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Jars, Plain of ... Jawa Dam

Jars, Plain of: dissected inner region of the Xiangkhoang Plateau in north-central Laos. Drained principally by the Ngum River, a southward-flowing tributary of the Mekong River, the plain is characterized by narrow river ... [1 Related Articles]
Jarta, Hans: Swedish political activist, administrator, and publicist who was a leader of the 1809 coup d'etat that overthrew Gustav IV, king of Sweden. He was the main author of Sweden's constitution ...
Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold: army general and communist leader of Poland, chief of state from 1981 to 1989 and president from 1989 to 1990. [4 Related Articles]
Jarves, Deming: (from the article "pressed glass") In 1827 Deming Jarves of the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company at Sandwich, Mass., began producing glassware decorated with "lacy" patterns, extremely intricate combinations of dots, circles, diamonds, leaves, and ...
Jarvik, Robert K.: (from the article "artificial heart") ...and the VAD was removed. During the 1970s synthetic materials were developed that greatly aided the development of permanent artificial hearts. One such device, designed by American physician Robert K. ...
Jarvik-7: (from the article "artificial heart") ...One such device, designed by American physician Robert K. Jarvik, was surgically implanted into a patient by American surgeon William C. DeVries in 1982. The aluminum and plastic device, called ...
Jarvinen, Matti: (from the article "athletics") Throwers from Finland have historically been a force in the event. Matti Jarvinen, a Finn, established 10 world records and improved the record by 6.22 metres, finally reaching 77.23 metres ...
Jarvis Island: coral atoll, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Northern Line Islands, west-central Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southwest of Honolulu. The atoll has an area of ...
Jarvis, Anna: (from the article "Mother's Day") Anna Jarvis of Philadelphia, whose mother had organized women's groups to promote friendship and health, originated Mother's Day; on May 12, 1907, she held a memorial service at her late ...
Jarvis, John Wesley: American painter considered his era's leading portraitist based in New York City.
Jaschan, Sven: (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") ...for having created the Sasser computer worm, which in 2004 caused thousands of computers running Microsoft's Windows 2000 or Windows XP operating systems to crash and also slowed Internet traffic. ...
Jashar, Book of: ancient Israelite collection of poems quoted in various books of the Old Testament. Of uncertain etymology, Jashar may mean "victorious" or "upright." The victory hymn that describes how the Sun ... [2 Related Articles]
Jashpur Pats: physical region of eastern Chhattisgarh state, central India, extending over Jashpur Tahsil (northeastern Raigarh district) and forming part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The pats are a ...
Jasienica, Pawel: (from the article "Polish literature") ...writers and books circulated freely, but the role of emigre publishers in promoting Polish literature remained quite visible.) Among those writers who stayed in Poland, many, including Pawel Jasienica and ...
Jasione perennis: (from the article "sheep's bit") ...of sheep's bit mass in globes 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter in which the outside flower circles open first. The short, thick anthers are united at the base. A ...
Jasmin, Jacques: French dialect poet who achieved popular fame for his touching verse portraits of humble people and places.
jasmine: any member of the genus Jasminum of the olive family (Oleaceae), which contains 225-450 tropical and subtropical species of fragrant, flowering, woody shrubs. The plants are native to tropical and ...
jasmonate: (from the article "prostaglandin") ...every tissue in humans and animals, where they are formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids and are rapidly metabolized. Plants synthesize molecules similar in structure to prostaglandins, including jasmonic acid (jasmonate), ...
Jasna Gora: (from the article "Czestochowa") ...wojewodztwo (province), south-central Poland. The city originally consisted of two settlements, Old Czestochowa, founded in the 13th century, and Jasna Gora (Polish: "Shining Mountain"), founded in the ...
Jason: in Greek mythology, leader of the Argonauts (see ) and son of Aeson, king of Iolcos in Thessaly. His father's half-brother Pelias seized Iolcos, and thus for safety Jason was ... [5 Related Articles]
Jason: Hellenistic Jewish high priest (175-172 BC) in Jerusalem under the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. By promising greater tribute to Antiochus, he obtained the high priesthood and, scorning the traditional ... [3 Related Articles]
Jason of Cyrene: (from the article "Judaism") ...of the Greeks, asserted in his history that two sons of Abraham had joined Heracles in his expedition in Africa and that the Greek hero had married the daughter of ...
