| | - Jain vrata
- in Jainism, a religion of India, any of the vows (vratas) that govern the activities of both monks and laymen. The mahavratas, or five ...
- Jaina
- (from the article "Native American art") Just off the coast of Campeche is the island cemetery of Jaina, from which have come magnificently modelled figurines that are certainly among the finest clay works of antiquity. These ...
- Jaina canon
- the sacred texts of Jainism, a religion of India, whose authenticity is disputed between sects. The Svetambara canon consists principally of 45 works divided as follows: (1) 11 Angas, the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jainism
- a religion of India that teaches a path to spiritual purity and enlightenment through a disciplined mode of life founded upon the tradition of [40 Related Articles]
- Jaintia
- in Indian history, a state in Assam, in northeastern India, stretching from what is now the northern frontier between Bangladesh and India over the Jaintia Hills to the Kalong River ...
- Jaintia
- (from the article "Meghalaya") ...to these groups. The Khasis are the only people in India speaking a Mon-Khmer language, more commonly found in Southeast Asia. Khasi and Garo are the main languages and along ...
- Jaintia Hills
- physical region, eastern Meghalaya state, northeastern India. The sparsely populated mountainous region (part of the Meghalaya plateau) has an average elevation of more than 3,000 feet (900 m). It receives ...
- Jaintias
- (from the article "Jaintia Hills") The inhabitants of the Jaintia Hills are primarily tribal Jaintias, who, like the Khasis to the west, are thought to be descendants of the first Mongolian migration to India. Until ...
- Jaipal
- (from the article "Mahmud") His chief antagonist in northern India was Jaipal, the ruler of the Punjab. When, in 1001, Mahmud marched on India at the head of 15,000 horse troops, Jaipal met him ...
- Jaipur
- (from the article "India") ...undermined (e.g., the case of Mysore, below) and others in which the logic of consolidation and decline appears not to have concerned the British. In the latter category can be ...
- Jaipur
- city, capital of Rajasthan state, northwestern India. A walled town surrounded (except to the south) by hills, Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh to replace Amber ...
- Jaipur
- (from the article "The Belmont Stakes") ...the fondness for horses that was a family trait, Widener began to raise Thoroughbreds at Erdenheim Farm in Pennsylvania and also at Old Kenny Farm near Lexington, Ky. Among his ...
- Jaipur school
- (from the article "South Asian arts") The rulers of the state were closely allied to the Mughal dynasty, but paintings of the late 16th and early 17th centuries possessed all of the elements of the Rajasthani ...
- Jaipuri language
- (from the article "Rajasthan") ...from Dingal, a tongue in which bards once sang of the glories of their masters. The four main dialects are Marwari (in western Rajasthan), Jaipuri or Dhundhari (in the east ...
- Jaisalmer
- city, western Rajasthan state, northwestern India. Connected by road with Jodhpur, Barmer, and Phalodi, the city is a major caravan centre, trading in wool, hides, salt, fuller's earth, camels, and ...
- Jaish-i-Mohammad
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...to kill Musharraf and bomb the parliament and the U.S. embassy. On September 28 the government announced the killing of Amjad Hussain Farooqui, the alleged mastermind of the plot. Six ...
- Jajau, Battle of
- (June 12, 1707), decisive engagement over succession to the Mughal throne of India, following the death of the emperor Aurangzeb, and fought at Jajau, a few miles south of Agra ...
- Jajce
- town in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 29 miles (47 km) south of Banja Luka, on the Vrbas River. The ancient capital of the Bosnian kings, it fell to the Turks in ...
- jajmani system
- reciprocal social and economic arrangements between families of different castes within a village community in India, by which one family exclusively performs certain services for the other, such as ministering ...
- Jajrud Dam
- (from the article "Elburz Mountains") ...the fast-growing Tehran. Spectacular dams have been built. These include the Safid Rud Dam, used for the irrigation of the Safid Rud Delta; the Karaj Dam and the Jajrud Dam, ...
- Jaka Dolog
- (from the article "Kertanagara") ...Buddha Avalokitesvara) was erected in the area (Jambi) in 1286, an indication that his influence had reached Sumatra. He also conquered Bali in 1284. A statue of a meditative Buddha, ...
