(from the article "Western sculpture") In contrast to the macrocosmic concern of these two artists were the interests of sculptors such as Raymond Jacobson, whose "Structure" (1955) derived from his study of honeycombs. Using three ...
(from the article "international payment and exchange") ...deficit since 1958, and the United Kingdom plunged into one in 1960. It looked as if these two countries might need to draw upon continental European currencies in excess of ...
(from the article "memory") ...In fact, a chief memory complaint among older adults is a decreasing ability to associate a person's name with his face. Studies conducted separately by American psychologists Marcia K. Johnson ...
(from the article "Orcagna, Andrea") The son of a goldsmith, Orcagna was the leading member of a family of painters, which included three younger brothers: Nardo (died 1365/66), Matteo, and Jacopo (died after 1398) di ...
(from the article "Venetian school") ...filled a now-lost album with studies. Giovanni Bellini was the most important teacher of his generation and included among his pupils were Giorgione (1477-1510), Titian (1488/90-1576), Jacopo Vecchio (c. 1480-1528), ...
Italian religious poet, author of more than 100 mystical poems of great power and originality, and probable author of the Latin poem Stabat mater dolorosa. [2 Related Articles]
"Life was so monotonous." So begins Nefer the Silent, the first volume of The Stone of Light, a series of historical novels about the artists who created the legendary tombs ...
in weaving, device incorporated in special looms to control individual warp yarns. It enabled looms to produce fabrics having intricate woven patterns such as tapestry, brocade, and damask, and it ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "weaving") Jacquard weaves, produced on a special loom, are characterized by complex woven-in designs, often with large design repeats or tapestry effects. Fabrics made by this method include brocade, damask, and ...
French inventor of the Jacquard loom (see ), which served as the impetus for the technological revolution of the textile industry and is the basis of the modern automatic loom. [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Barbizon school") ...at Barbizon, others visiting only infrequently; those of the group who were to become most notable were Charles-Francois Daubigny, Narcisse-Virgile Diaz de La Pena, Jules Dupre, Charles Jacque, and Constant ...
insurrection of peasants against the nobility in northeastern France in 1358-so named from the nobles' habit of referring contemptuously to any peasant as Jacques, or Jacques Bonhomme. [6 Related Articles]
mountain on the north side of the Gaspe Peninsula in Gaspesian Provincial Park, eastern Quebec province, Canada. The highest peak in the well-forested Monts Chic-Choc (Shickshock Mountains), an extension of ... [1 Related Articles]
French artist was one of the most prominent practitioners of nouvelle realisme (New Realism), the French offshoot of the 1960s Pop art scene; Jacquet's best-known works are modern reimaginings of ...
American musician and bandleader (b. Oct. 31, 1922, Broussard, La.-d. July 22, 2004, New York, N.Y.), thrilled Jazz at the Philharmonic (JATP) audiences by playing tenor saxophone solos full of ...
French documentary filmmaker, who earned the Academy Award for best documentary feature for La Marche de l'empereur (2005; March of the Penguins). [2 Related Articles]
river, Rio Grande do Sul estado ("state"), southern Brazil. It rises in the hills east of Passo Fundo and flows southward and eastward for 280 miles (450 km), receiving the ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "mineral deposit") ...a major source of rare earths; the Loolekop Complex, Palabora, S.Af., mined for copper and apatite (calcium phosphate, used as a fertilizer), plus by-products of gold, silver, and other metals; ...
(from the article "Calcutta") ...than 150 affiliated colleges. Besides these colleges, university colleges of arts (humanities), commerce, law, medicine, science, and technology specialize in postgraduate teaching and research. Jadavpur University has three faculties-arts (humanities), ...
either of two tough, compact, typically green gemstones that take a high polish. Both minerals have been carved into jewelry, ornaments, small sculptures, and utilitarian objects from earliest recorded times. ... [7 Related Articles]
bay, Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It is a broad inlet of the North Sea that covers an area of 73 square miles (190 square km). Formed for the ...
