very efficient technique for encoding sources without needing to know their probable occurrence was developed in the 1970s by ...
(from the article "data compression") ...is good for repetitive data, replacing it by a count and one copy of a repeated item. Adaptive dictionary methods build a table of strings and then replace occurrences of ...
With the release in 1997 of the recording Berlin Cabaret Songs, Ute Lemper confirmed her standing as the foremost modern interpreter of the music of 1920s Germany. Including songs by ...
generally, any primitive primate except the tarsier; more specifically, any of the indigenous primates of Madagascar. In the broad sense, the term lemur applies not only to the typical lemurs ... [6 Related Articles]
in Roman religion, wicked and fearsome spectres of the dead. Appearing in grotesque and terrifying forms, they were said to haunt their living relatives and cause them injury. To propitiate ...
(from the article "Stone Age") The long-term history of the Oceanic peoples, especially the Polynesians, has been the subject of many theories. Scholars reject ideas involving a lost continent (e.g., Lemuria, Mu) or direct relations ...
(from the article "Lemures") ...in grotesque and terrifying forms, they were said to haunt their living relatives and cause them injury. To propitiate these ghosts and keep them from the household, ritual observances called ...
(from the article "El Salvador") ...also extended collective bargaining rights to urban workers, but, for the most part, the reforms served to encourage economic growth and to benefit the middle class. Osorio's successor, Lieut. Col. ...
(from the article "photoreception") ...Some water bugs (e.g., Notonecta, or back swimmers) use curved surfaces behind and within the lens to achieve the required ray bending, whereas others use a structure ...
major river of Russia and the 10th longest river in the world. It flows 2,734 miles (4,400 km) from its sources in the mountains along the western shores of Lake ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Lena River") ...flows 2,734 miles (4,400 km) from its sources in the mountains along the western shores of Lake Baikal, in southeastern Siberia, to the mouth of its delta on the Arctic ...
(from the article "Great Dionysia") ...competed for the prize, each with one play. The satyr play was always the work of a tragic poet, and the same poet never wrote both tragedies and comedies. In ...
(from the article "Kenya") ...of smallpox. Simultaneously, the death of Mbatian, their great laibon, split the group into warring factions, and it was some time before his younger son, Lenana, was ...
German physicist and recipient of the 1905 Nobel Prize for Physics for his research on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties. His results had important implications ... [4 Related Articles]
Czechoslovak politician (b. April 3, 1923, Liptovska Porubka, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]-d. Feb. 11, 2004, Prague, Czech Rep.), through a studied ambiguity that permitted him to be seen as all ...
(from the article "Johannesburg") ...small Coloured population (people of mixed race) clusters in townships west of the city, while the bulk of its Indian population (ethnic Asians: Indians, Malays, Filipinos, and Chinese) lives in ...
Indians of the northern highlands of Honduras and El Salvador who are somewhat intermediate culturally between the Maya to the north and circum-Caribbean peoples such as the Kuna to the ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Mesoamerican Indian languages") It has been suggested that Xinca and Lencan are related and that one or both of them is related to Mayan (16), Chibchan (in South America), or Uto-Aztecan (1). None ...
system by which the United States aided its World War II allies with war materials, such as ammunition, tanks, airplanes, and trucks, and with food and other raw materials. President ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "development bank") ...Bangladesh. The bank's approach is based on microcredit-small loans amounting to as little as a few dollars. Loan repayment rates are very high, because borrowers are required to join "lending ...
(from the article "sulfosalt") Although sulfosalts are much rarer than the sulfide minerals with which they are often associated, some localities are truly remarkable for the variety of species encountered. At the Lengenbach Mine ...
town, northwestern Qinghai sheng (province), western China. It is situated in the northwestern part of the Qaidam Basin, to the southwest of Dangjin Pass, which leads from ...
French tennis player and six-time Wimbledon champion in both singles and doubles competition, whose athletic play, combining strength and speed, changed the nature of women's tennis and positioned her as ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "cricket") ...of course, that he not cross the popping crease). The ball generally hits the ground (the pitch) before reaching the batsman, although it need not. The first requisite of a ...