- Jakab, Zsuzsanna
- Hungarian epidemiologist Zsuzsanna Jakab assumed leadership of the newly formed European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) in 2005, taking on the task of defending the European Union against ...
- Jakarta
- largest city and capital of Indonesia. Coextensive with the metropolitan district of Jakarta Raya, it lies at the mouth of the Ciliwung (Liwung River) on the northwest coast of Java. [15 Related Articles]
- Jakarta Arts Building
- (from the article "Indonesia") ...theatrical works that typically fuse Indonesian and international idioms. In 1987 the Indonesian government completed the renovation of colonial Schouwburg Weltevreden (1821) theatre to become the Jakarta Arts Building (Gedung ...
- Jakob, Alfons M.
- (from the article "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease") The disease was first described in the 1920s by the German neurologists Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt and Alfons Maria Jakob. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is similar to other neurodegenerative diseases such as kuru, ...
- Jakobovits of Regents Park in Greater London, Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron
- German-born cleric who was the outspoken, conservative chief rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Commonwealth (1967-91), a position usually deemed the chief spokesman for British Orthodox Jews; ...
- Jakobshavn Glacier
- (from the article "Greenland") ...four-fifths of Greenland's total land area. Layers of snow falling on its barren, windswept surface become compressed into ice layers, which constantly move outward to the peripheral glaciers; the Jakobshavn ...
- Jakobson, Roman
- Russian born American linguist and Slavic-language scholar, a principal founder of the European movement in structural linguistics known as the Prague school. Jakobson extended the theoretical and practical concerns of ... [4 Related Articles]
- Jakoubek of Stribro
- (from the article "Hussite") ...stake. After his death in 1415 many Bohemian knights and nobles published a formal protest and offered protection to those who were persecuted for their faith. The movement's chief supporters ...
- Jakpa, Sumalia Ndewura
- African king who founded a dynasty in Gonja, in what is now northern Ghana, in the early 17th century. [2 Related Articles]
- Jakubisko, Juraj
- (from the article "Slovakia") ...and Elmar Klos. It received an Academy Award (for best foreign-language film), the first ever awarded to a Czechoslovakian production. Among internationally recognized Slovak film directors is Juraj Jakubisko, who ...
- Jakun
- any member of an aboriginal people found in the interior eastern portions of the Malay Peninsula. The major Jakun subgroups include the Biduanda, Mantera, Orang Laut, Orang Kanak, and Orang ...
- Jalal ad-Dawlah
- (from the article "Abu Kalijar al-Marzuban ibn Sultan ad-Dawlah") ...the ruler of Kerman, to the west. By 1028 Abu Kalijar was victorious and added Kerman to his domains. In the meantime (1027) he had attacked the Iraqi lands of ...
- Jalal al-Din Ahsan Shah
- (from the article "India") Ma'bar, the first among the rebel states to emerge in south India, was founded at Madurai by the erstwhile Tughluq general Jalal al-Din Ahsan Shah in 1335. Lasting only 43 ...
- Jalal al-Din Mingburnu
- (from the article "Iran") ...Herat, Tus, and Neyshabur were razed, and the whole populations were slaughtered. The Khwarezm-Shah fled, to die on an island off the Caspian coast. His son Jalal al-Din survived until ...
- Jalal od-Din Shah Shoja'
- (from the article "Mozaffarid Dynasty") ...he attacked and captured Tabriz, but he was unable to hold it. In 1358 he was deposed by his two sons, Qotb od-Din Shah Mahmud (reigned 1358-75) and Jalal od-Din ...
- Jalal, Muhammad 'Uthman
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...who encouraged Sannu' to produce more-until, that is, he discovered that he himself was the butt of some of the humour. Alongside such popular fare, the translator Muhammad 'Uthman Jalal ...
- Jalal-Abad
- city, western Kyrgyzstan. Though made a city in 1877, it remained essentially a large village. Given city status again in 1927, it now is a regional centre for food processing ...
