| | - Langlands, Robert
- (from the article "Lafforgue, Laurent") ...Fields Medalist, Russian Vladimir Drinfeld, Lafforgue established one important case of the Langlands conjectures. The Langlands conjectures, or Langlands Program, grew out of a 1967 letter that Robert Langlands wrote ...
- langleik
- (from the article "zither") ...to Scandinavia and Iceland (e.g., the Swedish hummel) and were eventually influenced by the Austrian zither and the Norwegian langleik, in which the pitch ...
- Langley
- city ("district municipality"), southwestern British Columbia, Canada, just east-southeast of Vancouver, near the U.S. (Washington) border. The historic Hudson's Bay Company post, Fort Langley (named for Thomas Langley, a company ...
- Langley aerodrome No. 5
- aircraft designed and built by Samuel Pierpont Langley in 1896, the first powered heavier-than-air machine to attain sustained flight. [1 Related Articles]
- Langley aerodrome No. 6
- (from the article "Langley aerodrome No. 5") The flights of May 26 represented a turning point in Langley's experiments. On Nov. 28, 1896, the Smithsonian crew launched the Langley aerodrome No. 6 on a flight lasting more ...
- Langley, Deo
- (from the article "Native American music") ...music by the 1800s, and those repertories are considered traditional in the 21st century. The Mi'kmaq fiddler Lee Cremo is well known among the First Nations of Canada, while the ...
- Langley, Samuel Pierpont
- American astrophysicist and aeronautical pioneer who developed new instruments with which to study the Sun and built the first powered heavier-than-air machine of significant size to achieve sustained flight. [5 Related Articles]
- Langlois, Charles-Victor
- one of the leading French scholars of the late 19th century, who is best known for his bibliographic and historical studies of medieval France.
- Langlois, Henri
- (from the article "Franju, Georges") In 1932 Franju found work on the sets of Paris music halls while he studied theatre decor. Franju met Henri Langlois in 1934. In that year the two men directed ...
- Langlois, Jean
- (from the article "Akaroa") In 1838 a French whaler, Captain Jean Langlois, agreed with the local Maori chiefs to buy 30,000 acres (12,000 hectares) of the peninsula. He returned to France to organize the ...
- Langmuir circulation
- (from the article "lake") A small-scale circulation phenomenon that has aroused considerable attention on lakes is Langmuir circulation. On windy days, parallel "streaks" can be observed to develop on the water surface and exhibit ...
- Langmuir, Alexander
- U.S. epidemiologist (b. Sept. 12, 1910, Santa Monica, Calif.--d. Nov. 22, 1993, Baltimore, Md.), created and led the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) for the U.S. government and was credited with ...
- Langmuir, Irving
- American physical chemist who was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize for Chemistry "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry." He was the second American and the first industrial chemist ... [4 Related Articles]
- Langmuir-Child equation
- (from the article "electron tube") The most popular models rest on the Richardson-Dushman equation, derived in the 1920s, and the Langmuir-Child equation, formulated shortly thereafter. The former states that the current per unit of area, ...
- Lango
- people inhabiting the marshy lowlands northeast of Lakes Kwania and Kyoga in northern Uganda and speaking an Eastern Sudanic language of the Nilo-Saharan language family. [2 Related Articles]
- Langport
- town (parish), South Somerset district, administrative and historic county of Somerset, England, at the head of the Somerset marshes and for centuries the main crossing point of the River Parrett.
- Langres
- town, eastern France, Haute-Marne departement, Champagne-Ardenne region, north-northeast of Dijon. A medieval fortified city, it is situated 1,529 feet (466 metres) above sea level ...
- Langres Plateau
- (from the article "Champagne-Ardenne") In the south of the region lies the Langres Plateau, which reaches elevations of more than 1,500 feet (450 metres). This and other limestone highlands in the ...
- Langsdorff, Hans
- (from the article "Graf Spee") ...the Graf Spee had damaged the Exeter and driven off the other two cruisers. The Graf Spee then made off in the direction of Montevideo, Uruguay, where its commander, Captain ...