Jaspar, Henri: Belgian statesman and one of his country's chief negotiators in the peace conferences following World War I. As prime minister (1926-31), he resolved a serious financial crisis at the outset ...
Jasper: unincorporated place, western Alberta, Canada. It lies at the confluence of the Athabasca and Miette rivers, within the boundaries of Jasper National Park. It takes its name from Jasper Hawes, ...
Jasper: city, seat (1824) of Walker county, northwestern Alabama, U.S., about 40 miles (65 km) northwest of Birmingham. Settled in 1815, it was named for Sergeant William Jasper, a defender of ...
jasper: opaque, fine-grained or dense variety of the silica mineral chert that exhibits various colours, but chiefly brick red to brownish red. It owes its colour to admixed hematite; but when ... [1 Related Articles]
Jasper: county, southern South Carolina, U.S. It is bounded to the west by the Savannah River border with Georgia. The county's short southern coast along the Atlantic Ocean includes a portion ...
Jasper National Park: national park in western Alberta, Canada, located on the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains, north of Banff National Park. Jasper spans 4,200 square miles (10,878 square km) and contains ... [1 Related Articles]
Jaspers, Dick: (from the article "Billiard Games") ...Mondial de Billard (UMB) world championship in Lugo, Spain, in June. The surprise runner-up was Jean-Paul De Bruijn of The Netherlands. The victory moved the 30-year-old Sanchez ahead of Dick ...
Jaspers, Karl: German philosopher, one of the most important Existentialists in Germany, who approached the subject from man's direct concern with his own existence. In his later work, as a reaction to ... [8 Related Articles]
Jasperse, John: (from the article "Performing Arts") Experimentalist choreographer John Jasperse gave American Dance Festival his California, a formalist work that was motivated by the political situation in California that led to Arnold Schwarzenegger's becoming governor. Merce ...
jasperware: type of fine-grained, unglazed stoneware introduced by the English potter Josiah Wedgwood in 1775 as the result of a long series of experiments aimed at discovering the techniques of porcelain ... [4 Related Articles]
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia: (from the article "India") ...attempted the twin tracks of conciliation and coercion, but all to little avail. After the latter's demise in 1745, the balance shifted still further in favour of the Sikh warrior-leaders, ...
Jasset, Victorin: (from the article "motion picture, history of the") ...Mack Sennett's Keystone Kops, while the immensely popular Max Linder created a comic persona that would deeply influence the work of Charlie Chaplin. The episodic crime film was pioneered by ...
Jassy, Treaty of: (Jan. 9, 1792), pact signed at Jassy in Moldavia (modern Iasi, Romania), at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-92; it confirmed Russian dominance in the Black Sea. [3 Related Articles]
Jastrow, Robert: American astrophysicist popularized space science as a commentator on dozens of television programs and as the author of numerous books, notably the best-selling Red Giants and White Dwarfs (1967); he ...
Jastrun, Mieczyslaw: Polish lyric poet and essayist whose work represents a constant quest for new poetic forms of expression.
Jastrzebie Zdroj: city, Slaskie wojewodztwo (province), southern Poland. Joined by the cities of Raciborz and Rybnik, Jastrzebie Zdroj forms a secondary industrial zone within the Upper Silesian area that ...
Jaswant Rao Holkar: (from the article "India") ...little; the death of the young peshwa released fresh dissensions, however, heightened by the death of the minister Nana Fadnavis in 1800. The chiefs Holkar and Dawlat ...
Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok: megye (county), east-central Hungary. It is bounded by the counties of Heves and Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen to the north, Hajdu-Bihar and Bekes to the east, Csongrad to the south, ...
Jaszai, Mari: Hungarian actress, one of the greatest Hungarian tragediennes.
Jaszbereny: (from the article "Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok") ...and Bekes to the east, Csongrad to the south, Bacs-Kiskun to the southwest, and Pest to the west. The county seat is Szolnok, and the principal cities are Jaszbereny, Mezotur, ...
