| | - Janata Dal (S)
- (from the article "India") ...retained the largest single block of party faithful in the Lok Sabha; however, Advani's BJP support also lined up against Singh. The smallest new party bloc in Lok Sabha belonged ...
- Janata Party
- (from the article "Bharatiya Janata Party") ...1967 the BJS gained a substantial foothold in the Hindi-speaking regions of northern India. Ten years later the party, led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, joined three other political parties to ...
- janbiyyah
- (from the article "Yemen") ...near Aden in the south. In the past, coal and iron deposits supported a small-scale steel industry (primarily for the manufacture of swords and daggers, particularly the
- Janco, Marcel
- (from the article "Dada") ...at Hugo Ball's Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich, during one of the meetings held in 1916 by a group of young artists and war resisters that included Jean Arp, Richard Hulsenbeck, ...
- Jancso, Miklos
- (from the article "motion picture, history of the") In Hungary the abortive revolution of 1956 forestalled a postwar revival in film until the late 1960s, when the complex work of Miklos Jancso (Szegenylegenyek [
- Janda, Jakub
- (from the article "Skiing") In Nordic combined Finland's Hannu Manninen, who had failed to win any individual medals in three Olympics and five world championships, strolled to his third World Cup title in a ...
- Jandial
- (from the article "Taxila") The Jandial temple, set up on an artificial mound, closely resembles the classical temples of Greece. Its Ionic columns and pilasters are composed of massive blocks of sandstone. Built in ...
- Jandl, Ernst
- Austrian poet (b. Aug. 1, 1925, Vienna, Austria-d. June 9, 2000, Vienna), crafted "sound poetry" that relied on linguistic experimentation, word fragmentation, surrealist elements, and sardonic humour to express his ...
- Jandl, Ivan
- (from the article "1948: Other Winners") ..."Buttons and Bows" from The Paleface; music and lyrics by Ray Evans and Jay LivingstonHonorary Awards: Sid Grauman and Adolph Zukor; Walter Wanger for Joan of Arc; Ivan Jandl for ...
- Jane
- Chicago-based women's collective that provided more than 11,000 safe albeit illegal abortions between 1969 and 1973. The underground clinic, a small branch of the Chicago Women's Liberation Union, strove to ...
- Jane Seymour
- third wife of King Henry VIII of England and mother of King Edward VI. She succeeded-where Henry's previous wives had failed-in providing a legitimate male heir to the throne. [2 Related Articles]
- Janequin, Clement
- a leading 16th-century French composer of chansons, famous for his program chansons, part-songs in which sounds of nature, of battles, and of the streets are imitated.
- Janesville
- city, seat (1839) of Rock county, southern Wisconsin, U.S. It lies on the Rock River, about 15 miles (25 km) north of Beloit and 40 miles (65 km) southeast of ...
- Janet, Pierre
- French psychologist and neurologist influential in bringing about in France and the United States a connection between academic psychology and the clinical treatment of mental illnesses. He stressed psychological factors ... [1 Related Articles]
- Janevski, Slavko
- (from the article "Macedonian literature") ...language. With this new freedom to write and publish in its own language, Macedonia produced many literary figures in the postwar period. Poetry was represented in the work of Aco ...
- Janeway, Eliot
- U.S. economist and writer (b. Jan. 1, 1913, New York, N.Y.--d. Feb. 8, 1993, New York), proposed the controversial and thought-provoking theory that political pressures shape economic and market trends ...
- Janeway, Elizabeth
- American writer (b. Oct. 7, 1913, New York, N.Y.-d. Jan. 15, 2005, Rye, N.Y.), was a best-selling novelist in the 1940s who transformed herself into a critic, social historian, and ...
- Janeway, James
- (from the article "children's literature") ...back to the early Middle Ages. This underwent a Puritan mutation after the Restoration. It is typified by that classic for the potentially damned child, A Token for Children (1671), ...
- jang
- (from the article "Daoism") ...an obedient universe. Survivals of archaic notions concerning the compelling effect of renunciation-which the Confucians sanctified as ritual "deference" (rang)-are echoed in the recommendation to "hold to ...
- Jang Mi Ran
- (from the article "Weightlifting") ...straight year. China was followed by Russia with 15 medals (4 gold), South Korea with 6 (3 gold), and Thailand with 5 (no gold). Women from four other countries also ...
