| | - Lee, Robert E.
- Confederate general, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, the most successful of the Southern armies during the American Civil War (1861-65). In February 1865 he was given command of ... [29 Related Articles]
- Lee, Robert W.
- (from the article "Boxing's "Alphabet Soup" of Champions") In 1999 the U.S. attorney for New Jersey indicted the IBF president, Robert W. Lee, on racketeering charges, alleging that Lee and others had accepted bribes to manipulate ratings. In ...
- Lee, Sammy
- American diver, the first male athlete to win two Olympic gold medals in the platform event. [1 Related Articles]
- Lee, Sang Chun
- (from the article "Billiard Games") ...was staged in early August at Carom Cafe in Flushing. Almost all of the top players in the world participated in the $100,000 event-the richest carom event in history-to honour ...
- Lee, Sherman Emery
- American museum director elevated the Cleveland Museum of Art from a relatively obscure institution to an internationally renowned art museum by expanding its collection to include exquisite Asian artifacts and ...
- Lee, Spike
- American filmmaker known for his uncompromising, provocative approach to controversial subject matter. [3 Related Articles]
- Lee, Stan
- On May 3, 2002, the motion picture Spider-Man opened on 3,600 screens in the U.S. By the end of May 5, the movie-about a shy teenager given ...
- Lee, Tancy
- (from the article "Wilde, Jimmy") ...claim the European flyweight championship. He lost his first professional bout, and rights to the flyweight title, on Jan. 25, 1915, when his corner threw in the towel during the ...
- Lee, Tsung-Dao
- Chinese-born American physicist who, with Chen Ning Yang, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1957 for work in discovering violations of the principle of parity conservation (the quality of ... [4 Related Articles]
- Lee, Vernon
- English essayist and novelist who is best known for her works on aesthetics.
- Lee, William
- English inventor who devised the first knitting machine (1589), the only one in use for centuries. Its principle of operation remains in use. [1 Related Articles]
- Lee, Witness
- (from the article "Local Church, the") In 1948 Nee sent one of the church's elders, Witness Lee (1905-97), to lead the mission in Taiwan. Under Lee's direction the church flourished and spread to neighbouring countries, eventually ...
- Lee, Yuan T.
- Taiwanese-American chemist who, with Dudley R. Herschbach and John C. Polanyi, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1986 for his role in the development of chemical-reaction dynamics.
- Lee-Enfield rifle
- rifle adopted by the British army as its basic infantry weapon in 1902. The short, magazine-loaded Lee-Enfield (Mark I, or SMLE) superseded the longer Lee-Enfield that was first produced in ...
- Lee-Potter, Lynda
- British journalist (b. May 2, 1935, Leigh, Lancashire, Eng.-d. Oct. 20, 2004, Stoborough, Dorset, Eng.), was admired for her sharp wit, notorious for her derisive criticism of celebrities and other ...
- leech
- any of about 650 species of segmented worms (phylum Annelida) characterized by a small sucker, which contains the mouth, at the anterior end of the body and a large sucker ... [10 Related Articles]
- Leech, John
- English caricaturist notable for his contributions to Punch magazine. [1 Related Articles]
- leeching
- the application of a living leech to the skin in order to initiate blood flow or deplete blood from a localized area of the body. Through the 19th century leeching ...
- LEED standards
- a certification program devised in 1994 by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC; founded 1993) to encourage sustainable practices design and development by means of tools and criteria for performance ... [1 Related Articles]
- Leeder, Sigurd
- (from the article "Laban, Rudolf") ...of the originators of the modern dance in central Europe, based much of her dramatic choreography on a relationship between individual and space similar to the one Laban postulated in ...
- Leedes, William
- (from the article "Fitch, Ralph") In February 1583, together with John Newberry, John Eldred, William Leedes, and James Story, Fitch embarked in the Tiger and reached Syria in late April. (Act I, scene 3 of ...
- Leeds
- (from the article "Leeds") urban area, city, and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, England. It lies along the River Aire about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Manchester. ...