French actress (b. Oct. 8, 1948, Dijon, France-d. Dec. 1, 2006, Boulogne-Billancourt, France), starred as the winsome Christine Darbon Doinel in director Francois Truffaut's compelling take on love and marriage-Baisers ...
gem-quality silicate mineral in the pyroxene family that is one of the two forms of jade (q.v.). The more prized of the two types of jade, jadeite (imperial jade) is ... [3 Related Articles]
Syrian military officer and Ba'th politician (b. 1926?, Duwayr B'abda, near Jablah, Syria--d. Aug. 19, 1993, Damascus, Syria), was leader of the country from 1966 to 1970, when he was ... [1 Related Articles]
Atlantic port city, north-central Morocco, lying about 55 miles (90 km) southwest of Casablanca. The settlement developed after 1502 around a Portuguese fort and, as Mazagan, became the centre of ...
(from the article "Central Asia, history of") ...the catalyst in the case of the Uzbeks was knowledge of the educational reforms and the Pan-Turkish ideology of the Crimean Tatar renaissance of the late 19th century. The Uzbek ...
queen of Poland (1384-99) whose marriage to Jogaila, grand duke of Lithuania (Wladyslaw II Jagiello of Poland), founded the centuries-long union of Lithuania and Poland. [2 Related Articles]
American baby-faced tough-guy actor whose 54-year career took him from roles mainly as stereotypical characters in war films and westerns to parts in television series, most recently "Baywatch"; he received ...
(German and Dutch: "hunter"), any of three species of seabirds belonging to the genus Stercorarius of the family Stercorariidae. They are rapacious birds resembling a dark gull with a forward-set ... [4 Related Articles]
novelist, ultranaturalist, and leader of the Norwegian "Boheme," a group of urban artists and writers in revolt against conventional morality. His role in Norwegian literature stems in part from the ...
(from the article "eurypterid") Frequently referred to as giant scorpions, most eurypterids were small animals, although Jaekelopterus rhenaniae (also called Pterygotus rhenanius or P. buffaloenis), a species from the Silurian Period (about 444 to ...
(from the article "biblical literature") ...in the book of Judith it evidently has symbolic value. Judith is an exemplary Jewish woman. Her deed is probably invented under the influence of the account of the 12th-century-BCE ...
provincia (province) in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, south-central Spain. It is surrounded by the Sierra Morena to the north, the Segura ...
city, capital of Jaen provincia (province) in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. It lies on the northern side of the ... [2 Related Articles]
lowland plain area, southwestern Norway. Extending approximately 25 miles (40 km) northward from Eigersund and 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 km) inland from the North Sea, the plain ...
(from the article "solids, mechanics of") ...Boussinesq and the Italian mathematician Valentino Cerruti. The Prussian mathematician Leo August Pochhammer analyzed the vibrations of an elastic cylinder, and Lamb and the Prussian physicist Paul Jaerisch derived the ...
(from the article "Tel Aviv-Yafo") ...centre in Israel, situated on the Mediterranean coast some 40 miles (60 km) northwest of Jerusalem. Tel Aviv was founded in 1909 as a Jewish garden suburb of the ancient ...
(from the article "Jerusalem") ...be entered through any of seven gates in the wall: the New, Damascus, and Herod's gates to the north, the St. Stephen's (or Lion's) Gate to the east, the Dung ...
(from the article "diplomatics") ...of Austrian History Research), established by Sickel in 1854. Meanwhile, the Regesta, comprising short, synoptical condensations of the contents of papal documents down to 1198, published by Philipp Jaffe in ...
American speed skater who won two Olympic gold medals (1932). His first Winter Games title (1928) was unofficial, though many recognize him as the winner. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Kurdish rug") Jaffi Kurdish rugs and saddlebag faces, from the Turko-Iranian borderland, show diamond grids, each lozenge containing a latch-hooked figure. Bijar carpets are Kurdish products, as are the surprisingly delicate rugs ...
historical monarchy in northern Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), populated by Tamil-speaking people of South Indian origin. Well established by the 14th century, it survived as an independent entity until its ... [2 Related Articles]
port, northern Sri Lanka. It is situated on a flat, dry peninsula at the island's northern tip. The trading centre for the agricultural produce of the peninsula and nearby islands, ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Sri Lanka") ...parts of the country. In the rural areas of the Wet Zone lowlands, they account for more than 95 percent of the population. The foremost concentration of the Sri Lankan ...
(from the article "'Ali") ...that makes the spiritual journey to God possible. Numerous references are also to be found to him in later Sufi works. For example, such hidden or occult sciences as
Indian poet (b. Nov. 29, 1913, Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh, India-d. Aug. 1, 2000, Mumbai [Bombay], India), crafted progressive Urdu-language verse that expressed both his vehement anti-imperialist sentiments and his passion ...