- Jang Song Thaek
- (from the article "Korea, Democratic People's Republic of") ...trying to visit Tokyo Disneyland; he was subsequently exiled to southern China. Most analysts, however, still believed that Kim Jong Il's most-likely successor was his brother-in-law, 61-year-old Jang Song Thaek, ...
- Janggala
- (from the article "Indonesia") ...Foreseeing that two of his sons might quarrel, he divided his kingdom so that one son should rule over the southern part, known as Panjalu, Kadiri, or Daha, and the ...
- Jani Beg
- (from the article "Russia") ...Oz Beg based his power upon firm control of the Crimea and had extensive relations with the Genoese and Venetians, who controlled the main ports there. After the death of ...
- Jani Beg
- (from the article "Kazakhstan") ...(13th-14th centuries CE), most of the territory was part of the ulus ("polity") of Chagatai. About 1465, under the leadership of Karay and Jani Beg, some 200,000 ...
- Janicki, Klemens
- (from the article "Polish literature") ...(Johannes Dantiscus), an author of incidental verse, love poetry, and panegyric; Andrzej Krzycki (Cricius), an archbishop who wrote witty epigrams, political verse, and religious poems; and Klemens Janicki (Janicius), a ...
- Janiculum
- (from the article "Rome") Behind the river plain of Trastevere is the Gianicolo (Janiculum), and behind the Piazza del Popolo across the river is the Pincio. Both are now parkland, with villas, gardens, and ...
- Janie Porter Barrett School for Girls
- (from the article "Barrett, Janie Porter") ...federation until 1942, when it became solely a function of the Virginia Department of Welfare and Institutions. Barrett retired as superintendent in 1940. Ten years later the school was renamed ...
- Janin
- town in the West Bank. Originally administered as part of the British mandate of Palestine (1920-48), Janin was in the area annexed by Jordan in 1950 following the first of ...
- Janissary
- (New Soldier, or Troop), member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire from the late 14th century to 1826. Highly respected for their military prowess ... [22 Related Articles]
- Janissary music
- in a narrow sense, the music of the Turkish military establishment, particularly of the Janissaries, an elite corps of royal bodyguards (disbanded 1826); in a broad sense, a particular repertory ... [4 Related Articles]
- Janiszewski, Zygmunt
- (from the article "Sierpinski, Waclaw") ...in 1904, and in 1908 he became the first person anywhere to lecture on set theory. During World War I it became clear that an independent Polish state might emerge, ...
- Janjaweed
- (from the article "Sudan, The") ...continued toward the end of the year, the Sudanese government insisted that none of its troops or any of the associated militia were involved. Eyewitnesses claimed that the main aggressors ...
- Jankov, Battle of
- (from the article "Europe, history of") ...was saved from further defeat only by the outbreak of war between Denmark and Sweden (May 1643-August 1645). Yet, even before Denmark's final surrender, the Swedes were back in Bohemia, ...
- Jankovic, Danica
- (from the article "folk dance") Two sisters from Serbia, Ljubica Jankovic (1894-1974) and Danica Jankovic (1898-1960), devoted much of their lives to collecting and analyzing folk dances from Serbia and other parts of what was ...
- Jankovic, Jelena
- (from the article "Tennis") ...the field. Her run through a memorable fortnight culminated with an emphatic 6-4, 6-4 win over Henin-Hardenne, who had beaten Sharapova four straight times. The enormously appealing Jelena Jankovic, a ...
- Jankovic, Ljubica
- (from the article "folk dance") Two sisters from Serbia, Ljubica Jankovic (1894-1974) and Danica Jankovic (1898-1960), devoted much of their lives to collecting and analyzing folk dances from Serbia and other parts of what was ...
- Janmastami
- Hindu festival celebrating the birth (janma) of the god Krishna (Krsna) on the eighth (astami) day of the dark fortnight of the month of Bhadrapada (August-September). The eighth also has ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jannings, Emil
- internationally known German actor famous for his tragic roles in motion pictures. [2 Related Articles]
- Janos Hill
- (from the article "Budapest") The hills of Buda, with their pleasant wooded paths, can be reached easily from the town either by an old cog railway, bus, or a chairlift that takes sightseers to ...