- Leeds
- urban area, city, and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, England. It lies along the River Aire about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Manchester. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Leeds and Liverpool Canal
- (from the article "canals and inland waterways") ...by technological development in both construction methods and operation. Locks, inclined planes, and lifts were developed to cope with changes in water level. At Bingley, for example, on the Leeds ...
- Leeds, Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of, Marquess of Carmarthen, Earl of Danby, Viscount Latimer of Danby, Viscount Osborne of Dunblane, Baron Osborne of Kiveton
- English statesman who, while chief minister to King Charles II, organized the Tories in Parliament. In addition he played a key role in bringing William and Mary to the English ... [1 Related Articles]
- Leedy, U. G.
- (from the article "marimba") The orchestral marimba, with metal resonators, was developed in the United States in the early 20th century by J.C. Deagan and U.G. Leedy. It is a tube-resonated instrument pitched an ...
- leek
- (species Allium ampeloprasum, variety porrum, sometimes called A. porrum), hardy, vigorous, biennial plant of the family Alliaceae. Related to the onion, it has a mild, sweet, onionlike flavour. The leek ...
- Leerdam
- (from the article "glassware") The Dutch glassworks at Leerdam played an important part in the modern movement and followed a line of development distinct from that of the Scandinavian factories. In 1915 the decision ...
- lees
- (from the article "wine") ...under pressure is practiced. Fermentation of normal musts is usually completed in 10 to 30 days. In most cases, the major portion of the yeast cells will soon be found ...
- Lees, Robert
- (from the article "Mesoamerican Indian languages") ...a given genetic grouping of languages, there may be several levels of relatedness. Glottochronology (or lexicostatistics), developed by two linguists in the United States-Morris Swadesh and Robert Lees-is a controversial ...
- Leese, Oliver
- (from the article "World War II") For a final effort against the Gustav Line, Alexander decided to shift most of the 8th Army, now commanded by Major General Sir Oliver Leese, from the Adriatic flank of ...
- Leeser, Isaac
- (from the article "Judaism") The head of the traditionalists was Isaac Leeser (1806-68), a native of Germany, who had attempted to create an indigenous American community along the lines of a modernized traditionalism. After ...
- Leeuw, Gerardus van der
- Dutch Reformed theologian and historian of religions, who contributed significantly to the phenomenological (descriptive) analysis of religious experience. [5 Related Articles]
- Leeuwarden
- gemeente (municipality), northern Netherlands. Leeuwarden lies at the junction of the Harlinger-Trek Canal and the Dokkumer Ee Canal. Originally a port on the Middelzee (reclaimed since the 13th century), it ... [1 Related Articles]
- Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van
- Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa. His researches on lower animals refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation, and his observations helped lay the foundations for ... [12 Related Articles]
- Leeward Islands
- island group in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of western Africa, constituting one of two distritos ("districts") of Cape Verde and consisting of the following islands: Brava, Fogo, Maio, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Leeward Islands
- an arc of West Indian islands that constitute the most westerly and northerly of the Lesser Antilles, at the northeastern end of the Caribbean Sea, between latitudes 16° and 19° ... [2 Related Articles]
- Lefebvre, Alexandre
- (from the article "bicycle") ...feet swung treadles back and forth, moving a pair of rods connected to cranks on the rear wheels. Thomas McCall, another Scotsman, built similar machines in the late 1860s. Documents ...
- Lefebvre, Eugene
- (from the article "stunt flying") ...started with the Wright brothers. In order to demonstrate the full capabilities of their designs, the Wrights engaged professional exhibition pilots, who began performing ever more daring stunts. Eugene Lefebvre ...
- Lefebvre, Francois-Joseph, Duc De Dantzig
- French general who was one of the 18 marshals of the empire appointed by Napoleon in May 1804.