(from the article "Arabia") ...al-Khali from the southern end of Ad-Dahna', while another gravel plain, Al-Jaladah, lies within the Rub' al-Khali. What appears to be a northern extension of the Rub' al-Khali, Al-Jafurah, is ...
politician and union activist who in 1953 became the first popularly elected prime minister of British Guiana (now Guyana). He headed the country's government again from 1957 to 1964 and ... [3 Related Articles]
When she was sworn in on Dec. 19, 1997, American-born Janet Jagan made history on two fronts--becoming the first elected female president in South America and the first white president ...
(Sanskrit: "Lord of the World"), form under which the Hindu god Krishna is worshiped at Puri, Orissa, one of the most famous religious centres of India, and at Ballabhpur, a ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "South Asian arts") ...the famous Candi-purana of Saraladasa. But the bhakti period was once again the most stimulating one; the best known medieval Oriya poet is Jagannatha Das (whose name means Servant of ...
city, Madhya Pradesh state, central India, just south of the Indravati River. Surrounded by dense forests, it is connected by road with Raipur and Kanker and is heavily engaged in ...
(from the article "Guyana") Area: 214,999 sq km (83,012 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 738,000 | Capital: Georgetown | Chief of state: President Bharrat Jagdeo | Head of government: Prime Minister Sam Hinds ...
(from the article "tank") ...chiefly to support basic medium tanks by destroying enemy tanks at long range. German and Soviet armies also developed other heavy vehicles for this purpose, such as the 128-millimetre-gun Jagdtiger ...
town, southwestern Free State province, South Africa, southwest of Bloemfontein. The town is historically known as a diamond-mining centre. A 50-carat diamond found on a farm in the area in ...
(from the article "First Folio") For the First Folio, a large undertaking of more than 900 pages, a syndicate of five men was formed, headed by Edward Blount and William Jaggard. The actors John Heminge ...
(from the article "Rolling Stones, the") ...contemporaries-notably Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney, Eric Clapton, and Van Morrison-have maintained individual positions in rock's front line, the Rolling Stones' nucleus of singer Jagger, guitarist Richards, and drummer Watts remains ...
oasis, northeastern Libya, near the Egyptian border. Located at the northern edge of the Libyan Desert on ancient pilgrim and caravan routes, it was the centre for the Sanusi religious ...
(from the article "Khabur River") ...of the Euphrates River. It rises in the mountains of southeastern Turkey near Diyarbakir and flows southeastward to Al-Hasakah, Syria, where it receives its main tributary, the Jaghjagh; it then ...
family of monarchs of Poland-Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary that became one of the most powerful in east central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The dynasty was founded by ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...of one law in Little Poland and Great Poland, Masovia and Red Russia kept their own nonwritten law. Wishing to educate native lawyers and administrators, he founded the Academy of ...
(from the article "Walesa, Lech") ...form free trade unions, and it proclaimed a general strike. Fearing a national revolt, the communist authorities yielded to the workers' principal demands, and on August 31 Walesa and Mieczyslaw ...
(Persian jagir: "holding land"; and dar: "official"), form of land tenancy developed in India during the time of Muslim rule (beginning in the early 13th century) in which the collection ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Zimmermann, Arthur") After a career in the consular service, Zimmermann won transfer to the diplomatic branch in 1901. Because of the retiring nature of Gottlieb von Jagow, who became foreign secretary in ...
(from the article "Ice Hockey") ...the quarterfinals-in a shoot-out. Tomas Vokoun, hailed as the tournament's best goalkeeper, stopped 29 Canadian shots in the gold-medal final. The Czechs also got a standout performance from Jaromir Jagr, ...
(from the article "mysticism") ...aspects of the mind are part of the psychology of the mystics and one of the oldest traditions of mankind. The old Indian psychology divided consciousness into three provinces: waking ...
(from the article "Bangladesh") The political situation took on an even more sinister edge with the emergence in April of a Taliban-like anticommunist Islamist group named Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh, in the northwest of ...
largest New World member of the cat family (Felidae), once found from the U.S.-Mexican border southward to Patagonia, Argentina. Its preferred habitats are usually swamps and wooded regions, but jaguars ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Le Mans Grand Prix d'Endurance (also called Le Mans 24-Hour Race)") ...the 1950s and '60s the Ford Motor Company began limited diversification, but by the 1990s it had refocused attention on its automotive concerns and financial services. In 1989-90 Ford acquired ...