- Janowitz, Morris
- innovative American sociologist and political scientist who made major contributions to sociological theory and to the study of prejudice, urban issues, and patriotism. His work in political science concentrated mainly ...
- Jansa, Janez
- (from the article "Croatia") Relations with neighbouring Slovenia warmed. Sanader and Slovene Prime Minister Janez Jansa agreed in August to resolve festering border disputes by seeking arbitration before the International Court of Justice in ...
- Jansch, Bert
- British guitarist, singer, and songwriter whose innovative and influential guitar technique made him one of the leading figures in British folk music in the 1960s and early 1970s, both as ...
- Jansen, Cornelius Otto
- Flemish leader of the Roman Catholic reform movement known as Jansenism. He wrote biblical commentaries and pamphlets against the Protestants. His major work was Augustinus, published by his friends in ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jansen, Daniel
- American speed skater whose dominance in the sprint races of his sport was overshadowed by his misfortune in the Olympic Winter Games. [1 Related Articles]
- Jansen, Hans
- (from the article "diagnosis") One of the greatest advances in diagnostic tools was the invention of the compound microscope toward the end of the 16th century by the Dutch spectacle makers Hans Jansen and ...
- Jansen, Zacharias
- (from the article "diagnosis") One of the greatest advances in diagnostic tools was the invention of the compound microscope toward the end of the 16th century by the Dutch spectacle makers Hans Jansen and ...
- Jansenism
- (from the article "Roman Catholicism") The church in France was the scene of controversies other than those connected with administration and politics. In his posthumously published work Augustinus (1640), the Dutch theologian ...
- jansky
- (from the article "Jansky, Karl") Jansky published his findings in late 1932 but did not pursue the further development of radio astronomy, a task performed by the American engineer and amateur astronomer Grote Reber. In ...
- Jansky, Karl
- American engineer whose discovery of radio waves from an extraterrestrial source inaugurated the development of radio astronomy, a new science that from the mid-20th century greatly extended the range of ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jansons, Mariss
- In February 2003 Mariss Jansons was treated to a birthday party thrown by his cohorts at the Pittsburgh (Pa.) Symphony Orchestra to celebrate his 60th birthday. The gala included performances ...
- Janssen, Arnold
- (from the article "Divine Word Missionary") a Roman Catholic religious organization, composed of priests and brothers, founded in 1875 at Steyl, Neth., by Arnold Janssen to work in the foreign missions. Its members are engaged in ...
- Janssen, Johannes
- Roman Catholic German historian who wrote a highly controversial history of the German people, covering the period leading to and through the Reformation.
- Janssen, Pierre
- French astronomer who in 1868 discovered how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. His work was independent of that of the Englishman Joseph Norman Lockyer, who made the same ... [1 Related Articles]
- Janssen, Stephen Theodore
- (from the article "Battersea enamelware") ...be produced in England during the mid-18th century. It is especially noted for the high quality of its transfer printing. Battersea ware was made at York House in Battersea, a ...
- Janssens, Abraham
- Flemish painter who was the leading exponent of the classical Baroque style in Flanders during the early 17th century. His stylistic development indicates that he was in Rome between 1598 ...
- Jansson's temptation
- (from the article "smorgasbord") ...scores of hot and cold dishes, including herring prepared a dozen ways, pates, cold meats, and salads, and Swedish specialties such as gravlax (marinated salmon), meatballs, and "Jansson's temptation," a ...
- Jansson, Erik
- (from the article "Bishop Hill State Historic Site") historic site, Henry county, northwestern Illinois, U.S. It lies about 45 miles (70 km) northwest of Peoria. The village was established in 1846 by Swedish immigrants led by Erik Jansson, ...
- Jansson, Tove
- Finnish artist and writer-illustrator of children's books (in Swedish). In her books she created the fantastic self-contained world of Moomintrolls, popular especially in northern and central Europe, although translations in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jansz, Willem
- (from the article "Australia") Late in 1605 Willem Jansz of Amsterdam sailed from Bantam in the Dutch East Indies in search of New Guinea. He reached the Torres Strait a few weeks before Torres ...
