Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

Japanese Combined Fleet ... Jarry, Alfred

Japanese Combined Fleet: (from the article "World War II") While the Japanese were still resisting on Saipan, the Japanese Combined Fleet, under Admiral Ozawa Jisaburo, was approaching from Philippine and East Indian anchorages, in accordance with "Operation A," to ...
Japanese cormorant: (from the article "cormorant") ...white-cheeked, and up to 100 cm (40 inches) long, it breeds from eastern Canada to Iceland, across Eurasia to Australia and New Zealand, and in parts of Africa. It and ...
Japanese crab: (from the article "crab apple") Outstanding Oriental crabs include the Chinese flowering crab (M. spectabilis), Siberian crab (M. baccata), Toringo crab (M. sieboldii), and Japanese crab (M. floribunda). Among the notable American species are the ...
Japanese dormouse: (from the article "dormouse") ...fat, or edible, dormouse (Glis glis) of Europe and the Middle East, with a body up to 19 cm (7.5 inches) long and a shorter tail up ...
Japanese encephalitis: (from the article "Health and Disease") The mosquitoborne viral illness Japanese encephalitis, which causes high fever, blinding headaches, coma, and sometimes death, took an especially harsh toll on young people in the state of Uttar Pradesh, ...
Japanese evergreen oak: (from the article "oak") ...trojana), and Portuguese oak (Q. lusitanica). Popular Asian ornamentals include the blue Japanese oak (Q. glauca), daimyo oak (Q. dentata), Japanese evergreen oak (Q. acuta), and sawtooth oak (Q. acutissima). ...
Japanese Federation of Labour: (from the article "Suzuki Bunji") ...with Japan's burgeoning industrialization. At first Suzuki's efforts were limited to the development of a labour school attached to the Unitarian Church of Tokyo. By 1919, however, he had formed ...
Japanese hemlock: (from the article "hemlock") ...1.8 to 3 metres (6 to 10 feet) in diameter. Its wood is superior to that of all other hemlocks and compares favourably with that of pine and spruce. Siebold's ...
Japanese holly: (from the article "holly") ...are spineless and yellow-fruited forms of both species. Chinese holly (I. cornuta), from East Asia, a shrub reaching 3 m (10 feet), produces scarlet berries among shining, evergreen leaves. Japanese ...
Japanese honeysuckle: (from the article "honeysuckle") ...climbing species is the giant Burmese honeysuckle (L. hildebrandiana), with 15-centimetre (6-inch), deep green leaves, 17-centimetre yellow flowers, and 2.5-centimetre green berries. The Japanese honeysuckle (L. japonica) of eastern Asia ...
Japanese hop: (from the article "hop") ...North America, Eurasia, and South America. The hops used in the brewing industry are the dried female flower clusters (cones) of the common hop (H. lupulus). The ...
Japanese hornbeam: (from the article "hornbeam") ...autumn. Because of its hard, heavy wood, the American hornbeam is commonly called ironwood. C. cordata, an Asian species, usually 15 m tall, has heart-shaped leaves up to 15 cm ...
Japanese horse chestnut: (from the article "horse chestnut") Japanese horse chestnut (A. turbinata) is as tall as the European species but is distinctive for its remarkably large leaves, up to 60 cm (2 feet) across. The Indian horse ...
Japanese ibis: (from the article "ibis") The Japanese, or crested, ibis (Nipponia nippon) is white with a red face. Also an endangered species, it was considered to be on the verge of extinction in the late ...
Japanese Imperial line: (from the article "uji") When the Yamato uji began to establish itself as the leading power in the 3rd century, its chief created the Japanese imperial line, which is said to be descended from ...
Japanese iris: (from the article "Iris") Best known of the beardless, rhizomatous group is perhaps the water-loving Japanese iris (I. kaempferi), frequently featured in Japanese watercolours. Its almost flat flowers consist of long, somewhat drooping falls, ...
Japanese language: one of the world's major languages, ranking ninth in terms of the number of speakers with 125 million. It is primarily spoken throughout the Japanese archipelago; there are also some ... [15 Related Articles]
Japanese larch: (from the article "larch") Several species of Larix are grown as ornamentals, especially the Japanese larch (L. leptolepis) and L. decidua 'Pendula,' a cultivar of the European larch. Larch wood is coarse-grained, strong, hard, ...
