| | - James Edward, The Old Pretender
- son of the deposed Roman Catholic monarch James II of England and claimant to the English and Scottish thrones. Styled James III of England and James VIII of Scotland by ... [2 Related Articles]
- James gang
- (from the article "James, Jesse; and James, Frank") ...under a flag of truce. He and Frank, joined by eight other men, then began their outlaw career by robbing a bank in Liberty, Mo., on Feb. 13, 1866. During ...
- James I
- the most renowned of the medieval kings of Aragon (1213-76), who added the Balearic Islands and Valencia to his realm and thus initiated the Catalan-Aragonese expansion in the Mediterranean that ... [8 Related Articles]
- James I
- king of Scotland (as James VI) from 1567 to 1625 and first Stuart king of England from 1603 to 1625, who styled himself "king of Great Britain." James was a ... [48 Related Articles]
- James I
- king of Scots from 1406 to 1437. During the 13 years (1424-37) in which he had control of the government, he established the first strong monarchy the Scots had known ... [3 Related Articles]
- James II
- king of Aragon from 1295 to 1327 and king of Sicily (as James I) from 1285 to 1295. [3 Related Articles]
- James II
- king of Great Britain from 1685 to 1688, and the last Stuart monarch in the direct male line. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution (1688-89) and replaced by William ... [36 Related Articles]
- James II
- king of Scots from 1437 to 1460. He survived the civil strife of the first half of his reign and eventually emerged as a masterful ruler who consolidated his power ... [3 Related Articles]
- James II
- (from the article "Cornaro, Caterina") Venetian noblewoman who became queen of Cyprus by marrying James II, king of Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Armenia, supplying him with a much-needed alliance with Venice.history of Cyprus
- James III
- (from the article "Cornaro, Caterina") ...took place. James died in 1473, leaving her and her unborn child heirs to the kingdom. Unsuccessful plotters against James now conspired to deprive Caterina of the throne; and when ...
- James III
- (from the article "Peter IV") ...ability to dissemble was notorious. Through his voluminous correspondence, the workings of his mind are far better known than those of any contemporary Spanish ruler. Having picked a quarrel with ...
- James III
- king of Scots from 1460 to 1488. A weak monarch, he was confronted with two major rebellions because he failed to win the respect of the nobility. [1 Related Articles]
- James IV
- king of Scotland from 1488 to 1513. An energetic and popular ruler, he unified Scotland under royal control, strengthened royal finances, and improved Scotland's position in European politics. [6 Related Articles]
- James Madison Memorial Building
- (from the article "Congress, Library of") ...current name in 1980 to honour the president who in 1800 signed the act of Congress establishing the library. The Adams Building was built in Art Deco style and faced ...
- James Norris Memorial Trophy
- (from the article "ice hockey") ...Trophy, for the goalie or goalies with the team permitting the fewest goals; the Calder Memorial Trophy, for the rookie of the year; the Hart Memorial Trophy, for the most ...
- James of Palestrina
- (from the article "Italy") ...of the Teutonic Order, a man respected by the pope and the Roman Curia. Pietro's rhetoric was well fashioned for a propaganda war. On his side, Gregory appointed the strongly ...
- James of Venice
- (from the article "Aristotelianism") ...this wholesale discovery was the result of cultural contacts with Constantinople and a few other Greek centres and the personal initiative of a few scholars. Most notable and first of ...
- James Powell & Sons
- (from the article "glassware") ...English art critic John Ruskin had advocated in The Stones of Venice. In 1859 Philip Webb designed for William Morris some simply formed tableware that was made at the London ...
- James R. Record Aquarium
- (from the article "Fort Worth Zoological Park") ...500 species. The zoo's herpetarium has a large collection of reptiles and amphibians and has bred endangered species such as the bog turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergi). The James ...
- James Range
- (from the article "planation surface") Figure 1 shows a spectacular planation surface that bevels sandstone cuestas in the James Range in central Australia. Clearly an erosive process cut across rocks of varying resistance. The rock ...