- Januarius, Saint
- bishop of Benevento and patron saint of Naples. He is believed to have been martyred during the persecution under the Roman emperor Diocletian in 305. His fame rests on the ... [1 Related Articles]
- January
- first month of the Gregorian calendar. It was named after Janus, the Roman god of all beginnings. January replaced March as the first month of the Roman year no later ... [2 Related Articles]
- January Insurrection
- (1863-64), Polish rebellion against Russian rule in Poland; the insurrection was unsuccessful and resulted in the imposition of tighter Russian control over Poland. [4 Related Articles]
- January, Edict of
- (from the article "Catherine de Medicis") ...commission of moderates that devised two formulas of consummate ambiguity, by which they hoped to resolve the basic, Eucharist controversy. Possibly Catherine's most concrete achievement was the Edict of January ...
- Janub Sina'
- (Arabic: "Southern Sinai"), muhafazah (governorate), southern part of Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. The governorate was created out of Sina' muhafazah in late 1978, after the first stages of the Israeli withdrawal ...
- Janus
- in Roman religion, the animistic spirit of doorways (januae) and archways (jani). Janus and the nymph Camasene were the parents of Tiberinus, whose death in or by the river Albula ... [2 Related Articles]
- Janus
- (from the article "Moons of Saturn") Janus and Epimetheus are co-orbital moons-they share the same average orbit. Every few years they make a close approach, interacting gravitationally in such a way that one transmits angular momentum ...
- Janus Geminus
- (from the article "Janus") ...Particular superstition was attached to the departure of a Roman army, for which there were lucky and unlucky ways to march through a janus. The most famous janus in Rome ...
- Janus head
- (from the article "malformation") ...legs. Such double malformations probably arise following the less complete separation of the halves of the early embryo or partial separation at later stages. A rare type is one in ...
- Janus Pannonius University of Pecs
- (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...studies. It was occupied by the Turks from 1543 to 1686. The earliest university in Hungary, the University of Pecs, founded in 1367 by Louis I, was abolished by the ...
- Januvia
- (from the article "Business Overview") ...34% decline in profit in the third quarter (Zocor sales had totaled $4.4 billion worldwide in 2005). There was one bright spot for Merck-federal approval of its new diabetes medicine ...
- Japan
- country lying off the east coast of Asia. It consists of a great string of islands in a northeast-southwest arc that stretches for approximately 1,500 miles (2,400 km) through the ... [306 Related Articles]
- Japan Academy of Fine Arts
- (from the article "Okakura Kakuzo") ...omitted Western painting and sculpture from the new school's curriculum. In 1898 Okakura was ousted from the school in an administrative struggle. He next established the Nippon Bijutsu-in (Japan Academy ...
- Japan Airlines
- Japanese airline that is one of the largest air carriers in the world. The airline was founded in 1951. It was originally a private company but was reorganized in 1953 ... [2 Related Articles]
- Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
- (from the article "fusion reactor") ...Europe, Japan, and the United States. These large tokamak facilities are the Joint European Torus (JET), a multinational western European venture operated in England; the Tokamak-60 (JT-60) of the Japan ...
- japan colour
- (from the article "japanning") ...a clear, brownish undertone. The japans have largely been displaced by modern baking enamels: these are tough, durable coatings composed of pigments ground in synthetic-resin varnishes. The word japan survives ...
- Japan Communist Party
- leftist Japanese political party founded in 1922. Initially, the party was outlawed, and it operated clandestinely until the post-World War II Allied occupation command restored freedom of political association in ... [4 Related Articles]
- Japan New Party
- (from the article "Hosokawa Morihiro") founder of the reform political party Japan New Party (Nihon Shinto) and prime minister of Japan in 1993-94.history of JapanJapanPolitical ...
- Japan Railways Group
- principal rail network of Japan, consisting of 12 corporations created by the privatization of the government-owned Japanese National Railways (JNR) in 1987. [2 Related Articles]
- Japan Renewal Party
- (from the article "Japan") The July 1993 election ushered in a period of political transition. Several new parties emerged that were essentially splinter groups off the LDP, including the Japan New Party (JNP) and ...
- Japan Series
- in baseball, a seven-game playoff between champions of the two professional Japanese baseball leagues, the Central League and the Pacific League. Baseball in Japan was established on a professional basis ... [2 Related Articles]
- Japan Skating Federation
- (from the article "figure skating") The Japan Skating Federation is charged with developing eligible skaters, hosting coaching programs, and training judges. The country is split into six regions, and senior skaters (age 15 and up) ...