Japanese laurel: (from the article "Garryales") ...elliptica (feverbush) is cultivated as an ornamental and was formerly used medicinally. The other genus in the family is Aucuba, with four East Asian species. A. japonica (Japanese laurel) is ...
Japanese law: the law as it has developed in Japan as a consequence of a meld of two cultural and legal traditions, one indigenous Japanese, the other Western. Before Japan's isolation from ... [20 Related Articles]
Japanese lawn grass: (from the article "Zoysia") Japanese, or Korean, lawn grass (Z. japonica), Manila grass (Z. matrella), and Mascarene grass (Z. tenuifolia) were introduced into North America as turf and lawn grasses because of their strong ...
Japanese literature: the body of written works produced by Japanese authors in Japanese or, in its earliest beginnings, at a time when Japan had no written language, in the Chinese classical language. [27 Related Articles]
Japanese macaque: (from the article "primate") ...the Tibetan macaque (M. thibetana) is found from the warm coastal ranges of Fujian (Fukien) province to the cold mountains of Sichuan (Szechwan). One of the most remarkable, however, is ...
Japanese maple: (from the article "maple") ...(A. campestre) and Amur, or ginnala, maple (A. ginnala) are useful in screens or hedges; both have spectacular foliage in fall, the former yellow and the latter pink to scarlet. ...
Japanese monarch birch: (from the article "birch") ...birch, yellow birch, and white birch are the best known; white birch is usually called silver birch in England, but the latter name is also sometimes given to paper birch ...
Japanese music: (from the article "arts, East Asian") As has been noted, Japanese music can be considered a national tradition set in the satellite category of the general East Asian music culture. Korea served as a bridge to ...
Japanese mythology: body of stories compiled from oral traditions concerning the legends, gods, ceremonies, customs, practices, and historical accounts of the Japanese people. [2 Related Articles]
Japanese Orthodox church: autonomous body of the Eastern Orthodox church, in canonical relation with the patriarchate of Moscow, which confirms the election of the metropolitan of Tokyo. The Japanese Orthodox church was created ...
Japanese oyster: (from the article "oyster") ...released by the female at one time. Commercially, C. virginica is the most important North American mollusk. C. angulata occurs in coastal waters of western Europe. C. gigas, of Japanese ...
Japanese pagoda tree: (from the article "pagoda tree") any of several trees of erect, conical form suggesting a pagoda, particularly Sophora japonica, commonly called the Japanese pagoda tree, or the Chinese scholar tree. A member of the pea ...
Japanese persimmon: (from the article "persimmon") either of two trees of the genus Diospyros (family Ebenaceae) and their globular, edible fruits. The Oriental persimmon (D. kaki), an important and extensively grown fruit in China and Japan, ...
Japanese philosophy: . The term philosophy has been considered somewhat misleading in reference to Japanese thought, since Japanese premodern thinking tended to be directed more toward the realm of existence than toward ... [1 Related Articles]
Japanese pilchard: (from the article "Fisheries") In addition to spawning migrations, some species travel long distances for feeding. Japanese pilchards (Sardinella sagax melanosticta) winter and spawn in the southern part of the Sea of Japan and ...
Japanese pinecone fish: (from the article "pinecone fish") The Japanese pinecone fish (M. japonicus) normally reaches a length of 13 cm (5 inches) and travels in schools near the ocean bottom. Although small, it is commercially important as ...
Japanese plum-yew: (from the article "plum-yew") ...Native to central and eastern Asia, these plants are used in many temperate-zone areas as ornamentals. A fleshy aril surrounds each single hard seed, giving it a plumlike appearance. The ...
Japanese privet: (from the article "privet") ...plant. It reaches about 4.5 m (15 feet). Glossy privet (L. lucidum), from eastern Asia, is a 9-metre tree in areas with mild winters. It has 25-centimetre (10-inch) flower clusters ...
Japanese quail: (from the article "animal learning") There is also an important element of individual recognition in at least some cases of imprinting's effects on sexual behaviour. Experiments with Japanese quail have shown that their sexual preferences ...
Japanese Red Army: militant Japanese organization that was formed in 1969 in the merger of two far-left factions. Beginning in 1970, the Red Army undertook several major terrorist operations, including the hijacking of ...
Japanese religion: (from the article "celibacy") ...to material objects. As Buddhism became a world religion, certain variations arose: in Southeast Asia, most young men spent only a year in the order; in Tibet, Tantric monks were ...