- Jalalabad
- town, eastern Afghanistan, on the Kabul River, at an altitude of 1,940 ft (590 m). It lies on the route from Kabul, the Afghan capital (110 mi [177 km] north-northwest), ... [2 Related Articles]
- jalap
- (from the article "Ipomoea") ...are enlarged food-storage portions of the roots. Its leaves are oval to lobed, and the 5-cm (2-inch) flowers are pink to rose violet. It probably originated in tropical South America. ...
- Jalapa
- city, southeastern Guatemala, located in a picturesque valley of the central highlands at an elevation of 4,469 feet (1,362 metres) above sea level. Jalapa functions as a commercial, manufacturing, and ...
- Jalapan pine vole
- (from the article "woodland vole") The woodland vole is one of 61 species in the meadow vole genus (Microtus). Its closest living relative is the Jalapan pine vole (M. quasiater), which inhabits cool and wet ...
- Jalaun
- town and district, Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. The district occupies an area of 1,756 sq mi (4,549 sq km) on the Ganges alluvial plain and is bounded on the ...
- Jalaun
- (from the article "Jalaun") ...town of Kalpi. Orai, the administrative headquarters, is 65 mi (105 km) southwest of Kanpur, with which it is linked by road and rail. Orai is a trade centre for ...
- Jalayin
- (from the article "Sudan, The") ...only among the nomads of the plains who raise cattle, sheep, and camels. Each Arab tribe or cluster of tribes is in turn assigned to a larger tribal grouping, of ...
- Jalayirid
- Mongol tribe that supported the Il-Khan Hulegu's rise to power and eventually provided the successors to the Il-Khan dynasty as rulers of Iraq and Azerbaijan. A Jalayirid dynasty made its ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jalayirid school
- school of miniature painting that flourished in Baghdad, Iraq, under the Jalayirids, a local dynasty of governors in power from 1336 to 1432. Along with their contemporaries, the Mozaffarids of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jaldapara Wild Life Sanctuary
- wildlife preserve in West Bengal state, northeastern India. The preserve was established in 1941 mainly for the protection of the great Indian rhinoceros. It extends over an area of 84 ...
- jaleo
- (from the article "merengue") ...It is danced with a limping step, the weight always on the same foot. The music is in 44 time with three sections: paseo, merengue, and jaleo. ...
- Jalgaon
- city, northern Maharashtra state, western India. It lies along the Bombay-Nagpur road and the Bombay-Allahabad railway. Although insignificant before the 19th century, it then attracted merchants and weavers so that ...
- Jalili Family
- prominent Iraqi family that ruled the Ottoman pasalik (province) of Mosul (in modern Iraq) in the period 1726-1834. Although the founder of the Jalili line, 'Abd al-Jalil, was a Christian ...
- Jalingo
- town, capital of Taraba state, eastern Nigeria. It became a state capital in 1991 after Gongola state was divided into Adamawa and Taraba states. Jalingo lies in the savanna-covered foothills ...
- Jalisco
- estado (state), west-central Mexico. It is bounded by the states of Nayarit to the northwest, Zacatecas and Aguascalientes to the north, San Luis Potosi and Guanajuato to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jallianwalla Bagh
- (from the article "Amritsar") A short distance away from the Golden Temple is a spacious park, Jallianwalla Bagh, where on April 13, 1919, British colonial government troops fired on a crowd of unarmed Indian ...
- jallikattu
- (from the article "bullfighting") ...famous perhaps being the Fiesta de San Fermin, during which bulls are run through the streets of Pamplona. (A similar "running of the bulls," called jallikattu, occurs ...
- Jalor
- city, southwestern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It lies just south of the Sukri River, which is a tributary of the Luni River. Jalor is connected by road with Jodhpur and ...
- Jalowaz, Battle of
- (from the article "Murad II") ...alliance; but after 1441, when the alliance expanded to include German, Polish, and Albanian forces, the Ottomans lost Nis and Sofia (1443) and were soundly defeated at Jalowaz (1444). After ...
- Jalpaiguri
- city, northern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just west of the Tista River. The chief agricultural distributing centre of the state, the city is connected by road and rail with ...
- jaltarang
- (from the article "percussion instrument") ...can be played either with small sticks by percussion or by rubbing wetted fingers along the rims-the cups do not contain water. But the jaltarang, also South ...