(from the article "British Imperial and U.S. Customary systems of weights and measures") ...bushel measure and quite possibly others. Fourteenth-century statutes recorded a yard (perhaps based originally on a rod or stick) of 3 feet, each foot containing 12 inches, each inch equaling ...
(from the article "phonetics") ...up utterances. Superimposed on the syllables there are other features that are known as suprasegmentals. These include variations in stress (accent) and pitch (tone and intonation). Variations in length are ...
(from the article "Gran Chaco") ...tribal units were not much larger than extended families. Nevertheless, from among the diverse dialects, anthropologists have described a few major linguistic associations: the Guaycuru, Lengua, Wichi, Zamuco, and Tupi-Guarani. ...
(from the article "Hungarian literature") Among the adherents of realistic fiction, Jozsef Lengyel, who died in 1975, occupied a special place. In his stories (which could not be published until the loosening of restrictions in ...
(from the article "animation") ...(1954) was Poland's first animated film, and their Changing of the Guard (1956) employed the stop-action gimmick of animated matchboxes. The collaborative efforts of Jan Lenica and ...
Irish politician (b. Nov. 17, 1930, Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland--d. Nov. 1, 1995, Dublin, Ireland), was a leading member of the Fianna Fail party for more than 30 years, notably ...
world's first nuclear-powered surface ship, a large icebreaker built by the Soviet Union in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) in 1957. The Lenin is 440 feet (134 m) long, displaces 16,000 tons, ...
(from the article "Moscow") ...of Moscow and a major tourist site. Within the Kitay-gorod, along the east wall of the Kremlin, lies Red Square, the ceremonial centre of the capital and the scene of ...
highest summit (23,406 feet [7,134 metres]) of the Trans-Alai Range on the frontier of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Once thought to be the highest mountain in what was then the Soviet ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "stadium") ...Rio de Janeiro has accommodated 200,000 people for football (soccer) games. Other stadiums built to accommodate in excess of 100,000 people include Melbourne Cricket Ground, in Melbourne (100,000); Tsentraly (Lenin) ...
two-part document dictated by Vladimir I. Lenin on Dec. 23-26, 1922, and Jan. 4, 1923, and addressed to a future Communist Party Congress. It contained guideline proposals for changes in ... [2 Related Articles]
highest civilian award of the U.S.S.R. It was established in 1930 by the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and awarded to individuals, collectives, institutions, or organizations for outstanding ... [1 Related Articles]
founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), inspirer and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and the architect, builder, and first head (1917-24) of the Soviet state. He was the ... [55 Related Articles]
oblast (province), northwestern Russia. It comprises all the Karelian Isthmus and the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland as far west as Narva. It extends eastward along the southern ...
(1948-50), in the history of the Soviet Union, a sudden and sweeping purge of Communist Party and government officials in Leningrad and the surrounding region. The purge occurred several months ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "biblical literature") The earliest extant Hebrew Bible codex is the Cairo Prophets written and punctuated by Moses ben Asher in Tiberias (in Palestine) in 895. Next in age is the Leningrad Codex ...
(from the article "Raikin, Arkady Isaakovich") After graduating from the Leningrad Theatrical Technicum in 1935, Raikin worked in both state theatres and variety shows (estradas) and in 1939 opened his own theatre, the Leningrad Theatre of ...
(Sept. 8, 1941-Jan. 27, 1944), prolonged siege of the city of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) in the Soviet Union by German and Finnish armed forces during World War II. The siege ... [1 Related Articles]
principles expounded by Vladimir I. Lenin, who was the preeminent figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Whether Leninist concepts represented a contribution to or a corruption of Marxist thought ... [8 Related Articles]
city, northeastern Kazakhstan. The city is situated in the southwestern Altai Mountains along the Ulba River, at an elevation of more than 3,300 feet (1,000 m). An Englishman, Philip Ridder, ...
city, in Kemerovo oblast (province), central Russia. It lies along the Inya River, a tributary of the Ob. In 1912 a French company started coal-mining operations there; from the 1930s ...