Jaszsag: (from the article "Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok") ...Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok is drained from north to south by the Tisza River. The Koros River flows on the county's southern fringe, while in the northwest the Zagyva River crosses the Jaszsag, ...
Jat: peasant caste of northern India and Pakistan. In the early 21st century the Jat constituted about 20 percent of the population of Punjab, nearly 10 percent of the population of ... [4 Related Articles]
Jatai: town, southwestern Goias estado ("state"), south-central Brazil. It lies at the confluence of the Claro and Sao Pedro rivers at 2,323 feet (708 m) above sea level. Livestock raising is ...
Jataka: any of the extremely popular stories of former lives of the Buddha, which are preserved in all branches of Buddhism. Some Jataka tales are scattered in various ... [14 Related Articles]
jati: caste, in Hindu society. The term is derived from the Sanskrit jata, "born" or "brought into existence," and indicates a form of existence determined by birth. In Indian philosophy jati ... [5 Related Articles]
jati: (from the article "South Asian arts") From each of the two parent scales were derived seven modal sequences (the murchanas described above in The classical period), based on each of the seven notes. The two murchanas ...
Jati Savara: (from the article "Savara") ...Their traditional form of Munda dialect is preserved among those living in the hills, however. The Savara of the hill country are divided into subtribes mainly on the basis of ...
Jatra: (from the article "South Asian arts") Of the nonreligious forms, the jatra and the tamasha are most important. The jatra, also popular in Orissa and eastern Bihar, originated in Bengal in the 15th century as a ...
jatropha: (genus Jatropha), member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native in both New World and Old World tropics and containing about 175 species of milky-juiced herbs, shrubs, and trees, some useful ...
Jatropha berlandieri: (from the article "jatropha") The peregrina (J. integerrima) from Cuba, about 5 m tall with spadelike leaves sharply lobed at the base, bears crimson flower clusters the year round. J. berlandieri, a perennial 30 ...
Jau: city, central Sao Paulo estado (state), Brazil, on the Jau River, a tributary of the Tiete River, at an elevation of 1,775 feet (541 m) above sea level. It was ...
Jaucourt, Louis de: (from the article "encyclopaedia") ...Encyclopedie, the largest encyclopaedia issued at that time, inevitably had many contributors, although the French writer Voltaire said that Diderot's collaborator, the Chevalier Louis de Jaucourt (aided by secretaries), contributed ...
Jaudenes, Fermin: (from the article "Philippine-American War") ...Bay on the morning of May 1, 1898, but could not occupy Manila until ground troops arrived three months later. On August 13 Manila fell after a bloodless "battle." Spanish ...
Jauffret, Regis: (from the article "Literature") ...in which the author, thinly veiled as the narrator, confesses her lesbianism to her psychoanalyst. The two other top prizes were awarded to nonautobiofictional novels. The Prix Femina went to ...
Jaufre Rudel, Seigneur de Blaye: (lord of Blaye) second to Guilhem VII, count of Poitiers on the ordinary list of great troubadours, wrote stanzas of simple and pathetic accents. The story of his "far-away love," ... [3 Related Articles]
jauhar: (from the article "suttee") ...all over India, the earliest dated 510 CE. Women sometimes suffered immolation before their husbands' expected death in battle, in which case the burning was called jauhar. ...
Jaumann co-rotational rate: (from the article "solids, mechanics of") ...sigma₂₂^*+ sigma₃₃^*)/E. Here the stress rates are expressed as the Jaumann co-rotational rates ... is a derivative following the motion of a material point and where the spin Omega_ij is ...
Jaumann, Gustav Andreas Johannes: (from the article "solids, mechanics of") ...and centrifugal effects are quite negligible at the scale of molecular interactions). Important contributions on this issue were made by the applied mathematicians Stanislaw Zaremba and Gustav Andreas Johannes Jaumann ...
jaundice: excess accumulation of bile pigments in the bloodstream and bodily tissues that causes a yellow to orange and sometimes even greenish discoloration of the skin, the whites of the eyes, ... [15 Related Articles]
jaundice of the newborn: (from the article "childhood disease and disorder") Jaundice in the newborn is ordinarily related to an imbalance between the rate of destruction of red blood cells and the metabolism of hemoglobin to bilirubin and the rate of ...
