| | - jus divinum
- (from the article "pontifex") ...a council of priests in ancient Rome. The college, or collegium, of the pontifices was the most important Roman priesthood, being especially charged with the administration of the jus divinum ...
- jus gentium
- (Latin: "law of nations"), in legal theory, that law which natural reason establishes for all men, as distinguished from jus civile, or the civil law peculiar to one state or ... [7 Related Articles]
- jus gentium privatum
- (from the article "jus gentium") ...to any rule that instinctively commended itself to their sense of justice. Eventually the term became synonymous with equity, or the praetorian law. In modern law, there is a distinction ...
- jus gentium publicum
- (from the article "jus gentium") ...with equity, or the praetorian law. In modern law, there is a distinction between jus gentium privatum, which denotes private international law, otherwise known as conflict of laws, and jus ...
- jus in bello
- (from the article "just war") ...and their protocols (1977), and various treaties, agreements, and declarations limiting the means allowable in war. Contemporary moral debate often has centred on jus in bello issues-especially ...
- jus Latii
- in the Roman Republic and the Empire, certain rights and privileges, amounting to qualified citizenship, of a person who was not a Roman citizen. The rights were originally held only ... [1 Related Articles]
- jus non scriptum
- (from the article "Roman law") The Romans divided their law into jus scriptum (written law) and jus non scriptum (unwritten law). By "unwritten law" they meant custom; by "written law" they meant not only the ...
- jus resistendi
- (from the article "Golden Bull of 1222") ...and their positions could not become hereditary. Furthermore, if the king or his successors violated the provisions of the Golden Bull, the nobles and bishops had the right to resist ...
- jus sanguinis
- (from the article "citizenship") ...two main systems used to determine citizenship as of the time of birth: jus soli, whereby citizenship is acquired by birth within the territory of the state, regardless of parental ...
- jus scriptum
- (from the article "Roman law") The Romans divided their law into jus scriptum (written law) and jus non scriptum (unwritten law). By "unwritten law" they meant custom; by "written law" they meant not only the ...
- jus soli
- (from the article "citizenship") ...within a certain territory, descent from a citizen parent, marriage to a citizen, and naturalization (q.v.). There are two main systems used to determine citizenship as of the time of ...
- Jusserand, JeanJules
- French scholar and diplomat who, as French ambassador to Washington, D.C. (1902-25), helped secure the entry of the United States into World War I.
- Jussieu, Adrien-Laurent-Henri de
- (from the article "Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de") His son, Adrien-Laurent-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), is best known for his Embryons Monocotyledones (1844), on which he worked for more than 13 years, and Cours elementaire de botanique (1842-44), which ...
- Jussieu, Antoine de
- French physician and botanist who wrote many papers on human anatomy, zoology, and botany, including one on the flower and fruit of the coffee shrub.
- Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de
- French botanist who developed the principles that served as the foundation of a natural system of plant classification.
- Jussieu, Bernard de
- French botanist who founded a method of plant classification based on the anatomical characters of the plant embryo. After studying medicine at Montpellier, he became in 1722 subdemonstrator of plants ...
- Jussieu, Joseph de
- French botanist who accompanied the French physicist Charles-Marie de la Condamine's expedition to Peru to measure an arc of meridian. He remained in South America for 35 years, returning to ...
- Just Cause, Operation
- (from the article "Panama") Retaliation by the United States was quick and decisive. On December 17, U.S. President George Bush ordered troops to Panama, with the subsequently announced aims of seizing Noriega to face ...
- just compensation
- (from the article "property law") The concept of eminent domain dates back to at least the early 17th century. It states that the sovereign may take private property for public use, but only upon the ...
- just distribution
- (from the article "Nozick, Robert") ...are better off than they would be under any other distribution. Nozick's response to such arguments is to claim that they rest on a false conception of distributive justice: they ...
- just intonation
- in music, system of tuning in which the correct size of all the intervals of the scale is calculated by different additions and subtractions of pure natural thirds and fifths ... [5 Related Articles]
- Just Russia, A
- (from the article "Russia") ...legislation, including constitutional amendments. The Communist Party, with 11.6%, was the only opposition party to make it into the Duma. The ultranationalist Liberal Democratic Party and A Just Russia, both ...
- just war
- notion that the resort to armed force (jus ad bellum) is justified under certain conditions; also, the notion that the use of such force ( [5 Related Articles]
- Just, League of the
- (from the article "Marx, Karl") An unusual sequence of events led Marx and Engels to write their pamphlet The Communist Manifesto. In June 1847 a secret society, the League of the Just, composed mainly of ...
- Just, Marcel
- (from the article "intelligence, human") ...Other investigators have been concerned with other kinds of problems, such as how a text is comprehended or how people are reminded of things they already know when reading a ...
