| | - Jawa Tengah
- provinsi (province), central Java, Indonesia. It is bounded by Jawa Barat (West Java) province on the west, the Java Sea on the north, Jawa Timur (East Java) ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jawa Timur
- provinsi (province), eastern Java, Indonesia. It is bounded by the province of Jawa Tengah (Central Java) on the west, the Java Sea on the north, the Indian ...
- jawab
- (from the article "Taj Mahal") ...although the chief architect was probably Ustad Ahmad Lahawri, an Indian of Persian descent. The five principal elements of the complex-main gateway, garden, mosque, jawab (literally "answer"; ...
- Jawahar Tunnel
- (from the article "Jammu and Kashmir") ...it necessary to transform a longer and more difficult cart road through Banihal Pass into an all-weather highway in order to link Jammu with the Vale of Kashmir; included was ...
- Jawahiri, Muhammad Mahdi al-
- Iraqi poet considered one of the Arab world's all-time finest poets and said to be the last neoclassic Arab bard (b. July 26, 1899?--d. July 27, 1997). [1 Related Articles]
- Jawara, Sir Dawda Kairaba
- politician and veterinarian who was The Gambia's prime minister from 1962 to 1970 and its president from 1970 until he was overthrown in 1994. [2 Related Articles]
- jawbone
- (from the article "percussion instrument") Scrapers are highly popular. The notched gourd with natural handle, called guiro, is another African American instrument. Notched turtle carapaces are scraped in the Caribbean. The jawbone of a horse, ...
- Jawf, Al-
- town and oasis, northern Saudi Arabia. It lies at the northern edge of an-Nafud desert near the source of the Wadi as-Sirhan. Formerly considered a part of the Jabal Shammar ...
- Jawf, Al-
- oasis region, western Yemen. It is bordered by the far-southwest extension of the Rub' al-Khali, the great sandy desert of the Arabian Peninsula. The Wadi al-Jawf, an intermittent stream with ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jawf, Wadi al-
- (from the article "Jawf, Al-") oasis region, western Yemen. It is bordered by the far-southwest extension of the Rub' al-Khali, the great sandy desert of the Arabian Peninsula. The Wadi al-Jawf, an intermittent stream with ...
- Jawhar
- (from the article "Mu'izz, al-") ...His authority was acknowledged over the greater part of the region now comprising Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, and he soon took the island of Sicily. In the years 958-959 he ...
- Jawizan ibn Sahl
- (from the article "Khorram-dinan") ...descendant of Abu Muslim. Other sources, emphasizing the belief in transmigration of souls current among the Khorram-dinan, maintain that Babak claimed to possess the soul of Jawizan ibn Sahl, a ...
- Jawl, Al-
- (from the article "Arabian Desert") ...scarps are formed by cuestas (low ridges with steep faces on one side and gentle slopes on the other) of limestone reaching to highlands of the Hadhramaut in the south, ...
- Jawlensky, Alexey von
- Russian painter noted for his Expressionistic portraits and the mystical tone of his late paintings of abstract faces. [2 Related Articles]
- Jaworski, Leon
- American lawyer who rose to national prominence on Nov. 5, 1973, when he was sworn in as Watergate special prosecutor and made constitutional history when he convinced the U.S. Supreme ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jaworzno
- city, Slaskie wojewodztwo (province), south-central Poland. It was founded in the 18th century when rich deposits of zinc and lead ore and beds of coal were discovered ...
- Jawsaq al-Khaqani
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...architecture is the palace-city. Several of these huge palaces are part of the enormous mass of ruins at Samarra', the temporary 'Abbasid capital from 838 to 883. Jawsaq al-Khaqani, for ...
- jay
- any of about 35 to 40 bird species belonging to the family Corvidae (order Passeriformes) that inhabits woodlands and is known for its bold, raucous manner. Most are found in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jay of Battersea, Douglas Patrick Thomas Jay
- BARON, British Labour Party politician and economist whose vehement opposition to the U.K.'s membership in the European Economic Community led to his dismissal as the president of the Board of ...
- Jay Polyglot Bible, Le
- (from the article "Ibrahim al-Haqilani") Ordained a deacon, Ibrahim taught Arabic and Syriac first at Pisa, then in Rome, and in 1628 he published a Syriac grammar. In 1640 he began collaborating on the Le ...
