| | - Lausanne Protocol
- (from the article "Lausanne Conference") ...1930, 5 percent redeemable bonds to the value of three billion Reichsmarks. The creditor governments canceled war debts as between themselves but made a "gentleman's agreement" that the Lausanne Protocol ...
- Lausanne, Treaty of
- (from the article "Italo-Turkish War") ...coast, but the war remained at a stalemate until a successful Italian offensive in North Africa from July to October 1912. Turkey, now menaced by the Balkan states, sought peace. ...
- Lausanne, Treaty of
- (1923), final treaty concluding World War I. It was signed by representatives of Turkey (successor to the Ottoman Empire) on one side and by Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, ... [10 Related Articles]
- Lausonium
- (from the article "Lausanne") The ancient Celtic Lausonium, or Lausonna, was originally on the shore of the lake southwest of the present city. During the invasion of the Alemanni (c. 379), the inhabitants took ...
- Laut Island
- island off the southeastern coast of Borneo, Kalimantan Selatan provinsi ("province"), Indonesia. Laut Island lies in the Makassar Strait, 105 miles (169 km) east of Banjarmasin city. It is 60 ... [1 Related Articles]
- Lautaro
- Mapuche Indian who led the native uprising against the Spanish conquerors in south-central Chile from 1553 to 1557. [3 Related Articles]
- Lautenwerck
- (from the article "keyboard instrument") ...were occasionally strung with gut rather than with metal wire in order to imitate the sound of a lute. Such gut-strung harpsichords, one of which was owned by J.S. Bach, ...
- lauter tun
- (from the article "beer") The decoction brewer transfers the mash to a separation vessel called the lauter tun, where a shallow filter bed is formed, allowing a more rapid runoff time of about 2.5 ...
- Lauterbur, Paul
- American chemist who, with English physicist Sir Peter Mansfield, won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2003 for the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a computerized scanning ... [2 Related Articles]
- Lautoka
- city on the northwest coast of the island of Viti Levu, Fiji, South Pacific Ocean. Situated on the dry side of the island, Lautoka (originally called Namoli) serves an important ... [1 Related Articles]
- Lautreamont, comte de
- poet, a strange and enigmatic figure in French literature, who is recognized as a major influence on the Surrealists. [1 Related Articles]
- Lauzun, Antonin-Nompar de Caumont, Count and Duke de
- French military officer who was imprisoned by King Louis XIV to prevent him from marrying the Duchesse de Montpensier (known as La Grande Mademoiselle), the wealthiest heiress in Europe. [2 Related Articles]
- Lauzun, Hotel de
- (from the article "Paris") ...rent space to householders. The church of Saint-Louis-en-l'Ile was begun the same year, 1664, but one of the finest houses, by Louis Le Vau, had been completed as early as ...
- Lava
- (from the article "Sthanakavasi") ...meetinghouse (sthanak) rather than at a temple, differs from the Shvetambara sect in its rejection of image worship and temple ritual. The subsect was founded in the ...
- Lava
- (from the article "Sita") ...proved it by voluntarily undergoing an ordeal by fire. Rama, however, banished her to the forest in deference to public opinion. There she gave birth to their two children, Kusa ...
- lava
- magma (molten rock) emerging as a liquid onto the Earth's surface. The term lava is also used for the solidified rock formed by the cooling of a molten lava flow. ... [18 Related Articles]
- Lava Beds National Monument
- region of recent lava flows and related volcanic formations, including deep chasms, cinder cones that rise to 300 ft (90 m) from the lava, and chimneys, in northern California, U.S., ...
- lava cave
- cave or cavity formed as a result of surface solidification of a lava flow during the last stages of its activity. A frozen crust may form over still mobile and ... [1 Related Articles]
- lava flow
- (from the article "volcano") The root zone of volcanoes is found some 70 to 200 km (40 to 120 miles) below the surface of the Earth. There, in the Earth's upper mantle, temperatures are ...