- just-in-time manufacturing
- (from the article "automotive industry") ...of that principle took place in the 1980s and '90s as Japanese firms built new plants around the world and American and European manufacturers adopted, to varying degrees, the Japanese ...
- justacorps
- (from the article "dress") ...1665 and 1670 came a quite different masculine style that presaged the three-piece suit of modern times. Initiated in France, this began as a knee-length coat called a
- Juster, Norton
- (from the article "children's literature") Two other works of pure imagination gave the 1960s some claim to special notice. The first was The Phantom Tollbooth (1961) by Norton Juster, a fantasy about a boy "who ...
- justice
- (from the article "bioethics") ...that they should aim to do good-i.e., to promote the interests of their patients. The third principle, nonmaleficence, requires that they should do no harm. Finally, the fourth principle, justice, ...
- justice
- (from the article "law, philosophy of") ...judicial, and other means of forming, operating, changing, and disrupting the legal order. The fact that men in a given time and place hold particular ideas and values, including ideals ...
- Justice and Charity
- (from the article "Morocco") ...Justice and Development Party (PJD), was expected to increase its vote in the 2007 legislative elections and thereby become the largest party in the legislature. This prompted its semilegal rival, ...
- Justice and Democracy, Military Council for
- (from the article "Mauritania") ...Obituaries), dissident Mauritanian army officers launched a successful coup on Aug. 3, 2005. A former close ally of Taya, Col. Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, emerged as the ...
- Justice and Development Party
- (from the article "Morocco") In the legislative elections on Sept. 7, 2007, only 37% of voters went to the polls, the lowest turnout in the country's history. Though the moderate Islamist Justice and Development ...
- Justice and Development Party
- (from the article "Turkey") In 2007 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, leader of the centre-right Justice and Development Party (AKP), won a second mandate and succeeded in having his candidate elected to the presidency. ...
- Justice and Liberty
- (from the article "Italy") ...networks before they even had a chance to put down roots. New anti-Fascist groups were founded occasionally, but the secret police soon cracked down on them. Apart from the Communists, ...
- justice of the peace
- in Anglo-American legal systems, a local magistrate empowered chiefly to administer criminal or civil justice in minor cases. A justice of the peace may, in some jurisdictions, also administer oaths ... [5 Related Articles]
- Justice Party
- (from the article "Denmark") The Social Democratic Party was the leading party of the 1950s, '60s, and '70s. From 1953 to 1968 it was in power, either alone or in coalition with the Radicals ...
- Justice Party
- (from the article "Ecevit, Bulent") ...on that island. His request for a vote of confidence from the National Assembly in September 1974 failed, and, after a severe political crisis, tenuous power passed to Suleyman Demirel ...
- Justice, Department of
- (from the article "Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement") In a report censored in part for security reasons and published in September, the U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ's) Office of the Inspector General (OIG) revealed that the FBI's efforts ...
- Justice, Donald
- American poet and editor best known for finely crafted verse that frequently illuminates the pain of loss and the desolation of an unlived life. [1 Related Articles]
- Justice, Ordinances of
- (from the article "Cerchi, Vieri dei") ...the 1290s the rival of another noble, Corso Donati, for the leadership of the Florentine "magnate" class of established wealth. Cerchi adopted a compromise position toward the democratic Ordinances of ...
- Justice, Palace of
- (from the article "Western architecture") Louis Duc's Palace of Justice, Paris (1857-68), articulated with a powerful Doric order, is a major expression of Beaux-Arts ideals, but it is Charles Garnier's Paris Opera House (1862-75) that ...
- Justice, Temple of
- (from the article "Monrovia") ...it attracted petroleum, paint, tuna, pharmaceutical, and cement enterprises. Prominent buildings have included the Capitol (1958), the Executive Mansion (1964), the City Hall, and the Temple of Justice. Many of ...
- Justicia
- (from the article "Acanthaceae") ...shrimp plant (Justicia brandegeeana; formerly known as Beloperone guttata), and caricature plant (Graptophyllum pictum). The largest genera include Justicia (about 600 species; see photograph; now comprising former ...
- justicia
- (from the article "Spain") ...over their peasants. In Catalonia they had the right to wage private war. In Aragon anyone arrested by order of the king could put himself under the jurisdiction of a ...
- Justicialist Party
- (from the article "Argentina") In 2005 Pres. Nestor Kirchner of the Justicialist (Peronist) Party (PJ) greatly consolidated his dominance over the country's political system. Kirchner, elected in 2003 with the support of then president ...
- justiciar
- early English judicial official of the king who, unlike all other officers of the central administration, was not a member of the king's official household. The justiciarship originated in the ... [1 Related Articles]
- justification
- in Christian theology, either (1) the act by which God moves a willing person from the state of sin (injustice) to the state of grace (justice); (2) the change in ... [17 Related Articles]
- justification
- (from the article "printing") ...four operations: (1) taking the type pieces letter by letter from a typecase; (2) arranging them side by side in a composing "stick," a strip of wood with corners, held ...