- Lefebvre, Georges
- French historian noted for his studies of various aspects of the French Revolution. [1 Related Articles]
- Lefebvre, Marcel
- ultraconservative Roman Catholic archbishop who opposed the liberalizing changes begun by the Second Vatican Council (1962-65) and who was excommunicated in 1988 for consecrating new traditionalist bishops without the approval ... [1 Related Articles]
- Lefevre d'Etaples, Jacques
- outstanding French humanist, theologian, and translator whose scholarship stimulated scriptural studies during the Protestant Reformation. [4 Related Articles]
- Lefkandi
- (from the article "ancient Greek civilization") ...Protogeometric Period (c. 1075-900 BC), which takes its name from the geometric shapes painted on pottery. A grave, rich by the standards of any period, was uncovered at a site ...
- Lefkowitz, Mary
- (from the article "Afrocentrism") ...inaccuracy, scholarly ineptitude, and racism. In her book Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History (1996), the American classicist Mary ...
- Lefschetz, Solomon
- (from the article "mathematics") On this base, conjectures were made and a general theory produced, first by Poincare and then by the American engineer-turned-mathematician Solomon Lefschetz, concerning the nature of manifolds of arbitrary dimension. ...
- Left Bank
- (from the article "Paris") ...As a result, what starts out as the stream's east bank becomes its north bank and ends as the west bank, and the Parisians therefore adopted the simple, unchanging designation ...
- Left Bank
- (from the article "Ukraine") ...the Truce of Andrusovo, Ukraine was partitioned along the Dnieper River: the west, known as the Right Bank, reverted to Poland, while Russia was confirmed in its possession of the ...
- Left Bank Outfall Drain
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...waterlogging and salinity in some places. In an attempt to correct this problem, the Pakistan government, with the financial support of such international agencies as the World Bank, constructed the ...
- Left Bank school
- (from the article "Resnais, Alain") ...form and radical content. In his preference for elaborate rehearsals of his actors, Resnais belongs to the classical cinema; but his social, political, and spiritual milieu was that of the ...
- Left Book Club
- (from the article "Gollancz, Sir Victor") Gollancz supported or headed numerous committees and organizations dedicated to social welfare, pacifism, abolition of capital punishment, and related goals. Through the Left Book Club, which he founded in 1936, ...
- Left Chamber
- (from the article "Dajokan") ...subdivided into an executive branch, a legislative branch, and six other departments. Reorganized several times, the Dajokan was finally restructured on Sept. 13, 1871, into three chambers: a Left Chamber ...
- Left Communist
- in Soviet history, one of a group within the Communist Party which in the first half of 1918 opposed Lenin's practical policies for preserving Communist rule in Russia. The group ... [2 Related Articles]
- left fielder
- (from the article "baseball") The three outfielders are positioned so as to best be able to catch or field balls that are batted over or through the infield. The three outfield positions are left ...
- Left Front
- (from the article "India") Growing differences between the ruling United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and its partner, the Left Front, constituted a second important development in Indian politics. Rejecting the UPA government's major foreign policy ...
- left hemisphere
- (from the article "intelligence, human") ...as they relate to the regions of the brain from which they originate. In her research on the functions of the brain's two hemispheres, the psychologist Jerre Levy and others ...
- Left Party
- German political party that ruled East Germany as the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and now contests elections in united Germany. [2 Related Articles]
- Left Party
- (from the article "Sweden") ...Party), the Centre Party, and the Liberal Party-and two socialist parties-the Swedish Social Democratic Workers' Party (SAP; commonly called the Social Democratic Labour Party) and the Left Party (former Communist ...
- Left Reform Party
- (from the article "Denmark") ...between the Left and the Right was reached, at which time Estrup himself left the government. The Left's demand for parliamentary democracy was not granted until the 1901 election, however, ...
- Left Socialist Revolutionaries
- (from the article "Socialist Revolutionary Party") ...The party won 410 seats (compared to the Bolsheviks' 175) in the election for the Constituent Assembly (November 1917) but had divided over the Bolshevik Revolution (October 1917). Its radical ...