Jaunpur: town, southeastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India, straddling the Gomati River, northwest of Varanasi (Benares). Jaunpur probably was originally founded in the 11th century but was washed away by Gomati ... [1 Related Articles]
jaunting car: two-wheeled, open vehicle, popular in Ireland from the early 19th century. It was unusual in having lengthwise, back-to-back or face-to-face passenger seats. The light, horse-drawn cart carried four passengers (although ...
Jaures, Jean: French socialist leader, cofounder of the newspaper L'Humanite, and member of the French Chamber of Deputies (1885-89, 1893-98, 1902-14); he achieved the unification of several factions into a single socialist ... [5 Related Articles]
Jauru River: (from the article "Plata, Rio de la") ...craft-about 150 miles downstream, near Caceres, Braz., after its confluence with the Sepotuba River-it is 275 feet wide and 20 feet deep. Another 20 miles downstream, where the Jauru River ...
Jauss, Hans Robert: (from the article "art criticism") ...such as Marxism and feminism have often entered art criticism more directly, making the critic's perceptions of social needs more directly applicable to evaluations of art. As the German theorist ...
Java: island of Indonesia lying southeast of Malaysia and Sumatra, south of Borneo (Kalimantan), and west of Bali. Java is only the fourth largest island in Indonesia but contains more than ... [26 Related Articles]
Java: (from the article "computer programming language") In the early 1990s, Java was designed by Sun Microsystems, Inc., as a programming language for the World Wide Web (WWW). Although it resembled C++ in appearance, it was fully ...
Java almond: (from the article "Sapindales") ...in tropical America. Some contain such large amounts of resin and burn so fiercely that they are known as torchwoods. Canarium strictum (Indian black dammar tree) and C. commune (Java ...
Java Bytecode: (from the article "computer science") ...Microsystems, Inc., introduced Java, yet another object-oriented language. Applications written in Java are not translated into a particular machine language but into an intermediate language called Java Bytecode, which may ...
Java man: extinct hominin (member of the human lineage) known from fossil remains found on the island of Java, Indonesia. A skullcap and thighbone discovered by the Dutch anatomist and geologist Eugene ... [5 Related Articles]
Java Sea: portion of the western Pacific Ocean between the islands of Java and Borneo. It is bordered by Borneo (Kalimantan) on the north, the southern end of Makassar Strait on the ... [1 Related Articles]
Java Sea, Battle of the: (from the article "Java Sea") The sea was the scene of a battle of World War II between the Allies and the Japanese. Fought on Feb. 27, 1942, the encounter resulted in a serious defeat ...
Java shrew-mouse: (from the article "mouse") ...are covered with flat, channeled spines nestled in soft underfur (juveniles are not spiny). At the other extreme are the shrew-mice from Sumatra (M. crociduroides) and Java ...
Java sparrow: (species Padda oryzivora), bird of the mannikin group in the family Estrildidae (order Passeriformes), one of the best-known cage birds. It is an attractive pet that chirps and trills. Native ...
Java Trench: deep submarine depression in the eastern Indian Ocean that extends some 2,000 miles (3,200 km) in a northwest-southeast arc along the southwestern and southern Indonesian archipelago. It is located about ... [4 Related Articles]
Java Virtual Machine: (from the article "Sun Microsystems, Inc.") ...software written in Java would not have to be rewritten for each computer operating system. If it ran on a UNIX computer, it should also run on a Windows machine ...
Java War: (from the article "Southeast Asia, history of") ...examination of the present. Neither effort was successful, though not for want of trying. The idea of opposing Dutch rule, furthermore, was not abandoned entirely, and it was only the ...
Javadi Hills: range of hills, one of the larger of the Eastern Ghats, northern Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. About 50 miles (80 km) wide and 20 miles (32 km) long, they ...