- Jay Treaty
- (Nov. 19, 1794), agreement that assuaged antagonisms between the United States and Great Britain, established a base upon which America could build a sound national economy, and assured its commercial ... [9 Related Articles]
- Jay, John
- a founding father of the United States who served the new nation in both law and diplomacy. He established important judicial precedents as first chief justice of the United States ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jay-Z
- American rapper and entrepreneur, one of the most influential figures in hip-hop in the 1990s and 2000s. [2 Related Articles]
- Jaya Harivarman I
- (from the article "Suryavarman II") Suryavarman deposed the Cham king in 1144 and annexed Champa in the following year. The Chams, under a new leader, King Jaya Harivarman I, defeated Khmer troops in a decisive ...
- Jaya Indravarman III
- (from the article "Suryavarman II") ...Suryavarman's fleet of 700 junks began a long harassment along the coast in the Gulf of Tonkin. Suryavarman persuaded the kingdom of Champa to assist him in these efforts, but ...
- Jaya Pandita
- (from the article "Mongolia") ...made sweeping campaigns far to the east in Mongolia but were never quite able to consolidate their gains. In trying to make the Oyrat a recognizably distinct nation, the great ...
- Jaya Peak
- highest peak on the island of New Guinea, in the Sudirman Range, western central highlands. Located in the Indonesian part of New Guinea, known as Irian Jaya, the 16,500-ft (5,030-m) ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jaya Sthiti
- (from the article "Nepal") ...were devout Hindus, they did not impose Brahmanic social codes or values on their non-Hindu subjects; the Mallas perceived their responsibilities differently, however, and the great Malla ruler Jaya Sthiti ...
- Jayabhaya
- (from the article "Kadiri") ...divided his kingdom between his two sons before he died in 1049: the western part was called Kadiri, or Panjalu, with Daha as its capital, while the eastern part was ...
- Jayacandra
- (from the article "India") The Gahadavalas rose to importance in Varanasi and extended their kingdom up the Gangetic plain, including Kannauj. The king Jayacandra (12th century) is mentioned in the poem
- Jayadeva
- Indian author of the celebrated Sanskrit poem Gitagovinda ("Song of the Cowherd"), which helped to popularize devotional Hinduism. [3 Related Articles]
- Jayakanthan
- (from the article "South Asian arts") Contemporary literature is represented by T. Janakiraman, who writes novels, short stories, and plays with themes from urban Tamil middle-class family life; Jayakanthan, a sharp and passionate writer, with a ...
- Jayanagara
- (from the article "Gajah Mada") No information is available on his early life, except that he was born a commoner. He rose to power on his intelligence, courage, and loyalty to King Jayanagara (1309-28) during ...
- Jayapala
- (from the article "India") The establishment of Turkish power in India is initially tied up with politics in the Punjab. The Punjab was ruled by Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi family (Shahiya), which had ...
- Jayapura
- city and capital of Papua propinsi (province), eastern Indonesia, on the northern coast of the island of New Guinea. It is a port on Jos Sudarso (Humboldt) Bay at the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jayasena, Henry
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...and adapting for the modern stage traditional dramatic forms such as the kolam. Several new playwrights have become prominent in the mid-20th century. Foremost among them is Henry Jayasena. A ...
- Jayavarman II
- posthumous name Paramesvara (literally, Supreme Lord) founder of the Khmer, or Cambodian, Empire and outstanding member of the series of rulers of the Angkor period (802-1431). Among Jayavarman II's accomplishments ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jayavarman V
- (from the article "Cambodia") ...nearly 30 years-Rajendravarman II (ruled 944-968) restored the capital and set in motion a period of peace and prosperity that lasted nearly a century. During the reign of his successor, ...
- Jayavarman VII
- one of the most forceful and productive kings of the Khmer (Cambodian) Empire of Angkor (reigning 1181-c. 1220). He expanded the empire to its greatest territorial extent and engaged in ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jayawijaya Mountains
- eastern section of the Maoke Mountains (q.v.), part of the central highlands of New Guinea. Located in the Indonesian part (Irian Jaya) of New Guinea, the range extends for 230 ...