- justification
- (from the article "applied logic") According to a common formula, knowledge is "true, justified belief." This formulation, however, seems defective. Let the expression Jx p be defined as meaning " x has justification for accepting ...
- Justin
- Roman historian who was the author of Epitome, an abridgment of the Historiae Philippicae et totius mundi origines et terrae situs (Philippic Histories) by Pompeius Trogus, whose work is lost. ...
- Justin I
- Byzantine emperor (from 518) who was a champion of Christian orthodoxy; he was the uncle and predecessor of the great emperor Justinian. [5 Related Articles]
- Justin II
- Byzantine emperor (from 565) whose attempts to maintain the integrity of the Byzantine Empire against the encroachments of the Avars, Persians, and Lombards were frustrated by disastrous military reverses. [2 Related Articles]
- Justin Martyr, Saint
- one of the most important of the Greek philosopher-Apologists in the early Christian church. His writings represent the first positive encounter of Christian revelation with Greek philosophy and laid the ... [8 Related Articles]
- Justin Morgan
- (from the article "Morgan") ...the most famous and widely disseminated in the United States. The Morgan declined in popularity, and for a while breeding was supervised by the government. The breed was founded by ...
- Justinian
- patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church (1948-77) who helped his church become one of the strongest in Eastern Europe.
- Justinian I
- Byzantine emperor (527-565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Codex Justinianus (534). [40 Related Articles]
- Justinian II
- last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty. Although possessed of a despotic temperament and capable of acts of cruelty, Justinian was in many ways an able ruler, who recovered for ... [7 Related Articles]
- Justinian, Code of
- the collections of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from AD 529 to 565. Strictly speaking, the works did not constitute a ... [23 Related Articles]
- Justinianopolis
- (from the article "Kirsehir") city, central Turkey. It lies along a tributary of the Kizil River at an elevation of 3,248 feet (990 metres). It may have been Justinianopolis (Mocissus), which, under the 6th-century ...
- justitiekansler
- (from the article "Sweden") The chancellor of justice (justitiekansler) is a government appointee who supervises courts and administrative organs with particular concern for safeguarding the state's interests.
- Justo, Agustin Pedro
- army officer and president (1932-38) of Argentina. [2 Related Articles]
- Justowriter
- (from the article "printing") In the Justowriter, the keyboard on which the uncoded, unjustified proofing copy is typed simultaneously perforates a paper tape with the code for the letters, as well as, for each ...
- Justus of Ghent
- painter who introduced the Flemish style into Urbino. He has been identified with Joos van Wassenhove, a master of the painters' guild at Antwerp in 1460 and at Ghent in ...
- Justus Perthes
- (from the article "Gotha") ...register of noble European families and prominent government officials. Publication of this world-famous handbook was taken over by the geographic-cartographic institute and publishing house of Justus Perthes in 1785, and ...
- Justus, Saint
- first bishop of Rochester and fourth archbishop of Canterbury, under whose archiepiscopacy Northumbria was converted to Christianity.
- Jute
- member of a Germanic people who, with the Angles and Saxons, invaded Britain in the 5th century AD. The Jutes have no recorded history on the European continent, but there ... [3 Related Articles]
- jute
- either of two species of Corchorus plants-C. capsularis, or white jute, and C. olitorius, including both tossa and daisee varieties-belonging to the hibiscus, or mallow family (Malvaceae), and their fibre. ... [7 Related Articles]
- jutha
- (from the article "dietary law") ...a service will be performed. Members of subordinate castes pick up the dirty plates of members of superior castes, as at village feasts. Food left on plates after eating is ...
- Jutiapa
- city, north-central El Salvador, at the foot of Mt. Platinar (1,200 ft [370 m]). The original name, Tepeahua, was derived from a Nahuatl expression meaning "mountain of the oak trees." ...
- Jutiapa
- city, southeastern Guatemala. It lies on the southern flanks of the central highlands at an elevation of 2,926 feet (892 metres) above sea level. Jutiapa is a commercial and manufacturing ...
- Juticalpa
- city, eastern Honduras. It lies at 2,700 feet (823 m) above sea level along the Juticalpa River, which is a tributary of the Guayape. Founded about 1620 and given city ...
- Jutland
- projection of northern Europe forming the continental portion of Denmark. The peninsula is bounded to the west and north by the North Sea and the Skagerrak and to the east ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jutland, Battle of
- (May 31-June 1, 1916), the only major encounter between the British and German fleets in World War I, fought in the Skagerrak, an arm of the North Sea, about 60 ... [6 Related Articles]
- Jutland, law of
- (from the article "Scandinavian law") ...were most often private compilations but were occasionally instructions from the king. The best known laws of this period are the Gulathing's law (written in the 11th century, Norwegian); the ...