- Langsdorffia
- (from the article "Balanophoraceae") ...stems) to the roots of host trees by means of highly modified roots (haustoria), through which water and nutrients pass from host to parasite. Plants of the genera Balanophora and ...
- Langston University
- public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Langston, Oklahoma, U.S. It is Oklahoma's only historically black institution of higher learning and has land-grant status. It includes schools of Arts and ...
- Langston, John Mercer
- black leader, educator, and diplomat, who is believed to have been the first black ever elected to public office in the United States.
- Langtoft, Peter
- author of an Anglo-Norman chronicle in alexandrines, canon of the Augustinian priory at Bridlington. He took his name from the village of Langtoft in East Yorkshire. It is known that ...
- Langton, Stephen
- English cardinal whose appointment as archbishop of Canterbury precipitated King John's quarrel with Pope Innocent III and played an important part in the Magna Carta crisis. [4 Related Articles]
- Langton, Walter
- a leading adviser of King Edward I of England; he was treasurer of the exchequer from 1295 to 1307 and bishop of Lichfield from 1296 until his death. In both ...
- Langtry, Lillie
- British beauty and actress, known as the Jersey Lily. [1 Related Articles]
- language
- a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate. [47 Related Articles]
- language acquisition
- (from the article "animal learning") The ability to speak was regarded by Descartes as the single most important distinction between humans and other animals, and many modern linguists, most notably Noam Chomsky, have agreed that ...
- language game
- (from the article "Christianity") In the late 20th century, under the stimulus of Wittgenstein's posthumously published works, attention was directed to the multiple legitimate uses of language in the various language games developed within ...
- language ideology
- (from the article "anthropology") ...understandings of the world-are encoded in talk and text. Students of "language ideologies" look at local ideas about how language functions. A significant language ideology associated with the formation of ...
- language isolate
- (from the article "Mesoamerican Indian languages") ...assigned to a specific group. A few of these languages are currently thought to be unrelated to any of the established genetic groupings and are listed individually in the table; ...
- language laboratory
- (from the article "pedagogy") Language laboratories are study rooms equipped with electronic sound-reproduction devices, enabling students to hear model pronunciations of foreign languages and to record and hear their own voices as they engage ...
- language universal
- (from the article "creole languages") Universalists claim that creoles developed according to universals of language development. According to the version of this hypothesis called the language bioprogram hypothesis, which was later revised and became known ...
- language variant
- (from the article "language") The word language contains a multiplicity of different designations. Two senses have already been distinguished: language as a universal species-specific capability of mankind, and languages as the various manifestations of ...
- language, philosophy of
- philosophical investigation of the nature of language; the relations between language, language users, and the world; and the concepts with which language is described and analyzed, both in everyday speech ... [4 Related Articles]
- langue
- (from the article "semiotics") ...is a set of speech sounds or marks on a page, and the signified, which is the concept or idea behind the sign. Saussure also distinguished parole, or actual individual ...
- langue d'oil
- (from the article "French literature") ...south, where the Latin spoken was less subject to change. The tongue spoken to the north of an imaginary line running roughly from the Gironde River to the Alps was ...
- Languedoc
- historical and cultural region encompassing the southern French departements of Herault, Gard, and Ardeche and parts of Haute-Loire, Lozere, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Haute-Garonne, and Ariege and coextensive with the former province ... [5 Related Articles]
- Languedoc-Roussillon
- region of France encompassing the southern departements of Lozere, Gard, Herault, Aude, and Pyrenees-Orientales and roughly coextensive with the former province of Languedoc. Languedoc-Roussillon ...
- Languet, Hubert
- (from the article "humanism") ...a living pattern of the humanistic ideal. Splendidly educated in the Latin classics at Shrewsbury and Oxford, Sidney continued his studies under the direction of the prominent French scholar Hubert ...
- languid
- (from the article "keyboard instrument") The pipe stands vertically on the wind-chest, and wind enters at the foot hole. The foot is divided from the speaking length by the languid, a flat plate; the only ...
- languid ladies
- (from the article "Mertensia") ...fleshy, grayish-leaved plant, is about the same height as Virginia bluebell but has smaller flowers that bloom in summer. It grows along pebbly coasts of northern North America and northern ...