- left ventricular assist device
- (from the article "cardiovascular disease") Because of the unpredictable nature of obtaining a donor heart, left ventricular assist devices have been developed to increase patient survival while awaiting a transplant. These devices work by taking ...
- left ventriculography
- (from the article "human cardiovascular system") ...visualization of the chambers and great vessels of the heart from injections of dyes that are opaque to X-rays. Anatomic defects, such as congenital and acquired lesions, can be detected ...
- left wing
- (from the article "Nation, The") ...of the Soviet government, which took place in 1933. Subsequent changes in ownership and editorship kept the journal's staff and readers in some suspense about its location on the spectrum ...
- left-eyed flounder
- (from the article "flounder") In the families Bothidae and Paralichthyidae, which together contain more than 240 species, the better-known flounders include the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), an American Atlantic food fish growing to about ...
- left-handed quartz
- (from the article "silica mineral") ...applications in electronics as a frequency control and in pressure gauges and other devices. The lack of symmetry planes parallel to the vertical axis allows quartz crystals to occur as ...
- left-handedness
- (from the article "laterality") The most obvious example of laterality is handedness, which is the tendency to use one hand or the other to perform activities. It is the usual practice to classify persons ...
- left-heart catheterization
- (from the article "human cardiovascular system") Left-heart catheterization is accomplished by introducing a catheter into the brachial or femoral artery (in the upper arm and thigh, respectively) and advancing it through the aorta across the aortic ...
- Left-Wing Writers, League of
- (from the article "Chinese literature") ...in which Nationalist, Communist, and warlord forces clashed frequently, initiated a shift to the left in Chinese letters, culminating in 1930 in the founding of the Tso-i tso-chia lien-meng ("League ...
- Lefuel, Hector-Martin
- French architect who completed the new Louvre in Paris, a structure that was seen as a primary symbol of Second Empire architecture in the late 19th century. [1 Related Articles]
- leg
- limb or appendage of an animal, used to support the body, provide locomotion, and, in modified form, assist in capturing and eating prey (as in certain shellfish, spiders, and insects). ... [8 Related Articles]
- leg before wicket
- (from the article "cricket") The batsman is out "leg before wicket" (lbw) if he intercepts with any part of his person (except his hand) that is in line between wicket and wicket a ball ...
- leg bye
- (from the article "cricket") ...but to the side's score may be added the following extras: (1) byes (when a ball from the bowler passes the wicket without being touched by the bat and the ...
- leg glance
- (from the article "cricket") ...of the ball and plays it in front of the wicket (if played with aggressive intent, this stroke becomes the drive); back stroke, in which the batsman moves his rear ...
- Lega, Silvestro
- (from the article "Macchiaioli") ...patches. Other important painters of the group were the critic and theoretician Telemaco Signorini (1853-1901), who used colour with great sensitivity in his usually socially conscious scenes; Silvestro Lega (1826-95), ...
- legacy
- in law, generally a gift of property by will or testament. The term is used to denote the disposition of either personal or real property in the event of death. [1 Related Articles]
- legal aid
- the professional legal assistance given, either at no charge or for a nominal sum, to indigent persons in need of such help. In criminal cases most countries-especially those in which ... [2 Related Articles]
- Legal and Social Studies, Centre for
- (from the article "Mignone, Emilio Fermin") ...of the Argentine navy). To aid in the search for his daughter and the many other desaparecidos ("disappeared persons"), Mignone founded the Centre for Legal and Social ...
- legal anthropology
- (from the article "anthropology") While the intellectual and methodological roots of political anthropology can be traced to Montesquieu and Alexis de Tocqueville, who viewed politics and governance as cultural constructs, Elizabeth Colson dated the ...
- legal deposit
- (from the article "library") Most national libraries receive, by legal right (known in English as legal, or copyright, deposit), one free copy of each book and periodical printed in the country. Certain other libraries ...