- James River
- river rising in Wells county, central North Dakota, U.S., and flowing in a generally south-southeasterly direction across South Dakota, to join the Missouri River about 5 miles (8 km) below ...
- James River
- river in central Virginia, U.S., formed by the junction of the Jackson and Cowpasture rivers and cutting across the Great Appalachian Valley in northern Botetourt county. It flows in an ... [1 Related Articles]
- James Ross Island
- (from the article "Antarctica") Fossil remains of two dinosaurs previously unknown to science were found in Antarctica. One specimen, discovered by American and Argentine scientists on James Ross Island, was a carnivore related to ...
- James V
- king of Scotland from 1513 to 1542. [5 Related Articles]
- James' flamingo
- (from the article "flamingo") ...is primarily an inland species. Two smaller species that live high in the Andes Mountains of South America are the Andean flamingo (Phoenicoparrus andinus) and the puna, or James', flamingo ...
- James, Anthony T.
- (from the article "Martin, A.J.P.") ...that preferentially dissolves in the mobile liquid is more rapidly transported in the direction of flow than is a substance that has greater affinity for the stationary liquid. In 1953 ...
- James, C.L.R.
- West Indian-born cultural historian, cricket writer, and political activist who was a leading figure in the Pan-African movement. [1 Related Articles]
- James, Dennis
- American television personality who for nearly 60 years worked as game show and variety show host, sports commentator, actor, commercial spokesman, and charity fund-raising telethon host (b. Aug. 24, 1917--d. ...
- James, Elmore
- American blues singer-guitarist noted for the urgent intensity of his singing and guitar playing. He was a significant influence on the development of rock music. [1 Related Articles]
- James, Etta
- popular American rhythm-and-blues entertainer who in time became a successful ballad singer. [1 Related Articles]
- James, Frank
- (from the article "James, Jesse; and James, Frank") Reared on a Missouri farm, Jesse and Frank shared their family's sympathy with the Southern cause when the American Civil War broke out (1861). Frank joined William C. Quantrill's Confederate ...
- James, Harry
- American jazz musician and bandleader, and one of the most popular and dynamic trumpet players of the big band era. [2 Related Articles]
- James, Henry
- American philosophical theologian, the father of the novelist Henry James and the philosopher William James.
- James, Henry
- American novelist and, as a naturalized English citizen from 1915, a great figure in the transatlantic culture. His fundamental theme was the innocence and exuberance of the New World in ... [15 Related Articles]
- James, Jesse
- (from the article "James, Jesse; and James, Frank") Reared on a Missouri farm, Jesse and Frank shared their family's sympathy with the Southern cause when the American Civil War broke out (1861). Frank joined William C. Quantrill's Confederate ...
- James, Jesse; and James, Frank
- two brothers who were among the most notorious outlaws of the American West, engaging in robberies that came to typify the hazards of the 19th-century frontier as it has been ...
- James, LeBron
- (from the article "Basketball") ...just 83.5 points per game. The Spurs, though, displayed a fierce will at the defensive end, with veteran guard Bruce Bowen the key force in minimizing the effect of Cavaliers ...
- James, Liturgy of Saint
- a eucharistic service based on the Antiochene Liturgy, said to be the most ancient Christian liturgy. Modified forms of the Liturgy of St. James are used by Catholic Syrians, Monophysite ... [4 Related Articles]
- James, P.D.
- British mystery novelist best known for her fictional detective Adam Dalgliesh of Scotland Yard.
- James, Preston E.
- (from the article "geography") ...specialists who appreciate the full complexity of phenomena combinations. Many of Hartshorne's contemporaries identified themselves as regional geographers and published major texts, such as Preston E. James in his renowned ...
- James, Rick
- American musician and singer (b. Feb. 1, 1948, Buffalo, N.Y.-d. Aug. 6, 2004, Los Angeles, Calif.), wrote such classic funk hits as "Super Freak" and "Give It to Me." He ...