- lava fountain
- (from the article "volcano") ...a fissure that split the long axis of the summit caldera, an oval, cliff-bounded basin approximately 3 to 5 km (1.9 to 3.1 miles) from rim to rim that had ...
- lava plateau
- (from the article "plateau") A third type of plateau can form where extensive lava flows (called flood basalts or traps) and volcanic ash bury preexisting terrain, as exemplified by the Columbia Plateau in the ...
- lava tube
- (from the article "cave") These are the longest and most complicated of volcanic caves. They are the channels of rivers of lava that at some earlier time flowed downslope from a volcanic vent or ...
- lavage
- (from the article "pulmonary alveolar proteinosis") ...considerable periods, and spontaneous improvement has been known to occur; it is sometimes fatal, but rarely so, if treated. Treatment involves removal of the material by a rinsing out of ...
- Lavagh More
- (from the article "Donegal") ...major inlets being Lough Swilly and Lough Foyle, between which is the Inishowen Peninsula. The chief rivers are the Finn and Erne. The main mountain ranges are the Blue Stack, ...
- Laval
- city, seat of Laval region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It occupies the whole of Ile Jesus (Jesus Island), just north of Ile de Montreal from which it is separated to ...
- Laval
- town, capital of Mayenne departement, Pays de la Loire region, northwestern France, east of Rennes. The old quarters of the town, which have fine 16th- and 18th-century ... [1 Related Articles]
- Laval University
- a French-language university located on the outskirts of the city of Quebec. Laval's predecessor institution, the Seminary of Quebec, considered the first Canadian institution of higher learning, was founded by ... [2 Related Articles]
- Laval, Carl Gustaf Patrik de
- Swedish scientist, engineer, and inventor who pioneered in the development of high-speed turbines. [1 Related Articles]
- Laval, Francois de Montmorency
- the first Roman Catholic bishop in Canada, who laid the foundations of church organization in France's North American possessions. [1 Related Articles]
- Laval, Pierre
- French politician and statesman who led the Vichy government in policies of collaboration with Germany during World War II, for which he was ultimately executed as a traitor to France. [5 Related Articles]
- Laval-Mussolini agreements
- (from the article "international relations") ...and King Alexander of Yugoslavia were shot dead in Marseille by an agent of Croatian terrorists. The new French foreign minister, the rightist Pierre Laval, was especially friendly to Rome. ...
- Lavalas Family
- (from the article "Haiti") ...Rene Preval (1996-2001) had emerged as the leading presidential candidate in a field of 35 that included veteran politician Marc Bazin as the standard-bearer of Aristide's Lavalas Family (FL) and ...
- lavaliere
- ornament hung from a chain worn around the neck. The lavaliere, which came into fashion in the 17th century, was usually a small, jewelled gold locket, though it could also ...
- Lavalle, Juan
- (from the article "Rosas, Juan Manuel de") In 1820 Col. Manuel Dorrego, governor of Buenos Aires, appointed Rosas head of the provincial militia. After Dorrego was overthrown in 1828, Rosas opposed the new governor, Juan Lavalle. Rosas ...
- Lavallee, Calixa
- (from the article "O Canada") The music, written by Calixa Lavallee (1842-91), a concert pianist and native of Vercheres, Que., was commissioned in 1880 on the occasion of a visit to Quebec by Lord Lorne ...
- Lavalleja, Juan Antonio
- (from the article "Uruguay") ...was resisted within the Banda Oriental and by Uruguayan exiles as well. Argentines felt increasingly threatened by the Brazilian presence, and their government was compelled to support Juan Antonio Lavalleja, ...
- Lavandula lanata
- (from the article "lavender") ...vera) is cultivated widely for its essential oil and for its narrow fragrant leaves and spikes of purple flowers that are dried and used in sachets. French lavender (L. stoechas) ...
- Lavater, Johann Kaspar
- Swiss writer, Protestant pastor, and founder of physiognomics, an antirational, religious, and literary movement. [2 Related Articles]
- Laveaux, Etienne
- (from the article "Toussaint Louverture") ...a republican. He has been criticized for the duplicity of his dealings with his onetime allies and for a slaughter of Spaniards at a mass. His switch was decisive; the ...