- Jayewardene, J.R.
- lawyer and public official who served as president of Sri Lanka from 1978 to 1989. [3 Related Articles]
- Jayyash
- (from the article "Najahid Dynasty") Two of Najah's sons, Sa'id and Jayyash, who had fled the capital, plotted to restore themselves to the Najahid throne and in 1081 killed 'Ali. Sa'id, supported by the large ...
- JAZ protein
- (from the article "plant disease") ...against insects, animals, and pathogens. One such example involves a plant hormone called jasmonate (jasmonic acid). In the absence of harmful stimuli, jasmonate binds to special proteins, called JAZ proteins, ...
- Jazari, al-
- (from the article "automaton") In the Islamic world there were a number of inventors active from about the 9th century. Best-documented are the water-operated automatons, many of moving peacocks, invented and made by al-Jazari, ...
- Jazdow
- (from the article "Warsaw") ...have confirmed the existence of Stare Brodno, a small trading settlement of the 10th and early 11th centuries AD. Its functions were taken over successively by Kamion (c. 1065) and ...
- Jazeera, al-
- Arabic-language cable news television network founded by the emir of Qatar in 1996. It was transmitted from Doha, Qatar, and from bureaus around the world, beginning continuous programming in 1999. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jazirah
- (from the article "Cairo") ...al-Balad ("city centre," or downtown), is flanked by these older quarters. The Wast al-Balad includes the older Al-Azbakiyyah district, Garden City, and, more recently, Jazirah, the island offshore. The major ...
- Jazirah, Al-
- (Arabic: "Island"), the northern reaches of Mesopotamia, now making up part of northern Iraq and extending into eastern Turkey and extreme northeastern Syria. The region lies between the Euphrates and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jazirah, Al-
- region, east-central Sudan. Al-Jazirah lies just southeast of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers; the Blue Nile runs northwestward through the central part of the region, and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jazuliyah
- (from the article "Shadhiliyah") ...himself discouraged monasticism and urged his followers to maintain their ordinary lives, a tradition still followed. The order has given rise to an unusually large number of suborders, notably the ...
- jazz
- musical form, often improvisational, developed by African Americans and influenced by both European harmonic structure and African rhythms. It was developed partially from ragtime and blues and is often characterized ... [110 Related Articles]
- Jazz Age
- (from the article "United States") For millions of Americans, the sober-minded Coolidge was a more appropriate symbol for the era than the journalistic terms Jazz Age or Roaring Twenties. These terms were exaggerations, but they ...
- jazz dance
- any dance to jazz accompaniments, composed of a profusion of forms. Jazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of jazz itself from roots in black American society and was popularized ...
- Jazz Messengers
- (from the article "Blakey, Art") ...to Islam. Upon his return to the United States he was hired to play drums on several Blue Note Records recordings with jazz pianist Thelonious Monk. With Horace Silver, Blakey ...
- jazz poetry
- poetry that is read to the accompaniment of jazz music. Authors of such poetry attempt to emulate the rhythms and freedom of the music in their poetry. Forerunners of the ...
- jazz-rock
- popular musical form in which modern jazz improvisation is accompanied by the bass lines, drumming styles, and instrumentation of rock music, with a strong emphasis on electronic instruments and dance ... [4 Related Articles]
- Jazzar, Ahmad al-
- (from the article "'Akko") The city's old fortifications and citadel were strengthened by Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (Arabic: "The Butcher"), the Turkish governor (1775-1804), and withstood Napoleon's siege (1799). Though the city had surrendered to ...
- Jazzar, Great Mosque of Al-
- (from the article "'Akko") ...small fishing boats. Industries in modern 'Akko include a steel-rolling mill and match, tile, and plastic plants. Prominent structures, aside from the citadel, include the Great Mosque, built by Al-Jazzar ...
- JC virus
- (from the article "virus") ...cell) but sometimes induces malignancy (sarcomas or lymphomas) in the occasional cell that is transformed. Viruses related to polyomavirus and SV40 have been isolated from humans, one of which, the ...