- legal education
- preparation for the practice of law. Instruction in law has been offered in universities since medieval times, but, since the advent of university-based law schools in the 18th and 19th ... [8 Related Articles]
- legal ethics
- principles of conduct that members of the legal profession are expected to observe in their practice. They are an outgrowth of the development of the legal profession itself. [1 Related Articles]
- legal fiction
- a rule assuming as true something that is clearly false. A fiction is often used to get around the provisions of constitutions and legal codes that legislators are hesitant to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Legal Framework Order
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...Yahya Khan said he would govern Pakistan only until the national election in 1970. Yahya Khan abolished Ayub Khan's basic democracies system and abrogated the 1962 constitution. He also issued ...
- Legal Framework Order
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...won a referendum granting him an additional five years as president. The referendum also reinstated the constitution, though modified with provisions spelled out in a document called the Legal Framework ...
- legal glossator
- in the Middle Ages, any of the scholars who applied methods of interlinear or marginal annotations (glossae) and the explanation of words to the interpretation of Roman legal texts. The ... [3 Related Articles]
- legal hypothec
- (from the article "hypothec") ...before witnesses. It is necessary to state the amount to be secured in the document. Judicial hypothecs are instituted by the court against all the property, present and future, of ...
- legal incidence
- (from the article "government economic policy") The incidence of taxes is a subject that has generated much academic debate. It is usual to distinguish between the legal incidence of a tax and its effective, or final, ...
- Legal Marxism
- (from the article "Struve, Pyotr Berngardovich") liberal Russian economist and political scientist.
- legal maxim
- a broad proposition (usually stated in a fixed Latin form), a number of which have been used by lawyers since the 17th century or earlier. Some of them can be ...
- legal ownership
- (from the article "property law") The basic distinction between legal and equitable ownership is quite simple. The legal owner of the property (trustee) has the right to possession, the privilege of use, and the power ...
- legal profession
- vocation that is based on expertise in the law and in its applications. Although there are other ways of defining the profession, this simple definition may be best, despite the ... [11 Related Articles]
- legal rights
- (from the article "animal rights") A legal thing can become a legal person; this happened whenever human slaves were freed. The former legal thing then possesses his own legal rights and remedies. Parallels have frequently ...
- Legal Tender Act
- (from the article "Legal Tender Cases") To finance the Civil War, the federal government in 1862 passed the Legal Tender Act, authorizing the creation of paper money not redeemable in gold or silver. About $430 million ...
- Legal Tender Cases
- (1870, 1871), two cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court regarding the power of Congress to authorize government notes not backed by specie as money that creditors had to accept ... [1 Related Articles]
- Legal Training and Research Institute
- (from the article "legal education") A somewhat similar procedure is followed in Japan. Law graduates who seek careers as judges, prosecutors, or lawyers in private practice must pass the National Law Examination for entrance to ...
- Legalism
- school of Chinese philosophy that attained prominence during the turbulent Warring States era (475-221 BCE) and, through the influence of the philosophers Shang Yang, Li Si, and Hanfeizi, formed the ... [8 Related Articles]
- Legality Party
- (from the article "Albania") ...resistance force. After a successful struggle against the fascists and two other resistance groups that contended for power with them-the National Front (Balli Kombetar) and the pro-Zog Legality Party (Legaliteti)-the ...
- legality warranty
- (from the article "insurance") ...deviate from its intended course except to save lives. Clauses may be attached to the ocean marine policy to eliminate the implied warranties of seaworthiness or deviation. The implied warranty ...
- Legare, Hugh Swinton
- U.S. lawyer, a conservative Southern intellectual who opposed the attempts of South Carolina's radicals to nullify the Tariff of 1832.
- Legaspi
- chartered city, southeastern Luzon, Philippines, near an inlet on Albay Gulf. Founded about 1639, it was named for Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, conquistador and first Spanish governor-general of the Philippines. ...
- legate
- official who acted as a deputy general to governors of provinces conquered by ancient Rome in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, during the period of the republic. In the ... [2 Related Articles]
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