Japanese sika: (from the article "sika") Several of the races of sikas, which vary in size and coloration, are listed as endangered in the Red Data Book. The Japanese sika, or Japanese deer (C. n. nippon), ...
Japanese skimmia: (from the article "Rutaceae") Among the ornamentals are Poncirus, a spiny hedge shrub of temperate regions, and Japanese skimmia (Skimmia japonica) and Chinese skimmia (S. reevesiana), which have attractive white flowers and red berries. ...
Japanese snowball: (from the article "viburnum") ...V. opulus variety roseum, is known as snowball, or guelder rose, for its round, roselike heads of sterile florets. Chinese snowball (V. macrocephalum variety sterile) and Japanese snowball (V. plicatum) ...
Japanese snowbell: (from the article "storax") ...short-stalked. The white flowers, usually borne in pendulous terminal clusters, have a five-lobed corolla (the petals, collectively). Among the best-known cultivated species are S. japonicum (Japanese snowbell), native to East ...
Japanese spaniel: breed of toy dog that originated in China and was introduced to Japan, where it was kept by royalty. The breed became known in the West when Commodore Matthew Perry ... [1 Related Articles]
Japanese stewartia: (from the article "stewartia") Especially attractive is the Japanese stewartia (S. pseudocamellia), a tree that grows to a height of 15 metres (50 feet) and has reddish, peeling bark and large white flowers with ...
Japanese stone pine: (from the article "mountain ecosystem") ...heathlands, and crevice-occupying vegetation. For example, treeless alpine vegetation is found on mountains above 2,500 metres in central Japan, grading down to 1,400 metres in northern Hokkaido. Japanese stone pine ...
Japanese torreya: an ornamental evergreen timber tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), native to the southern islands of Japan. Although it is the hardiest species of its genus and may be 10 ...
Japanese white birch: (from the article "white birch") The Japanese white birch (B. platyphylla japonica), an 18-metre tree native to eastern Asia, has broad leaves about 7 cm long; its hard, yellow-white wood is used for furniture and ...
Japanese wood mouse: (from the article "wood mouse") ...Their diet includes seeds, roots, fruit, and insects. Most wood mice are nocturnal and terrestrial; a few, including the striped field mouse, are active during the day, and some, particularly ...
Japanese writing system: (from the article "writing") The Japanese came into contact with Chinese culture during the Chinese Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220), and they began to write their own language in the 5th century AD, basing ...
Japanese yew: an ornamental evergreen shrub or tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), native to Japan and widely cultivated in the Northern Hemisphere. Rising to a height of 16 m (about 52 ...
Japanese zelkova: (from the article "Zelkova") genus of about five species of trees and shrubs in the elm family (Ulmaceae) native to Asia. The Japanese zelkova, or keaki (Z. serrata), up to 30 m (100 feet) ...
Japanism: aesthetic cult that had a major impact on Impressionist painting. Japanism began in the mid-19th century, just after Japanese trade with the West was opened, and lasted for a generation ...
japanning: in the decorative arts, process popular in 18th-century Europe for finishing and ornamenting wood, leather, tin, and papier-mache in imitation of the celebrated lacquerwork of the Japanese. In modern industry, ... [4 Related Articles]
Japantown: (from the article "San Francisco") ...a single stroke by the infamous Executive Order 9066 of 1942, which sent them, foreign-born and citizen alike, into "relocation centres." The present centre of the Japanese community is Japantown ...
Japazeus: (from the article "Jamestown Colony") Sir Samuel Argall, a mariner who had taken West back to England, returned to the colony and became acquainted with Japazeus, the chief of the Patawomeck tribe. The Patawomeck were ...
Japelli, Giuseppe: (from the article "Western architecture") ...Parisian Arc du Carrousel. Luigi Canina's Greek propylea, or gateway, at the entrance to the Villa Borghese (1827-29); Carlo Barabino's Doric Teatro Carlo Felice, Genoa (1826-28); and Giuseppe Japelli's meat ...
Japicx, Gysbert: (from the article "Frisian literature") Frisian literature, as it is known today, began with Gysbert Japicx (also spelled Japiks; 1603-66) in the 17th century. Friesland's incorporation into the Dutch Republic in 1581 threatened to reduce ...
Japin, Arthur: (from the article "Literature") The Libris Literatuur Prijs was awarded to Arthur Japin for his novel Een schitterend gebrek, which told the story of Lucia, Giacomo Casanova's first lover, whom Casanova mentioned in his ...