- Jaluit Atoll
- coral formation in the Ralik (western) chain of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, situated in the west-central Pacific Ocean. The atoll has a total land area of 4.4 square ...
- jam
- (from the article "fruit processing") ...sometimes making use of blemished or off-grade fruits that may not be ideal for fresh consumption. In jelly making, the goal is to produce a clear, brilliant gel from the ...
- Jam
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...in the city. One is the tower. Those narrow and tall (up to about 150 feet [50 metres]) were minarets, of which several dozen have been preserved all over Iran ...
- Jam Master Jay
- American rap musician and producer (b. Jan. 21, 1965, New York, N.Y.-d. Oct. 30, 2002, New York City), was a member of Run-D.M.C., the first rap group to attract a ...
- jam nut
- (from the article "nut") ...slots are aligned with a hole in the bolt and locked in place by a cotter pin or wire lacing to prevent loosening or unscrewing. Locking can also be accomplished ...
- Jam, Jimmy
- (from the article "Jam and Lewis") Jam and Lewis's emergence as major record producers was kick-started by Prince's pique. Keyboard player Jimmy Jam (James Harris III) and bassist Terry Lewis played together in local Minneapolis bands ...
- Jam, the
- British rock group that emerged at the height of the punk rock movement but whose sound and image were greatly influenced by the British mod bands of the early 1960s. ...
- jama'ah
- (from the article "Berber") ...a community, and many communities make an ethnic group. The simplest Berber political structure, found in villages in Algeria and the High (Haut) Atlas mountains, is the
- Jama'are
- town and traditional emirate, Bauchi state, northern Nigeria. The town is situated along the Jamaari River, which is a tributary of the Katagum, and at the intersection of roads leading ...
- Jama'at al-Madrasah Hadithah
- (from the article "Arabic literature") A major advance in short-story writing occurred in the early and mid-20th century with a group of Egyptian writers who became known as Jama'at al-Madrasah Hadithah ("New School Group"). The ...
- jama'at khanah
- (from the article "Islam") ...Aga Khan III (1887-1957) had taken several measures to bring his followers closer to the main body of the Muslims. The Isma'ilis, however, still have not mosques but jama'at khanahs ...
- Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh
- (from the article "Bangladesh") ...off within a span of half an hour in a precisely coordinated manner in 63 of the country's 64 districts. At every bomb location, leaflets were recovered belonging to a ...
- Jamaa al-Fna square
- (from the article "Marrakech") ...the medina in Marrakech is called the "red city" because of its buildings and ramparts of beaten clay, which were built during the residence of the Almohads. The heart of ...
- Jamaame
- town, southern Somalia, eastern Africa. Jamaame is situated on the eastern bank of the lower Jubba River, in the southeastern coastal lowlands near the Indian Ocean. The town is an ...
- Jamadagni
- (from the article "Parasurama") ...("Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty") and the Puranas ("Ancient Lore") record that Parasurama was born to the Brahman sage Jamadagni in order to deliver the world from the arrogant ...
- jamah
- (from the article "dress") ...new dress styles were adopted to conform with Muslim practice, which required that the body be covered as completely as possible. Men's costumes thereafter consisted of the
- Jamaica
- island nation of the West Indies. It is the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea, after Cuba and Hispaniola. Jamaica is about 146 miles (235 km) long and varies ... [26 Related Articles]
- Jamaica Bay
- shallow inlet of the Atlantic Ocean covering about 20 square miles (50 square km) on the southwestern shore of Long Island, southeastern New York, U.S. Part of the Port of ...
- Jamaica Channel
- (from the article "Windward Passage") ...Cuba (west) from Hispaniola (southeast). It has a threshold depth of 5,500 feet (1,700 m) and is on the direct shipping route between the east coast of the United States ...
- Jamaica Labour Party
- (from the article "Jamaica") The Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), led by economist Bruce Golding, succeeded in defeating the People's National Party (PNP) in the September 3 general election, after the latter had enjoyed four ...
- Jamaica Public Service Co.
- (from the article "Jamaica") ...forms of energy, such as wind and hydropower. The government set a goal of 15% of the country's electricity to be drawn from renewable energy sources by 2020. In the ...