- langur
- general name given to numerous species of Asian monkeys belonging to the subfamily Colobinae. The term is often restricted to nearly two dozen species of leaf monkeys but is also ... [1 Related Articles]
- Lanier, Jaron
- (from the article "virtual reality") ...then, Zimmerman was working at the Atari Research Center in Sunnyvale, California, along with Scott Fisher, Brenda Laurel, and other VR researchers who would be active during the 1980s and ...
- Lanier, Nicholas
- English composer, singer, and painter, who probably introduced Italian monody into England. In 1617 he painted the scenery, composed the music for, and sang in Ben Jonson's masque Lovers Made ...
- Lanier, Sidney
- American musician and poet whose verse often suggests the rhythms and thematic development of music. [2 Related Articles]
- Lanier, Willie
- American professional gridiron football player who was an outstanding defensive player for the Kansas City Chiefs in the 1960s and '70s, overturning the stereotype that African Americans could not handle ...
- Lanin National Park
- (from the article "Principal national parks of the world") ...of the Neuquen and Limay rivers, which form the Negro River at the extreme eastern corner of the province. In addition to part of Nahuel Huapi National Park, the province ...
- Lanin, Lester
- American bandleader (b. Aug. 26, 1907, Philadelphia, Pa.-d. Oct. 27, 2004, New York, N.Y.), provided the music for several decades' worth of high-society parties and balls with his tasteful mix ...
- Lanius
- (from the article "butcherbird") ...any bird that impales its prey (small vertebrates, large insects) on a thorn or wedges it into a crack or a forked twig in order to tear it or, sometimes, ...
- Lanka
- (from the article "Visvakarman") ...creative power. Visvakarman is the divine carpenter and master craftsman who fashioned the weapons of the gods and built their cities and chariots. He is the architect of the mythical ...
- Lankaran
- city, southeastern Azerbaijan. It lies on the shore of the Caspian Sea, in the Lankaran Lowland. First mentioned in the 17th century, it was capital of the Talysh khanate of ...
- Lankaran Lowland
- (from the article "Azerbaijan") The southeastern part of Azerbaijan is bordered by the Talish (Talysh) Mountains, consisting of three longitudinal ranges, with Mount Kyumyurkyoy as the highest peak (8,176 feet), and the Lankaran Lowland, ...
- Lankavatara-sutra
- (Sanskrit: "Sutra of the Appearance of the Good Doctrine in Lanka"), distinctive and influential philosophical discourse in the Mahayana Buddhist tradition that is said to have been preached by the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Lankester, Sir Edwin Ray
- British authority on general zoology at the turn of the 19th century, who made important contributions to comparative anatomy, embryology, parasitology, and anthropology.
- Lanman, Charles Rockwell
- American scholar of Sanskrit who wrote the widely used Sanskrit Reader (1884) and helped edit the "Harvard Oriental Series," which offered scholarly English translations of the ancient Hindu Vedic texts.
- Lannemezan, Plateau de
- (from the article "alluvial fan") Many fans in humid areas are actually fossil features created during earlier periods of intense erosion and deposition. The Plateau de Lannemezan on the northern side of the Pyrenees in ...
- Lannes, Jean, duc de Montebello
- French general who, despite his humble origins, rose to the rank of marshal of the First Empire; Napoleon said of him, "I found him a pygmy and left him a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Lanny Budd series
- (from the article "Sinclair, Upton") ...the communist regime caused a decline in his reputation there, but it was revived temporarily in the late 1930s and '40s by his antifascist writings. Sinclair again reached a wide ...
- Lanois, Daniel
- (from the article "Dylan, Bob") In 1989 Dylan once again returned to form with Oh Mercy, produced by Daniel Lanois. When Life magazine published a list of the 100 most influential Americans ...
- lanolin
- purified form of wool grease or wool wax (sometimes erroneously called wool fat), used either alone or with soft paraffin or lard or other fat as a base for ointments, ... [1 Related Articles]
- lanosterol
- (from the article "carbonium ion") ...of the significance of carbonium ions in bio-organic processes may be found in the biological synthesis of the important material cholesterol from a precursor, squalene, by way of another compound, ...