(from the article "pre-Columbian civilizations") The central theme of the Olmec religion was a pantheon of deities each of which usually was a hybrid between jaguar and human infant, often crying or snarling with open ...
river, Ceara estado ("state"), northeastern Brazil. It is formed by the junction of the Carapateiro and Trici rivers (originating in the Serra Grande) and flows northeastward for approximately 350 miles ...
(Felis yagouaroundi), small, unspotted New World cat (family Felidae), also known as the otter-cat because of its otterlike appearance and swimming ability. The jaguarundi is native to forested and brushy ... [1 Related Articles]
a subbranch of the Aslian branch of the Mon-Khmer family, itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. The group includes Bateg, Che' Wong, Jahai, Kensiw, Kenta', and Menriq.
(from the article "Mozaffarid Dynasty") ...of Fars and Yazd by Abu Sa'id, the Il-Khanid ruler. After Abu Sa'id's death, Mohammad expanded his possessions. In 1340 he married the only daughter of Shah Jahan, the last ...
(from the article "India") Jahandar Shah (ruled 1712-13) was a weak and degenerate prince, and Zulfiqar Khan assumed the executive direction of the empire with power unprecedented for a vizier. Zulfiqar believed that it ...
Islamic hell, described somewhat ambiguously in the Qur'an and by Muhammad. In one version, hell seems to be a fantastic monster that God can summon at will; in another description, ...
in Islam, the period preceding the revelation of the Qur'an to the Prophet Muhammad. In Arabic the word means "ignorance," or "barbarism," and indicates a negative Muslim evaluation of pre-Islamic ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Murji'ah") ...themselves ahl al-wa'd (the adherents of promise). To them external actions and utterances did not necessarily reflect an individual's inner beliefs. Some of their extremists, such as Jahm ibn Safwan ...
the German "father of gymnastics" who founded the turnverein (gymnastics club) movement in Germany. He was a fervent patriot who believed that physical education was the cornerstone of national health ... [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "textual criticism") ...Critica ad G. Hermannum had emphasized the diversity of transmissional situations and the difficulty or actual impossibility of classifying the manuscripts in all cases. In 1843 Lachmann's pupil O. Jahn, ...
(from the article "transition element") According to the Jahn-Teller theorem, any molecule or complex ion in an electronically degenerate state will be unstable relative to a configuration of lower symmetry in which the degeneracy is ...
(from the article "fungus") Parasitic and saprobic; flask-shaped (perithecium-like) fruiting bodies; example genus is Patellaria.Found in freshwater environments; ascospores covered ...
(from the article "Jahra, al-") ...oasis town is the capital of the muhafazah. It is the centre of the country's principal agricultural region, producing primarily fruits and vegetables. Al-Jahra muhafazah is 4,315 sq mi (11,176 ...
town and muhafazah (governorate) in central Kuwait. Located about 30 mi (50 km) west of Kuwait city, the oasis town is the capital of the muhafazah. It is the centre ...
Muslim Arab dynasty that ruled Cordoba, Spain, after the dissolution of the Umayyad caliphate of Cordoba (1031), one of the party kingdoms (ta'ifahs). Years of civil war ...
ball game of Basque origin played in a three-walled court with a hard rubber ball that is caught and thrown with a cesta, a long, curved wicker scoop strapped to ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "India") ...Mughal politics by such members of the clan as Raja Man Singh thus paid dividends, and the chiefs were permitted to maintain a large cavalry and infantry force. In the ...
(from the article "Sivaji") Aurangzeb could hardly ignore so flaunting a challenge and sent out his most prominent general, Mirza Raja Jai Singh, at the head of an army said to number some 100,000 ...
(from the article "Radha Soami Satsang") ...of Siva Dayal Saheb, the Radha Soami sect split into two factions. The main group remained at Agra. The other branch was started by a Sikh disciple of Siva Dayal ...
(from the article "Indian philosophy") ...mental-psychological-physical meditation system) made room for God not on theoretical grounds but only on practical considerations. The Purva-Mimamsa of Jaimini, the greatest philosopher of the Mimamsa school, posits various deities ...