- Lavelle, Louis
- French philosopher recognized as a forerunner of the psychometaphysic movement, which teaches that self-actualization and ultimate freedom develop from seeking one's "inward" being and relating it to the Absolute. Much ... [1 Related Articles]
- lavender
- any plant of the genus Lavandula, comprising about 30 species of the mint family Lamiaceae, native to countries bordering on the Mediterranean. English lavender (L. angustifolia, also ...
- lavender oil
- (from the article "lavender") Lavender oil is obtained by distillation of the flowers and is used chiefly in fine perfumes and cosmetics. It is a colourless or yellow liquid, the fragrant constituents of which ...
- lavender water
- (from the article "lavender") ...and is used chiefly in fine perfumes and cosmetics. It is a colourless or yellow liquid, the fragrant constituents of which are linalyl acetate, linalool, pinene, limonene, geraniol, and cineole. ...
- laver
- any member of the genus Porphyra, a group of marine red algae. The thallus, a sheet of cells embedded in a thin gelatinous stratum, varies in colour from deep brown ... [3 Related Articles]
- Laver, Rod
- outstanding Australian tennis player, the second male player in the history of the game (after Don Budge in 1938) to win the four major singles championships-Australia, France, Great Britain (Wimbledon), ... [2 Related Articles]
- Lavera
- (from the article "Marseille") ...through loss of markets or transfer to the city's periphery. Heavy industry (oil refining and petrochemicals) grew up around the Berre Lagoon in the 1950s following the building of an ...
- Laveran, Alphonse
- French physician, pathologist, and parasitologist who discovered the parasite that causes human malaria. For this and later work on protozoal diseases he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine ... [1 Related Articles]
- LaVey, Anton Szandor
- (from the article "Church of Satan") counterculture group founded in the United States in the 1960s by Anton Szandor LaVey (1930-1997), born Howard Levy. Contrary to its name, the church does not promote evil but rather ...
- Lavigerie, Charles
- cardinal and archbishop of Algiers and Carthage (now Tunis, Tunisia) whose dream to convert Africa to Christianity prompted him to found the Society of Missionaries of Africa, popularly known as ... [2 Related Articles]
- Lavin, Joaquin
- (from the article "Chile") The political ripples from the Pinochet affair were also felt within the right-wing Alliance. Competition for the presidential nomination erupted between its two parties, pitting Joaquin Lavin of the Independent ...
- Lavin, Mary
- U.S.-born Irish writer who was best known for her short stories that revealed the complexities and remarkableness of seemingly ordinary small-town Irish life (b. June 11, 1912--d. March 25, 1996).
- Lavinde, Gabriele de
- (from the article "cryptology") ...cryptology dates from the Middle Ages, when it was developed by the Papal States and the Italian city-states. The first European manual on cryptography (c. 1379) was a compilation of ...
- Lavinia
- (from the article "Titus Andronicus") ...returns to Rome after having defeated the Goths, bringing with him Queen Tamora, whose eldest son he sacrifices to the gods. The late emperor's son Saturninus is supposed to marry ...
- Lavinia
- (from the article "Turnus") ...which means "Etruscan." In Virgil's Aeneid Turnus is king of the city of Ardea, and his people are called the Rutuli. He is the favourite suitor of ...
- Lavinium
- an ancient town of Latium (modern Pratica di Mare, Italy), 19 miles (30 kilometres) south of Rome, regarded as the religious centre of the early Latin peoples. Roman tradition maintained ... [2 Related Articles]
- Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent
- prominent French chemist and leading figure in the 18th-century chemical revolution who developed an experimentally based theory of the chemical reactivity of oxygen and coauthored the modern system for naming ... [21 Related Articles]
- Lavon Affair
- (from the article "Ben-Gurion, David") ...in part from the bitter internal controversy between his supporters and his rivals in the party, who rose against him for the first time because of the political implications of ...