- Lanoye, Tom
- (from the article "Belgian literature") ...They include Kristien Hemmerechts, who wrote about loss and sexual tensions in an understated manner, the more philosophical Patricia de Martelaere, and the inventive Koen Peeters. Such authors as Tom ...
- Lanrezac, Charles
- French army commander during the first part of World War I who, though a capable tactician, proved unable to stop the German advance in northern France and was consequently replaced. [1 Related Articles]
- Lansbury, Angela
- British-born American character actress who achieved success and acclaim for her stage, film, and television work.
- Lansbury, George
- leader of the British Labour Party (1931-35), a Socialist and poor-law reformer who was forced to resign the party leadership because of his extreme pacifism.
- Lansdown Crescent
- (from the article "Bath") ...the city are Queen Square, built by John Wood the Elder between 1728 and 1735; the Circus, begun by Wood in 1754 and completed by his son; the Royal Crescent, ...
- Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th marquess of
- Irish nobleman and British diplomat who served as viceroy of Canada and of India, secretary for war, and foreign secretary. [3 Related Articles]
- Lansdowne, William Petty-Fitzmaurice, 1st marquess of
- British statesman and prime minister (July 1782 to April 1783) during the reign of George III. [4 Related Articles]
- Lansel, Peider
- Romansh leader of the revival of Rhaeto-Romance language and culture and one of its most accomplished lyric poets.
- Lansing
- capital of Michigan, U.S., located in Ingham county. The city site, on the Grand River at its junction with the Red Cedar River, was a wilderness when the state capital ... [3 Related Articles]
- Lansing Declaration
- (from the article "Masaryk, Tomas (Garrigue)") ...States, where he was welcomed by Czech and Slovak groups and where he negotiated the terms of Czechoslovak independence with President Woodrow Wilson and Secretary of State Robert Lansing. The ...
- Lansing, Robert
- international lawyer and U.S. secretary of state (1915-20), who negotiated the Lansing-Ishii Agreement (1917) attempting to harmonize U.S.-Japanese relations toward China; he eventually broke with Pres. Woodrow Wilson over differences ... [2 Related Articles]
- Lansing-Ishii Agreement
- (Nov. 2, 1917), attempt to reconcile conflicting U.S. and Japanese policies in China during World War I by a public exchange of notes between the U.S. secretary of state, Robert ... [4 Related Articles]
- Lansky, Meyer
- one of the most powerful and richest of U.S. crime syndicate chiefs and bankers, who had major interests in gambling, especially in Florida, pre-Castro Cuba, Las Vegas, and the Bahamas. [4 Related Articles]
- Lanston, Tolbert
- (from the article "typesetting machine") ...or for producing a matrix of a page to be printed; after use it could be melted for reuse. Mergenthaler's Linotype (q.v.) machine was patented in 1884; in 1885 another ...
- Lantana
- genus of more than 150 shrubs native to tropical America and Africa and belonging to the verbena family (Verbenaceae), order Lamiales. Common lantana (L. camara; see ), growing to 3 ...
- Lantao Island
- island located about 6 miles (10 km) west of Hong Kong Island, part of the New Territories of Hong Kong, a special administrative region of China. About 17 miles (27 ... [1 Related Articles]
- Lantau Peak
- (from the article "Hong Kong") ...From Mount Tai Mo-at 3,140 feet (957 metres) the highest peak in the territory-the series of ridges extends southwestward to Lantau Island, where the terrain rises to 3,064 feet on ...
- Lante, Villa
- (from the article "garden and landscape design") ...view over Florence from the front and thus suggests intimate use by members of a small household. The more extensive parterre garden (an ornamental garden with paths between the beds) ...
- lantern
- in architecture, originally an openwork timber construction placed on top of a building to admit light and allow smoke to escape. Something of this idea persists in medieval examples such ... [1 Related Articles]
- lantern
- a case, ordinarily metal, with transparent or translucent sides, used to contain and protect a lamp. [1 Related Articles]
- Lantern Festival
- holiday celebrated in China and other Asian countries that honours deceased ancestors on the 15th day of the first month (Yuan) of the lunar calendar. The Lantern Festival aims to ...