- Jeakins, Dorothy
- U.S. Academy Award-winning costume designer whose striking creations for Joan of Arc, Samson and Delilah, and Night of the Iguana merited her three Oscars (b. Jan. 11, 1914--d. Nov. 21, ...
- Jean
- (from the article "Luxembourg") ...its economic situation by obtaining a sound position within the European Coal and Steel Community (1952) and within the European Economic Community (1957; later the European Community). Prince Jean, Charlotte's ...
- Jean
- (from the article "Albret Family") ...The surname refers not to his deeds but to the vast domains over which he ruled as one of the last feudal lords. A daughter, Charlotte (1480-1514), was married to ...
- Jean Bernard
- the world's deepest known cave, located in the Alps near the town of Samoens, Haute-Savoie departement, Rhone-Alpes region, southeastern France. The highest of the limestone cave's eight entrances is located ...
- Jean de Meun
- French poet famous for his continuation of the Roman de la rose, an allegorical poem in the courtly love tradition begun by Guillaume de Lorris about 1225. [5 Related Articles]
- Jean II
- (from the article "Bourbon, Charles I, 5e duc de") duke of Bourbon (from 1434) and count of Clermont. After having rendered notable services to Charles VII of France, he turned about and became-with Jean II, duke of Alencon-the leader ...
- Jean Le Bel
- the forerunner of the great medieval Flemish chroniclers and one of the first to abandon Latin for French.
- Jean Paul
- German novelist and humorist whose works were immensely popular in the first 20 years of the 19th century. His pen name, Jean Paul, reflected his admiration for the French writer ... [4 Related Articles]
- Jean, Michaelle
- Former journalist and television broadcaster Michaelle Jean was officially installed as Canada's 27th governor-general on Sept. 27, 2005. She was the first black and the first Haitian immigrant ever to ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jeanmaire, Renee
- (from the article "Petit, Roland") ...made several tours of Europe and the United States. Dancers who rose to prominence in his companies include Jean Babilee, Colette Marchand, Leslie Caron, and Renee ("Zizi") Jeanmaire, whom he ...
- Jeannel, Rene
- French biologist best remembered for his work on the subterranean coleopterans of the family Anisotomidae. His exploration of the caves of the Pyrenees and Carpathian mountains yielded many species of ...
- Jeanneret, Pierre
- (from the article "Corbusier, Le") L'Esprit Nouveau was the springboard for Le Corbusier's entrance into practice. In 1922 he became associated with his cousin Pierre Jeanneret, and together they opened a studio. The association of ...
- Jeannette
- city, Westmoreland county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the foothills of the Allegheny Mountains. Built on six hills, it developed after the Pennsylvania Railroad came through in 1852 providing an outlet ...
- Jeannin, Pierre
- statesman who served as one of King Henry IV's most influential advisers in the years after the French civil wars (ended 1598).
- Jeanrenaud, Cecile
- (from the article "Mendelssohn, Felix") ...his son should complete St. Paul. He accordingly plunged into this work with renewed determination and the following year conducted it at Dusseldorf. The same year at Frankfurt he met ...
- jeans
- trousers originally designed in the United States by Levi Strauss in the mid-19th century as durable work clothes, with the seams and other points of stress reinforced with small copper ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jeans, Sir James
- English physicist and mathematician who was the first to propose that matter is continuously created throughout the universe. He made other innovations in astronomical theory but is perhaps best known ... [4 Related Articles]
- Jebb, John
- British political, religious, and social reformer who championed humanitarian and constitutional causes far in advance of his time.
- Jebba
- town, Kwara state, western Nigeria. It lies on the south bank and at the natural head of navigation of the Niger River, 550 miles (885 km) from the sea. It ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jebel Qafzeh remains
- (from the article "Homo sapiens") One of the best-preserved early fossils that bears all the anatomic hallmarks of Homo sapiens is a skull dated to about 92 kya from the Israeli site of Jebel Qafzeh. ...
- Jebeleanu, Eugen
- (from the article "Romanian literature") ...in stirring lyrics, celebrated achievements of the postwar period. Demostene Botez, whose prewar poetry described the sadness of provincial life, later revealed a vigorous optimism, and the poet Eugen Jebeleanu ...