- James, Saint
- one of the Twelve Apostles. [1 Related Articles]
- James, Saint
- one of the Twelve Apostles, distinguished as being in Jesus' innermost circle and the only apostle whose martyrdom is recorded in the New Testament (Acts 12:2). [4 Related Articles]
- James, Saint
- a Christian apostle, according to St. Paul, although not one of the original Twelve Apostles. He was leader of the Jerusalem Christians, who with Saints Peter and John the Evangelist ... [2 Related Articles]
- James, Sidney Lorraine
- American journalist (b. Aug. 6, 1906, St. Louis, Mo.-d. March 11, 2004, Alameda, Calif.), succeeded in establishing Sports Illustrated as a viable magazine despite initial doubts from industry observers. James, ...
- James, The Letter of
- New Testament writing addressed to the early Christian churches ("to the twelve tribes in the dispersion") and attributed to James, a Christian Jew, whose identity is disputed. There is also ... [1 Related Articles]
- James, Will
- (from the article "children's literature") Work of quality was contributed during these two lively decades by authors too numerous to list. Among the best of them are Will James, with his horse story Smoky (1926); ...
- James, William
- American philosopher and psychologist, a leader of the philosophical movement of Pragmatism and of the psychological movement of functionalism. [41 Related Articles]
- James-Lange theory
- (from the article "emotion") ...system. Although there were distinctively individual components in the theories of James and Lange, the theories became linked in the minds of psychologists and the combination became known as the ...
- Jameson Raid
- (from the article "Rhodes, Cecil") Chamberlain was privy to the plan, but no one foresaw what actually resulted. The National Union in Johannesburg lost heart and decided not to act. Rhodes, the high commissioner Sir ...
- Jameson's mamba
- (from the article "mamba") ...three green mamba species are smaller (1.5-2 metres, maximum 2.7 metres) and are usually found in trees. The East African green mamba (D. angusticeps) of East and South Africa, Jameson's ...
- Jameson, Anna Brownell
- (from the article "Canada") ...world's most sparsely populated countries. This fact, coupled with the grandeur of the landscape, has been central to the sense of Canadian national identity, as expressed by the Dublin-born writer ...
- Jameson, Robert
- (from the article "Boue, Ami") While studying medicine in Edinburgh, Boue became interested in geology through the influence of the noted Scottish geologist Robert Jameson. Boue studied the volcanic rocks in various parts of Scotland ...
- Jameson, Sir Leander Starr, Baronet
- southern African statesman who, as friend and collaborator of Cecil Rhodes, was notorious for his abortive raid into the Transvaal to overthrow the Boer government of Paul Kruger in 1895. [4 Related Articles]
- Jamesonia
- (from the article "Pteridaceae") ...tropical species, which are occasionally cultivated in greenhouses for the colourful yellow or white farina found on the lower leaf surfaces of most species. The species of Eriosorus and Jamesonia ...
- Jamestown
- seaport town and capital of the British overseas territory of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean. The town was founded in 1659, when the British East India Company built ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jamestown
- city, seat (1874) of Stutsman county, southeast-central North Dakota, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the James River and Pipestem Creek, halfway between Bismarck (west) and Fargo (east). The ...
- Jamestown
- (from the article "United States") ...was rural during the colonial period and for the first years of independence, cities were crucial elements in the settlement system from the earliest days. Boston; New Amsterdam (New York ...
- Jamestown
- city, Chautauqua county, southwestern New York, U.S. It lies at the south end of Chautauqua Lake, 70 miles (113 km) southwest of Buffalo. It was named for James Prendergast, a ...
- Jamestown Colony
- first permanent English settlement in North America, located near present-day Williamsburg, Virginia. Established on May 14, 1607, the colony gave England its first foothold in the European competition for the ... [10 Related Articles]
- Jamestown Settlement
- (from the article "Remembering the Jamestown Colony After 400 Years") ...for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. Since 1994 archaeological excavations have uncovered the location of the colony's original fort and thousands of artifacts. Nearby is a historical park, Jamestown Settlement, ...
- Jamgarh, Mt.
- (from the article "Azad Kashmir") Northern Azad Kashmir comprises foothills of the Himalayas rising to Jamgarh Peak (15,531 feet [4,734 metres]); south of this are the northwestern reaches of the Pir Panjal Range, which has ...