- Lavon, Pinhas
- Israeli politician who held a number of government posts and was accused in 1954 of involvement in a plot to discredit Egypt by secretly attacking U.S. facilities in that country. ...
- lavradore
- (from the article "Latin America, history of") ...was the engenho, the mill. So expensive were the mill, technicians' salaries, and the force of African slaves to work there that mill owners normally depended on cane growers called ...
- Lavrenov, Tsanko
- (from the article "Bulgaria") ...style and subject matter took place, and the foundations were laid for later artists such as Vladimir Dimitrov, an extremely gifted painter specializing in the rural scenes of his native ...
- Lavrov, Pyotr
- Russian Socialist philosopher whose sociological thought provided a theoretical foundation for the activities of various Russian revolutionary organizations during the second half of the 19th century.
- law
- (from the article "science, philosophy of") A second difficulty for Hempel's account resulted from his candid admission that he was unable to offer a full analysis of the notion of a scientific law. Laws are generalizations ...
- law
- (from the article "law") the discipline and profession concerned with the customs, practices, and rules of conduct of a community that are recognized as binding by the community. Enforcement of the body of rules ...
- Law 28222
- (from the article "Peru") ...of Ilave, a small city in the highland district of Puno near the Bolivian border, became outraged with the behaviour of their mayor and lynched him. At least partially as ...
- Law and Justice
- (from the article "Poland") In the first three quarters of 2007, Poland continued a difficult transition under a particularly difficult government. The Law and Justice party (PiS), in a ruling coalition with two smaller ...
- law code
- a more or less systematic and comprehensive written statement of laws. Law codes were compiled by the most ancient peoples. The oldest extant evidence for a code is tablets from ... [26 Related Articles]
- Law Commission
- (from the article "crime") ...Law Revision Committee, established in 1959, eventually made a variety of specific recommendations, including the elimination of the distinction between felonies and misdemeanours. In addition, the Law Commission, also a ...
- Law Dome
- (from the article "Wilkes Land") ...Budd, and Knox, which are all claimed by Australia; and Adelie Coast, which is claimed by France. Australia and France maintain stations along the Wilkes Land coasts. A local ice ...
- law merchant
- during the Middle Ages, the body of customary rules and principles relating to merchants and mercantile transactions and adopted by traders themselves for the purpose of regulating their dealings. Initially, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Law of Associations
- (from the article "Bahrain") Political groups, called associations, bitterly protested a new Law of Associations that forbade such groups from receiving financial aid from abroad and raised the age of potential members from 18 ...
- law of large numbers
- in statistics, the theorem that, as the number of identically distributed, randomly generated variables increases, their sample mean (average) approaches their theoretical mean. [5 Related Articles]
- Law of Property Act
- (from the article "Birkenhead, Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Earl of, Viscount Furneaux Of Charlton, Viscount Birkenhead Of Birkenhead, Baron Birkenhead Of Birkenhead") ...Lloyd George, prime minister in the second wartime coalition, offered Smith the lord chancellorship, which he, as Baron Birkenhead, assumed on Feb. 4, 1919. His greatest accomplishments were the Law ...
- Law on Associated Labour
- (from the article "Serbia") ...worker self-management in factories and institutions was adopted. This program, which sought to address problems inherent in the highly centralized Soviet model of socialism, was codified in the Law on ...
- law report
- in common law, published record of a judicial decision that is cited by lawyers and judges for their use as precedent in subsequent cases. The report of a decision ordinarily ...
- Law Society
- (from the article "solicitor") The official organization of solicitors is the Law Society, a voluntary group, incorporated by Parliament. The Law Society has extensive authority in setting and enforcing standards for solicitors. Its rules ...
- Law XII
- (from the article "Austria") ...the discussion. On Feb. 17, 1867, Francis Joseph restored the Hungarian constitution. A ministry responsible to the Hungarian Diet was formed under Andrassy, and in May 1867 the diet approved ...