- lantern fish
- any of the numerous species of small, abundant, deep-sea fish of the family Myctophidae. Some lantern fish live in the depths to 300 metres (about 1,000 feet) by day, but ... [4 Related Articles]
- lantern of the dead
- small stone structure with windows in the upper part, in which lamps were placed to mark the position of a cemetery at night. Their use, which seems limited to western ...
- lanternfly
- (Lanternaria phosphorea), a large, brightly coloured South American plant hopper (order Homoptera) that lives on trees and is relatively uncommon. Its most remarkable feature is the inflated anterior prolongation of ...
- Lanterns, Feast of
- (from the article "Buddhism") The three major events of the Buddha's life-his birth, enlightenment, and entrance into final nirvana-are commemorated in all Buddhist countries but not everywhere on the same day. In Theravada countries ...
- lanthanide contraction
- in chemistry, the steady decrease in the size of the atoms and ions of the rare-earth elements with increasing atomic number from lanthanum (atomic number 57) through lutetium (atomic number ... [3 Related Articles]
- lanthanum
- (La), chemical element, rare-earth metal of transition Group IIIb of the periodic table, prototype of the lanthanoid series of elements. Lanthanum is a ductile and malleable, silvery-white metal, soft enough ... [4 Related Articles]
- lanthanum oxide
- (from the article "lanthanum") Highly purified lanthanum oxide is an ingredient in the manufacture of low-dispersion, high-refraction glasses for lens components. The technical grade fluoride is used as core material for arc-light carbons.
- Lantian man
- fossils of hominins (members of the human lineage) found in 1963 and 1964 by Chinese archaeologists at two sites in Lantian district, Shaanxi province, China. One specimen was found at ...
- Lantz, Walter
- American motion-picture animator, cartoon producer, and creator of the cartoon character Woody Woodpecker. [1 Related Articles]
- lanugo
- (from the article "hair") Human beings have several different types of hairs. The first to develop is the lanugo, a layer of downy, slender hairs that begin growing in the third or fourth month ...
- Lanus
- (from the article "Lanus") cabecera (county seat) and partido (county) of Gran (Greater) Buenos Aires, eastern Argentina, directly south of the city of Buenos Aires, in Buenos Aires ...
- Lanus
- cabecera (county seat) and partido (county) of Gran (Greater) Buenos Aires, eastern Argentina, directly south of the city of Buenos Aires, in Buenos Aires ...
- Lanusse, Alejandro Agustin
- Argentine general and politician (b. Aug. 28, 1918, Buenos Aires, Arg.--d. Aug. 26, 1996, Buenos Aires), as president of Argentina from 1971 to 1973, attempted to restore democracy to the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Lanuvinus, Lucius
- (from the article "Terence") Terence faced the hostility of jealous rivals, particularly one older playwright, Luscius Lanuvinus, who launched a series of accusations against the newcomer. The main source of contention was Terence's dramatic ...
- Lanvin
- (from the article "Fashions") ...Three months later Matthew Williamson succeeded Paris couturier Christian Lacroix as the creative force behind Pucci. Alber Elbaz, the 43-year-old Israeli designer of venerable French dress label Lanvin, was regarded ...
- Lanxide process
- (from the article "advanced ceramics") Another chemical bonding method is the Lanxide process, introduced by the Lanxide Company in the United States. In this process a molten metal is reacted with a gas to form ...
- Lany, Treaty of
- (from the article "Schober, Johann") ...government supported by the Christian Socialists and Pan-Germans. He took the initiative in reestablishing friendly relations with the successor states of the late Habsburg Empire by signing the Treaty of ...
- Lanz, Johann Wilhelm
- (from the article "pottery") ...green was also used. Deutsche Blumen ("German flowers") were introduced, perhaps by A.F. von Lowenfinck, about 1750, and inspired similar painting elsewhere. Figures by J.W. Lanz, who also worked in ...
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