- Jamhuri Day
- one of the most important national holidays in Kenya, observed on December 12. The holiday formally marks the date of the country's admittance in 1964 into the Commonwealth as a ...
- Jami
- Persian scholar, mystic, and poet who is often regarded as the last great mystical poet of Iran. [3 Related Articles]
- Jami Masjid
- (from the article "Agra") ...Fort (also named a World Heritage site in 1983), built by the emperor Akbar, which contains the 17th-century Pearl Mosque (Moti Masjid), constructed of white marble; a palace, the Jahangiri ...
- Jami Masjid
- (from the article "Akbar period architecture") The most imposing of the buildings at Fatehpur Sikri is the great mosque, the Jami' Masjid, which served as a model for later congregational mosques built by the Mughals. The ...
- Jami' Masjid
- (from the article "Ahmedabad") ...in order to build mosques. This gave many of Ahmedabad's mosques and tombs a Hindu flavour in their form and decoration. The dense "forest" of 260 richly carved columns within ...
- Jami' Masjid
- (from the article "Seringapatam") The modern town caters to tourists who visit its 17th-century Hindu monuments as well as a large mosque (Jami' Masjid) built by Tippu Sultan. The Daria Daulat (1784), the Tippu's ...
- Jami' Masjid
- (from the article "Etawah") ...town is crossed by numerous ravines, one of which separates the old city (south) from the new city (north); bridges and embankments connect the two. Etawah contains a 16th-century mosque, ...
- Jami' Masjid
- (from the article "Delhi") ...kings (1451-1526) are characterized by finer domes and decoration and the use of finer marbles and tiles. The later Mughal architecture represented in the Red Fort (Lal Qila) and the ...
- Jami' Masjid
- (from the article "Budaun") ...It became a district headquarters in 1838. Situated on a major road and rail line, it is primarily an agricultural-trade centre, with some small industries. The city contains a large ...
- Jamie, Cameron
- (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") ...identity politics. Other exhibition highlights included the poetic sculptures of Gedi Sibony and Kranky Klaus (2003), a frightening film documentation of Christmas rituals in rural Austria by Cameron Jamie. Vergne, ...
- Jamie, Kathleen
- (from the article "Literature") ...newspaper as "examinations of becoming, of the processes of life," even when they deal with everyday themes such as ice-skating or waking up with one's child. Meanwhile, Scottish poet Kathleen ...
- Jamieson, John
- (from the article "dictionary") Among British scholars the historical outlook took an important step forward in 1808 in the work of John Jamieson on the language of Scotland. Because he did not need to ...
- Jamieson, Penelope
- (from the article "Anglicanism") ...Harris was ordained a bishop. (She was elected as a suffragan bishop of Massachusetts but did not head a diocese.) In subsequent years, other women were consecrated as bishops. In ...
- Jamil al-'Udhri
- (from the article "Islamic arts") In Medina, on the other hand, idealized love poetry was the vogue; its invention is attributed to Jamil (died 701), of the tribe 'Udhrah, "whose members die when they love." ...
- Jamila
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...or "gentle song." Her house was the most brilliant literary salon of Medina, and most of the famous musicians of the town came under her tutelage. Also famed were the ...
- Jamison, Judith
- American modern dancer who became artistic director of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in 1989.
- Jamison, Kay
- (from the article "genius") ...is characterized by extreme swings of mood, from exhilaration to depression, and has been particularly associated with artists, writers, musicians, and entrepreneurs. The American psychiatrist Kay Jamison suggested that, although ...
- Jammeh, Yahya Abdul
- (from the article "Gambia, The") Area: 10,689 sq km (4,127 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 1,709,000 | Capital: Banjul | Head of state and government: President Col. Yahya Jammeh |
Gambian Pres. ...
- Jammes, Francis
- French poet and novelist whose simple rustic themes were a contrast to the decadent element in French literature of the turn of the century. [1 Related Articles]
- jamming
- in electronics, broadcasting a strong signal that overrides or obscures a target signal. Jamming of radio and television stations broadcasting from beyond borders may be carried out by a country ...