- Japan Trench
- deep submarine trench lying east of the Japanese islands, in the floor of the western North Pacific Ocean. It is one of a series of depressions stretching south from the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Japan wood oil tree
- (from the article "tung tree") ...attractive white flowers with reddish centres, and apple-sized globular fruit. The tung and its relatives, the candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana), mu tree (A. montana), Japan wood oil tree (A. cordata), ...
- Japan, Bank of
- (from the article "Japan") In February the Bank of Japan raised its leading interest rate to 0.5% from 0.25%, a move that had been widely anticipated following the news of strong growth during the ...
- Japan, flag of
- national flag consisting of a white field bearing a central red disk (a stylized sun). The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 2 to 3.
- Japan, history of
- (from the article "Japan") Ancient Japan to 1185American occupation and peace treatyinternational relationsSouth AsiaIn Japan, the American occupation under General Douglas MacArthur effected a ...
- Japan, Sea of
- marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded by Japan and Sakhalin Island to the east and by Russia and Korea on the Asian mainland to the west. ...
- Japanese allspice
- (from the article "allspice") ...sweet shrubs, the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), a handsome flowering shrub native to the southeastern United States and often cultivated in England. Other allspices include: the Japanese allspice (Chimonanthus praecox), ...
- Japanese Alps
- mountains, central Honshu, Japan. The term Japanese Alps was first applied to the Hida Range in the late 19th century but now also includes the Kiso and Akaishi ranges to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Japanese American
- (from the article "United States") ...an indigestible mass in American society. The Chinese, earliest to arrive (in large numbers from the mid-19th century, principally as labourers, notably on the transcontinental railroad), and the Japanese were ...
- Japanese anchovy
- (from the article "Agriculture and Food Supplies") ...in catch over 2003 and contributing to a 57.96% increase in Peru's total catch. (For Catch Trends for the Top Five Caught Fish Species, 1995-2004, see Graph.) ...
- Japanese anemone
- (from the article "anemone") ...are grown for the garden and florist's trade. Popular spring-flowering anemones, especially for naturalizing, are A. apennina, A. blanda, and A. pavonina. Other species, such as the Japanese anemone (A. ...
- Japanese art
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") The study of Japanese art has frequently been complicated by the definitions and expectations established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when Japan was opened to the West. ...
- Japanese barberry
- (from the article "barberry") The American or Allegheny barberry (B. canadensis) is native to eastern North America. Japanese barberry (B. thunbergii) often is cultivated as a hedge or ornamental shrub for its scarlet fall ...
- Japanese baseball leagues
- professional baseball leagues in Japan. Baseball was introduced to Japan in the 1870s by teachers from the United States, and, by the end of the century, it had become a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Japanese beech
- (from the article "beech") An Asian species, the Chinese beech (F. engleriana), about 20 m (about 65 feet) tall, and the Japanese beech (F. japonica), up to 24 m (79 feet) tall, divide at ...
- Japanese beetle
- (species Popillia japonica), an insect that is a major pest and belongs to the subfamily Rutelinae (family Scarabaeidae, order Coleoptera). It was accidentally introduced into the United States from Japan ... [3 Related Articles]
- Japanese bleeding heart
- (from the article "bleeding heart") any of several species of Dicentra, a genus of herbaceous flowering plants of the poppy family (Papaveraceae). The old garden favourite is the Japanese D. spectabilis, widespread for its small ...
- Japanese cedar
- a coniferous evergreen timber tree and only species of the genus Cryptomeria of the family Cupressaceae (sometimes classified in the so-called deciduous cypress family Taxodiaceae), native to eastern Asia. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Japanese chestnut
- (from the article "chestnut") ...Africa; it is often called sweet, Spanish, or Eurasian chestnut. The Chinese chestnut (C. mollissi ma), usually less than 18 m tall, grows at altitudes up to 2,440 m. The ...
- Japanese Civil Code
- body of private law adopted in 1896 that, with post-World War II modifications, remains in effect in present-day Japan. The code was the result of various movements for modernization following ... [2 Related Articles]
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