Japonica schistosomiasis: (from the article "schistosomiasis") There are three main types of schistosomiasis, caused by closely related organisms: (1) Japonica, or Eastern, schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma japonicum, found in Japan, southern China, ...
Japura River: river that rises as the Caqueta River east of Pasto, Colombia, in the Colombian Cordillera Central. It meanders generally east-southeastward through the tropical rain forest of southeastern Colombia. After receiving ... [1 Related Articles]
Japygidae: (from the article "dipluran") ...the members of the family Campodeidae have two long, slender abdominal cerci (sensory appendages) that are sensitive to vibrations. They are commonly known as twintails. The cerci of the family ...
jaquemart: (from the article "Moulins") ...15th-century Dutch painter referred to as the Master of Moulins (q.v.). The cathedral has some fine 15th- and 16th-century stained-glass windows. The nearby 15th-century tower has a quaint jaquemart clock ...
Jaques, Elliott: Canadian-born psychologist and social analyst (b. Jan. 18, 1917, Toronto, Ont.-d. March 8, 2003, Gloucester, Mass.), developed the concept of corporate culture and coined the term mid-life crisis. In 1946 ...
Jaques-Dalcroze, Emile: Swiss music teacher and composer who originated the eurythmics system of musical instruction. [3 Related Articles]
jar method: (from the article "herbicide") Certain herbicides (e.g., sodium arsenite) are sometimes applied by the jar method, whereby the tops of weeds are bent over and immersed in jars of poisonous solution. The herbicide is ...
Jara, Fernando: (from the article "Equestrian Sports") ...single day of racing in the world. (The U.A.E.'s Dubai World Cup card held in March boasted $21 million in total purses.) Invasor, a four-year-old Argentine-bred colt ridden by 18-year-old ...
jarabe: folk dance for couples, popular in central and southern Mexico, notably in Jalisco state. Derived in colonial times from Spanish popular music and such dances as the seguidillas and fandangos, ... [2 Related Articles]
Jarai: (from the article "Vietnam") Many Montagnard peoples-such as the Rade (Rhade), Jarai, Chru, and Roglai-speak Austronesian languages, linking them to the Cham, Malay, and Indonesian peoples; others-including the Bru, Pacoh, Katu, Cua, Hre,...
Jarai language: (from the article "Chamic languages") group of languages spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia, classified as West Indonesian languages in the Hesperonesian group of the Austronesian language family. Of the nine Chamic languages, Jarai and Cham ...
jarana: (from the article "jota") Closely akin to the fandango, the jota is probably a fertility dance of Aragonese origin, although legend states that it was brought north from Andalusia by the exiled Moorish poet ...
jararaca: (from the article "fer-de-lance") The jararaca, often confused with the fer-de-lance, is found chiefly in Brazil, where it is abundant in grassy regions. Its bite causes many deaths. It usually grows to about 1.2 ...
Jarash: (from the article "Western architecture") ...St. Simeon Stylites spent the last years of his life. The precious relic was enclosed by a central octagon of considerable dimensions, adjoined by four arms of a cross in ...
Jarawa: (from the article "Andaman Islands") ...Andaman (closely positioned and collectively known as Great Andaman). Also prominent is Little Andaman, to the south. Of the still-extant original inhabitants-including the Sentinalese, the Jarawa, the Onge, and a ...
jarawaijewa: (from the article "totemism") ...mother. In contrast to this, individual totems belong only to the medicine men and are passed on patrilineally. Such an individual totem is named bala, "spirit companion," or jarawaijewa, "the ...
Jardin des Plantes: one of the world's foremost botanical gardens, located in Paris. It was founded in 1626 as a royal garden of medicinal plants and was first opened to the public in ... [1 Related Articles]
Jardine, Alan: (from the article "Beach Boys, the") ...Michael Love (b. March 15, 1941Los Angeles), and Alan Jardine (b. Sept. 3, 1942Lima, Ohio). Significant later members included David...