Javakhishvili, Mikheil: (from the article "Georgian literature") Invasion by the Soviet Red Army in February 1921 sobered Georgian writers. In the 1920s and '30s the prose writer Mikheil Javakhishvili-who, having been sentenced to death by Soviet authorities ...
javali: (from the article "South Asian arts") ...the classical South Indian dance. The varnam, a completely composed piece, serves mainly as a warming up and is performed at the beginning of a concert. Pada and javali are ...
Javan ferret badger: (from the article "badger") ...or pahmi, consist of four species: Chinese (M. moschata), Burmese (M. personata), Everett's (M. everetti), and Javan (M. ...
Javan rhinoceros: (from the article "Ujung Kulon National Park") Only 25 to 60 Javan, or lesser one-horned, rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros sondaicus) remain alive, although the animals once thrived throughout the islands of Java, Borneo, and Sumatra, the ...
Javan tiger: (from the article "tiger") ...500 each, and the Indo-Chinese population is estimated at about 1,500. Three subspecies have gone extinct within the past century: the Caspian (P. tigris virgata) of central Asia, the Javan ...
Javan, Ali: (from the article "laser") ...carefully how it absorbed and emitted light and calculated that it should work as a laser. On May 16, 1960, he produced red pulses from a ruby rod about the ...
Javanese: largest ethnic group on the island of Java, Indonesia. Their language, spoken by more than 71 million people, belongs to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family, as do those of neighbouring but ... [2 Related Articles]
Javanese language: member of the Western, or Indonesian, branch of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family, spoken as a native language by more than 68 million persons living primarily on the island of ... [3 Related Articles]
Javanese literature: (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") Malaysia and Indonesia together have about 300 different languages and dialects, but they have a single common linguistic ancestor. Before the coming of Islam to the region in the 14th ...
Javanese rod puppet: (from the article "Teschner, Richard") puppeteer who developed the artistic potentialities of the Javanese rod puppet for western puppet theatre.Indonesian theatreIndonesiaTheatre and danceMost of Indonesia's ...
Javanese War of Succession, Third: (from the article "Imhoff, Gustaaf Willem, baron van") In his dealings with Indonesians van Imhoff was tactless. He intervened in a quarrel between the ruler of the Mataram kingdom of Java and his brother, thus touching off the ...
Javari River: river that rises on the border between Amazonas state, Brazil, and Loreto department, Peru. It flows northeast for 540 miles (870 km) to join the Amazon River near the Brazilian ...
JavaScript: (from the article "computer programming language") Another approach is to use a language designed for Web scripts to be executed by the browser. JavaScript is one such language, designed by the Netscape Communications Corp., which may ...
javelin: (from the article "military technology") Javelins, or throwing spears, were shorter and lighter than spears designed for shock combat and had smaller heads. The distinction between javelin and spear was slow to develop, but by ...
javelin throw: athletics (track-and-field) sport of throwing a spear for distance, included in the ancient Greek Olympic Games as one of five events of the pentathlon competition. [2 Related Articles]
Javins v. First Nat'l Realty Co.: (from the article "property law") ...of these codes was sporadic. Faced with this situation and with considerable legislative inertia, American courts came to read the provisions of the housing code into the lease. JavinsFirst Nat'l ...
Javorniky: mountain range on the western fringe of the Carpathian Mountains that forms the northern segment of the boundary between Moravia (Czech Republic) and Slovakia. The ridge of the Javorniky peaks-the ...
Javouhey, Anne-Marie: (from the article "French Guiana") ...was abolished only after the startling expose by Albert Londres (1884-1932). Another aspect of French Guiana, however, was the pioneering community at Mana (1827-46) founded by Anne-Marie Javouhey, mother-superior of ...
jaw: either of a pair of bones that form the framework of the mouth of vertebrate animals, usually containing teeth and including a movable lower jaw (mandible) and fixed upper jaw ... [19 Related Articles]
Jawa Barat: propinsi (province), western Java, Indonesia. It is bounded by Jawa Tengah (Central Java) province to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, the Java Sea to ...
Jawa Dam: (from the article "dam") The oldest known dam in the world is a masonry and earthen embankment at Jawa in the Black Desert of modern Jordan. The Jawa Dam was built in the 4th ...