- Juturnae, Lacus
- (from the article "Rome") The oldest of the city's fountains is really a spring, the Lacus Juturnae in the Forum, restored in 1952 to the appearance it had in Augustan times. The newest fountain ...
- Juvarra, Filippo
- architect and stage designer who attained fame throughout Europe during the early part of the 18th century. [2 Related Articles]
- Juvenal
- most powerful of all Roman satiric poets. Many of his phrases and epigrams have entered common parlance-for example, "bread and circuses" and "who will guard the guards themselves?" [5 Related Articles]
- juvenal pelage
- (from the article "mammal") ...humans, is rare among mammals. Hairs with determinate growth are subject to wear and must be replaced periodically-a process termed molt. The first coat of a young mammal is referred ...
- juvenal plumage
- (from the article "anseriform") ...early autumn. Young geese and swans, on the other hand, remain with their parents during their first winter and migrate to and from the wintering grounds in their company. In ...
- Juvenal, Saint
- bishop of Jerusalem from 422 to 458 who elevated the see of Jerusalem-previously under the rule of Caesarea-to a patriarchate. [1 Related Articles]
- Juvenalian satire
- in literature, any bitter and ironic criticism of contemporary persons and institutions that is filled with personal invective, angry moral indignation, and pessimism. The name alludes to the Latin satirist ... [2 Related Articles]
- juvenile court
- special court handling problems of delinquent, neglected, or abused children. The juvenile court fulfills the government's role as substitute parent, and, where no juvenile court exists, other courts must assume ... [4 Related Articles]
- juvenile delinquent
- (from the article "juvenile delinquent") any young person whose conduct is characterized by antisocial behaviour that is beyond parental control and subject to legal action. See delinquency.for more general content related to this topic
- juvenile hormone
- a hormone in insects, secreted by glands near the brain, that controls the retention of juvenile characters in larval stages. The hormone affects the process of molting, the periodic shedding ... [4 Related Articles]
- juvenile justice
- system of laws, policies, and procedures intended to regulate the processing and treatment of nonadult offenders for violations of law and to provide legal remedies that protect their interests in ...
- Juvento
- (from the article "Olympio, Sylvanus") ...Togolese, especially those with Western education, resented the regime's authoritarianism; northern leaders felt left out of the predominantly southern government, and the more radical members of Juvento (once the party's ...
- Juventud, Isla de la
- island and municipio especial (special municipality) of Cuba, in the Caribbean Sea. It is bounded on the northwest by the Canal de los Indios and on the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Juventus
- (from the article "Italy") ...October of that year, several popular teams that had been docked points or demoted to lesser leagues by the Italian Football Federation had their penalties lowered by an arbitration court. ...
- Juxon, William
- archbishop of Canterbury and minister to King Charles I on the scaffold. As lord high treasurer, Juxon was the last English clergyman to hold both secular and clerical offices in ...
- Juxon-Smith, Andrew
- (from the article "Sierra Leone") ...All-Peoples' Congress (APC), led by Siaka Stevens, won the 1967 general election. But the army intervened and set up a military government, the National Reformation Council, under Lieut. Col. Andrew ...
- juxtaglomerular cell
- (from the article "renal system disease") A specific renovascular cause of high blood pressure that, although uncommon, is important from the point of view of the control of blood pressure in healthy individuals involves the juxtaglomerular ...
- Juyong
- (from the article "Beijing") ...Plateau to the north, and the Liao River Plain in the southern region of the Northeast (historically Manchuria). A few passes, however, cut through the ranges-the most important being Juyong ...
- Juyushi Mosque
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...have survived in Cairo and Aswan. Only a few, such as the mashhad at Aswan, are somewhat more elaborate, with side rooms. The most original of these commemorative buildings is ...
- juz'
- (from the article "surah") In pious circles the Qur'an is often divided into 30 equal sections known as juz' (Persian and Urdu sipara, or para). These break up the surahs arbitrarily, without regard to ...
- JVC Jazz Festival
- (from the article "Performing Arts") ...with Dave Brubeck, the Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra, and Nancy Wilson, among others. In a historic move, longtime jazz promoter George Wein sold his Festival Productions, which had presented the JVC ...
- Jyoetsu
- city, Niigata ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the lower reaches and mouth of the Ara River. The city was formed for reasons of industrial planning by the amalgamation ...
- jyotisa
- (from the article "mathematics, South Asian") ...the Great. These models were integrated with existing Indian material to produce an extremely fruitful system of Sanskrit mathematical astronomy and astrology, known as jyotisa. The intellectual ...
- Jyvaskyla
- city, south-central Finland. It lies at the north end of Lake Paijanne, southwest of Kuopio. The city, chartered in 1837, has three historic educational institutions: the first Finnish teachers' training ...
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