Jardine, D. R.: (from the article "cricket") ...relations between the countries because of the use of "bodyline" bowling tactics, in which the ball is bowled close to or at the batsman. This scheme was devised by the ...
jargon: (from the article "zircon") ...clear, transparent red, orange, and yellow varieties. Matura diamond, from Sri Lanka, is clear and colourless, either naturally or made so through heat treatment under oxidizing conditions. The name jargon, ...
jargon: in colonial history, an unstable rudimentary hybrid language used as a means of communication between persons having no other language in common. Although the term was long synonymous with pidgin-as ... [1 Related Articles]
Jari River: river, northern Brazil, rising on the southern slopes of the Tumuc-Humac Mountains and flowing in a generally southeasterly direction for about 350 miles (560 km) to join the Amazon River ... [1 Related Articles]
Jaricot, Pauline: (from the article "Propagation of the Faith, Society for the") ...society was organized in Lyon, Fr., on May 3, 1822, at a meeting of laymen called to raise money for the missions in Louisiana, U.S. This group joined with and ...
Jarid, Chott El-: large saline lake in southwestern Tunisia, occupying a salt-flat basin of about 1,900 square miles (4,900 square km). The lake is covered with water only in the lowest areas, except ...
Jarir: one of the greatest Arab poets of the Umayyad period, whose career and poetry show the continued vitality of the pre-Islamic Bedouin tradition. [4 Related Articles]
Jarlsberg: (from the article "dairy product") ...marbled with blue Penicillium roqueforti mold. The cheese is marketed under various names such as Bavarian Blue, Cambazola, Lymeswold, and Saga Blue. Another combination cheese is Norwegian Jarlsberg. This cheese ...
Jarman, Derek: British filmmaker (b. Jan. 31, 1942, Northwood, Middlesex, England--d. Feb. 19, 1994, London, England), crafted highly personal avant-garde motion pictures through which he sought to "demystify homosexuality" and explore human ...
Jarman, Joseph: (from the article "Art Ensemble of Chicago") ...(b. October 11, 1941Frederick, Maryland, U.S.). Often they were joined by composer-woodwind player Joseph Jarman (b. September 14, 1937Pine Bluff, Arkansas, U.S.), who became a permanent member of the...
Jarmo: prehistoric archaeological site located east of Kirkuk, in northeastern Iraq. The site is important for revealing traces of one of the world's first village-farming communities. The approximately dozen layers of ... [2 Related Articles]
Jarnac, Battle of: (from the article "Henry IV") ...his mother put him into the charge of her brother-in-law Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, who was the leader of the Protestant forces. The Protestants were surprised and ...
Jarnach, Philipp: German composer who was a follower of the pianist-composer Ferruccio Busoni.
Jarnefelt, Armas: composer and conductor who introduced Richard Wagner's operas into Finland and who is known for his works for small orchestra.
Jarnes, Benjamin: Spanish novelist and biographer. [1 Related Articles]
Jaroka, Livia: (from the article "The Roma-Europe's Largest Minority") ...October a Bulgarian court upheld a claim brought against the Ministry of Education alleging racial segregation in schools. Meanwhile, Roma continued to make inroads into political participation when Livia Jaroka, ...
Jarratt, Devereux: American Anglican clergyman and preacher who emulated the Methodism of John Wesley and initiated a religious revival throughout North Carolina and southern Virginia.
Jarre, Maurice: (from the article "1962: Best Director") The crowning achievement in a remarkable career, Lawrence of Arabia (AA) proved especially significant for Lean in that it marked his first teaming with composer Maurice Jarre (AA) and screenwriter ...
Jarrell, Randall: American poet, novelist, and critic who is noted for revitalizing the reputations of Robert Frost, Walt Whitman, and William Carlos Williams in the 1950s. [2 Related Articles]
Jarrett, Keith: American jazz pianist, composer, and saxophonist considered to be one of the most original and prolific jazz musicians to emerge during the late 20th century. He was also a noted ...
Jarrett, Ryan: (from the article "Rodeo") ...2005 season concluded in December, the sport witnessed an upset in the all-around cowboy championship-awarded to the cowboy with the most earnings in two or more rodeo events. Newcomer Ryan ...
Jarrico, Paul: American screenwriter who was blacklisted in the 1950s after being labeled "subversive" by the House Committee on Un-American Activities; his credits include Salt of the Earth (1953) and Tom, Dick, ...
Jarrow: North Sea port town, South Tyneside metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Durham, England. It lies along the south bank of the River Tyne. Jarrow's ... [3 Related Articles]
Jarry, Alfred: French writer mainly known as the creator of the grotesque and wild satirical farce Ubu roi (1896; "King Ubu"), which was a forerunner of the Theatre of the Absurd. [4 Related Articles]