- Jamaica, Bank of
- (from the article "Jamaica") ...of Canadian, British, and U.S. banks, dominate the financial sector. Life insurance companies, building societies, and credit unions also offer savings and credit services. The central bank is the Bank ...
- Jamaica, flag of
- national flag with two green and two black triangles separated by a yellow saltire (diagonal cross). The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 1 to 2.
- Jamaica, history of
- (from the article "Jamaica") The following history of Jamaica focuses on events from the time of European contact. For treatments of the island in its regional context, see West Indies, history of, and Latin ...
- Jamaica, Institute of
- (from the article "Jamaica") The Institute of Jamaica, an early patron and promoter of the arts, sponsors exhibitions and awards. It administers the Cultural Training Centre, which includes schools of art, dance, drama, and ...
- Jamaican cobnut
- (from the article "filbert") ...the nut to its husk. This distinction was found to be misleading, and filbert became the common name for the genus in the U.S. The term cobnut is limited to ...
- Jamaican fruit bat
- a common and widespread bat of Central and South America with a fleshy nose leaf resembling a third ear positioned on the muzzle. The Jamaican fruit bat has gray-brown fur ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
- Muslim politician, political agitator, and journalist whose belief in the potency of a revived Islamic civilization in the face of European domination significantly influenced the development of Muslim thought in ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jamali, Mir Zafarullah Khan
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...Jammu and Kashmir as well as 1,100,000 Afghan refugees) | Capital: Islamabad | Head of state and government: President and Chief Executive Gen. Pervez Musharraf, assisted by Prime Ministers Mir ...
- Jamali, Muhammad Fadhil al-
- , Iraqi statesman who was the last survivor of the signatories to the UN Charter, was prime minister of Iraq twice, and--following the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958--was sentenced ...
- Jamalpur
- town, central Bihar state, northeastern India. It is situated at the foot of the Monghyr Ghat (hills) near the Ganges River. The town was established in 1862 as a railway ...
- Jamalpur
- city, north-central Bangladesh, on the west bank of the Old Brahmaputra River. An important trade centre, especially for agricultural products, it is connected by rail with Mymensingh, Jagannathganj Ghat, and ...
- Jamalzadah, Muhammad 'Ali
- Iranian prose writer who became one of the most important figures in 20th-century Persian literature. [2 Related Articles]
- Jamanota, Mount
- (from the article "Aruba") ...(10 km) across at its widest point. Generally low in elevation, the island consists largely of igneous rocks overlain by limestone deposits and is fringed with coral reefs. Its highest ...
- Jamasp
- (from the article "Sasanian kings*") ...Sokhra), but when he contrived to eliminate this over-powerful protector, the hostility of the nobles, with tribal unrest in Armenia and western Iran, led to his deposition in favour of ...
- Jambi
- (from the article "Jambi") kotamadya (city) and propinsi (province), southeastern Sumatra, Indonesia. The province is bounded by Bengkulu and Sumatera Selatan ("South Sumatra") provinces on the south, by Sumatera Barat ("West Sumatra") province on ...
- Jambi
- kotamadya (city) and propinsi (province), southeastern Sumatra, Indonesia. The province is bounded by Bengkulu and Sumatera Selatan ("South Sumatra") provinces on the south, by Sumatera Barat ("West Sumatra") province on ... [1 Related Articles]
- jamdani
- type of figured muslin that is one of the greatest accomplishments of the Indian weaver. The origins of figured muslin are not clear; it is mentioned in Sanskrit literature of ...
- James Bay
- shallow southern extension of Hudson Bay, located between northern Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Generally less than 200 feet (60 m) deep, the bay is 275 miles (443 km) long and ... [1 Related Articles]
- James Bay
- (from the article "Saint Helena") ...South of the mountains, water-cut gorges are dispersed, becoming deep valleys near the sea. Springs are numerous. The only practicable place for ship landings is on the island's northwestern side ...
- James Bond
- British literary and film character, a peerless spy, notorious womanizer, and masculine icon. [5 Related Articles]
- James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
- (from the article "Some important radio telescopes") ...operate at submillimetre wavelengths are located near the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii, at elevations above 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) and on Mount Graham near Tucson, Ariz. The largest of ...
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