- Law, Bernard Cardinal
- When 2002 began, Boston's Bernard Cardinal Law was the senior Roman Catholic cardinal in the U.S. and the chairman of the bishops' Committee on International Policy, but as the year ... [1 Related Articles]
- Law, Bonar
- prime minister of Great Britain from Oct. 23, 1922, to May 20, 1923, the first holder of that office to come from a British overseas possession. He was the leader ... [5 Related Articles]
- Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement
- [41 Related Articles]
- Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement
- [14 Related Articles]
- Law, John
- Scottish monetary reformer and originator of the "Mississippi scheme" for the development of French territories in America. [3 Related Articles]
- law, philosophy of
- the formulation of concepts and theories to aid in understanding the nature of law, the sources of its authority, and its role in society. In English-speaking countries the term "jurisprudence" ... [13 Related Articles]
- law, rule of
- (from the article "libertarianism") Libertarians consider the rule of law to be a crucial underpinning of a free society. In its simplest form, this principle means that individuals should be governed by generally applicable ...
- Law, William
- English author of influential works on Christian ethics and mysticism. [1 Related Articles]
- Law-Racovita Base
- (from the article "Antarctica") In January 2006, members of the Australian National Antarctic Program welcomed representatives of the Romanian Antarctic program to Law-Racovita Base, located in the Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land, near Australia's ...
- Lawa River
- (from the article "Maroni River") ...on the east from Suriname on the west. Its upper course is known as the Litani in Suriname, or Itany in French Guiana; its middle course, along which there is ...
- Lawamon
- early Middle English poet, author of the romance-chronicle the Brut (c. 1200), one of the most notable English poems of the 12th century. It is the first ... [1 Related Articles]
- Lawarai Pass
- (from the article "Hindu Kush") ...(22,447 feet [6,842 metres]) and Buni Zom (21,499 feet [6,553 metres])-which strikes southward from the Lupsuk Peak (18,861 feet [5,749 metres]) in the eastern region, then continues to the Lawarai ...
- Lawes, Henry
- English composer noted for his continuo songs. [1 Related Articles]
- Lawes, Lewis Edward
- U.S. penologist whose introduction of novel penal administrative policies helped to emphasize a rehabilitative role for prisons.
- Lawes, Sir John Bennet, 1st Baronet
- English agronomist who founded the artificial fertilizer industry and Rothamsted Experimental Station, the oldest agricultural research station in the world. [1 Related Articles]
- Lawes, William
- English composer, prominent during the early Baroque period, noted for his highly original instrumental music.
- Lawler, Ray
- actor, producer, and playwright whose Summer of the Seventeenth Doll is credited with changing the direction of modern Australian drama. [1 Related Articles]
- Lawless, Lucy, and Sorbo, Kevin
- Playing ancient warriors on the television shows "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" and its spin-off, "Xena: Warrior Princess," actors Kevin Sorbo and Lucy Lawless conquered their toughest opponent in 1997--the fickle ...
- Lawless, Lucy, and Sorbo, Kevin
- Playing ancient warriors on the television shows "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" and its spin-off, "Xena: Warrior Princess," actors Kevin Sorbo and Lucy Lawless conquered their toughest opponent in 1997--the fickle ...
- Lawlor, Si
- (from the article "yacht") ...transatlantic voyage was made in a 6-metre boat by Alfred Johnson in 1876 to commemorate the centenary of U.S. independence. The first single-handed race in 1891 was won by the ...
- lawn
- (from the article "lawn") fine-textured turf (q.v.) of grass that is kept mowed.landscape architecturegardeningThe nature of ga
- Lawrance, Charles Lanier
- American aeronautical engineer who designed the first successful air-cooled aircraft engine, used on many historic early flights.
- Lawrence
- city, seat (1855) of Douglas county, eastern Kansas, U.S. It lies on the Kansas River. It was founded in 1854 by antislavery radicals who had come to Kansas under the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Lawrence
- city, Essex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Merrimack River, 26 miles (42 km) north of Boston. The site at Bodwell's Falls (the source of abundant waterpower) was ...
- Lawrence
- county, western Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered to the west by Ohio. It consists of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau that is drained by the Shenango, Mahoning, and Beaver rivers. ...
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