- Jebero language
- (from the article "Table 63: South American Indian Language Groups") ...has a future form and three past forms differentiated as to relative remoteness, while in Guarani the difference is basically between future and nonfuture. Other languages like Jebero express fundamentally ...
- Jeboda, Femi
- (from the article "African literature") A literary competition held at the time of Nigerian independence in 1960 was won by Femi Jeboda's realistic novel Olowolaiyemo ("Mr. People-Rally-Only-Around-the-Well-To-Do"), which deals with the hardships of urban life ...
- Jebusite
- (from the article "David") ...his city may be traced in II Samuel 5-8. When David took Jerusalem, he assumed the rule over its inhabitants and their religious institutions with the cult centred on Mt. ...
- Jedburgh
- royal burgh (town), Scottish Borders council area, historic county of Roxburghshire, southeastern Scotland. It is situated on Jed Water, a tributary of the River Teviot, within 10 miles (16 km) ...
- Jedburgh Castle
- (from the article "Jedburgh") Jedburgh Castle stood above the river at the southern end of the burgh. Also erected by David I, it was one of five fortresses ceded to England in 1174. It ...
- Jeddart justice
- (from the article "Jedburgh") In October 1566 Mary, Queen of Scots, stayed at a house in Queen Street which is now arranged as a museum, with many relics relating to the Queen. The proverbial ...
- Jednota
- (from the article "Czechoslovak Hussite Church") church established in Czechoslovakia in 1920 by a group of dissident Roman Catholic priests who celebrated the mass in the Czech vernacular. Its forerunner was the Jednota (Union of the ...
- Jedrzejczak, Otylia
- (from the article "Swimming") Otylia Jedrzejczak of Poland lowered her own world record in the 200-m butterfly to 2 min 5.61 sec, finishing just four-hundredths of a second ahead of Jessicah Schipper of Australia. ...
- jeep
- outstanding light vehicle of World War II. It was developed by the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps and was an important item in lend-lease shipments to the Soviet Union and other ... [2 Related Articles]
- jeer
- (from the article "rigging") ...sails, and sails, such as jibs, are manipulated for trimming to the wind and for making or shortening sail are known as the running rigging. The running rigging is subdivided ...
- Jeevanjee, A. M.
- (from the article "Standard Limited, The") English-language daily newspaper published in Nairobi, Kenya. It was established in Mombasa in 1902 as a weekly, the African Standard, by A.M. Jeevanjee, an Indian merchant. Jeevanjee ...
- Jefferies, Richard
- English naturalist, novelist, and essayist whose best work combines fictional invention with expert observation of the natural world.
- Jeffers, Robinson
- one of the most controversial U.S. poets of the 20th century, for whom all things except his pantheistically conceived God are transient, and human life is viewed as a frantic, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jefferson
- county, west-central Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered by the Clarion River to the north. It consists of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau drained by numerous streams, including North Fork, Little ...
- Jefferson
- county, northern New York state, U.S., mostly comprising a lowland region bounded by Lake Ontario to the west and Ontario, Can., to the northwest, the St. Lawrence River constituting the ...
- Jefferson Airplane, the
- American psychedelic rock band best known for its biting political lyrics, soaring harmonies, and hallucinogenic titles such as Surrealistic Pillow and White Rabbit. The Jefferson Airplane was ...
- Jefferson City
- capital of Missouri, U.S., and seat of Cole county, on the Missouri River, near the geographic centre of the state. The site for the state capital was selected in 1821. ...
- Jefferson College
- (from the article "Mississippi") Mississippi has a distinguished history of higher education, however. Although it closed in 1826 and again in 1863, Jefferson College, founded in 1802, was among the earliest public institutions of ...
- Jefferson Medical College
- (from the article "Thomas Jefferson University") A group of physicians led by George McClellan created Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in 1824. It served as the medical department of Jefferson College (then located in Canonsburg) until ...
- Jefferson Memorial
- monument to Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, situated in East Potomac Park on the south bank of the Tidal Basin, in Washington, D.C. Authorized in 1934 ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
- (from the article "Saarinen, Eero") ...with institutional buildings for education and industry. He built only one skyscraper, the CBS Headquarters in New York City (1960-64), and one house, in the Midwest. His 1948 prizewinning Jefferson ...
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