- Jammu
- city and winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir state, northern India. It lies along the Tawi River, south of Srinagar (the state's summer capital), and to the north is the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jammu and Kashmir
- state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and western Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger ... [29 Related Articles]
- Jamnagar
- (from the article "Jamnagar") ...districts. Cement, pottery, textiles, and salt are the main industrial products, and the town is famous for its bandhani (tie-dyeing work), gold embroidery, and metalware. Jamnagar is served by highways, ...
- Jamnagar
- town, southwestern Gujarat state, west-central India. Jamnagar is situated on the Kathiawar Peninsula, southeast of Bedi, its port on the Gulf of Kutch of the Arabian Sea. Founded in 1540, ...
- Jamnia, Synod of
- (from the article "biblical literature") ...such sacred writings are studied to find the revealed word of God, a settled delimiting of the writings-i.e., a canon-must be selected. In the last decade of the 1st century, ...
- jamrah
- (from the article "rajm") ...by tradition as the site where the patriarch Ibrahim (Abraham) stoned Shaytan (Satan). On the 11th, 12th, and 13th of the month, the ritual is repeated at all three jamrahs, ...
- Jamrai Tlang Mountains
- (from the article "Tripura Hills") ...Plains. Each successive ridge of hills to the east rises higher than the one before; the low Deotamura Range is followed by the Artharamura, Langtarai, and Sakhan Tlang ranges. The ...
- jamrat al-agabah, al-
- (from the article "rajm") ...as completed by Muhammad. On the 10th day of the Dhu al-Hijjah, the month of the hajj, they each throw seven small stones at a stone construction, al-jamrat al-'aqabah, which ...
- Jamrud
- town in the Khyber Agency of Peshawar Division, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, lying 1,512 ft (461 m) above sea level at the entrance to the Khyber Pass. It is connected ...
- Jamshedpur
- city, East Singhbhum district, Jharkhand state, northeastern India, at the junction of the Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers. Sometimes called Tatanagar, the city was named for industrialist Jamsetji (Jamshedji) Nusserwanji Tata, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jamtland
- lan (county) of western Sweden, on the Norwegian border. It takes in the traditional landskap (provinces) of Jamtland and Harjedalen. The land rises in the west to 5,780 feet (1,762 ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jamuka
- (from the article "Genghis Khan") ...to have had nothing else to offer; yet, in exchange; Toghril promised to reunite Temujin's scattered people, and he is said to have redeemed his promise by furnishing 20,000 men ...
- Jan and Dean
- (from the article "surf music") As Jan and Dean, Jan Berry (b. April 3, 1941Los Angeles, California, U.S.-d. March 26, 2004Los Angeles) and Dean Torrence (b. March 10, 1941Los...Berry, Jan
- Jan Mayen
- island, part of the Kingdom of Norway, in the Greenland Sea of the Arctic Ocean, about 300 mi (500 km) east of Greenland. It is approximately 35 mi long and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jan of Jenstein
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...and skill in arranging compromise, and in less than a decade the delicate balance between the throne, the nobility, and the church hierarchy was upset. In a conflict with the ...
- Janacek, Leos
- composer, one of the most important exponents of musical nationalism of the 20th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Janakiraman, T.
- (from the article "South Asian arts") Contemporary literature is represented by T. Janakiraman, who writes novels, short stories, and plays with themes from urban Tamil middle-class family life; Jayakanthan, a sharp and passionate writer, with a ...
- janam-sakhi
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...writings, such as those of the first Sikh Guru, Nanak (late 15th and early 16th centuries), are in Old Hindi rather than true Punjabi. The first work identifiable as Punjabi ...
- Janata Dal
- (from the article "India") ...(I) even more vulnerable to opposition parties, including the right-wing Bharatiya Janata ("Indian People's") Party (BJP), headed by L.K. (Lal Krishna) Advani, and V.P. Singh's new Janata Dal. In the ...
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