| | - Jungfrauenbecher
- (German: "maiden's cup"), silver cup shaped like a girl with a wide-spreading skirt (forming a large cup when inverted) holding a pivoted bowl above her head. The form apparently originated ...
- Junggar Basin
- extensive basin in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. [2 Related Articles]
- jungle
- (from the article "jungle") tropical forest with luxuriant, tangled, impenetrable vegetation, generally teeming with wildlife; popularly associated with the tropics. See rainforest.for content related to this topicrainforestrain
- jungle babbler
- any of about 32 species of songbirds constituting the tribe Pellorneini of the babbler family Timaliidae. Found from Africa to Malaysia and the Philippines, these drab birds with slender, often ...
- jungle fowl
- any of four Asian birds of the genus Gallus, family Phasianidae (order Galliformes). (For Australian jungle fowl, see megapode.) Gallus species differ from other members of the pheasant family in ...
- jungle primary
- (from the article "primary election") ...parties), some variations, such as Washington's blanket primary, which enabled voters to select one candidate per office irrespective of party affiliation, and California's so-called "jungle primary" (a variation of the ...
- jungle yellow fever
- (from the article "yellow fever") ...fever virus: (1) urban, or classical, yellow fever, in which transmission is from person to person via the "domestic" (i.e., urban-dwelling) Aedes aegypti mosquito; (2) jungle, or sylvatic, yellow fever, ...
- Jungmadel
- (from the article "Hitler Youth") Two leagues also existed for girls. The League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Madel) trained girls ages 14 to 18 for comradeship, domestic duties, and motherhood. Jungmadel ("Young Girls") was ...
- Jungmann, Josef
- (from the article "Czech literature") Czech Romanticism drew impetus from the efforts of both scholars and literary artists. The scholar Josef Dobrovsky studied and codified a revived Czech literary language. Josef Jungmann set out to ...
- jungpen
- (from the article "Bhutan") ...who consolidated Bhutan's administrative organization through the appointment of regional penlops (governors of territories) and jungpens (governors of forts). Doopgein Sheptoon exercised both temporal ...
- juni-hitoe
- (from the article "dress") The most important court costumes of Japan are the sokutai of the emperor and the juni-hitoe of the empress, which are worn only at ...
- Juniata
- county, central Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a mountainous area in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley physiographic province located midway between State College and Harrisburg. The county lies between Blue, Blacklog, ...
- Junichiro Tanizaki Prize
- (from the article "World Literary Prizes 2007") ...to Toshiyuki Horie's Kagan bojitsusho (2005; "Forgotten Days by the Riverside") and Katsusuke Miyauchi's Shoshin (2005; "Immolation"). The Jun'ichiro Tanizaki Prize, given to the most representative work of fiction or ...
- Junimea
- (from the article "Romanian literature") ...figures spanned both centuries, and the genres, literary groups, and methods of criticism they established continued into the 20th century. Thus, Titu Maiorescu founded (1863) the literary circle Junimea, whose ...
- Junin
- city, northern Buenos Aires provincia (province), east-central Argentina, in the Pampa on the Salado River. The town grew up around Fuerte (fort) Federacion, founded in 1827 to ...
- Junin, Battle of
- (from the article "Bolivar, Simon") ...assembled troops, horses, mules, and ammunition to form an army, and in 1824 he moved out of the temporary capital in Trujillo and ascended the high cordillera. The first major ...
- Junin, Lake
- (from the article "Andes Mountains") ...glaciers and descends rapidly to the ocean (15,700 feet in 60 miles). Ticlio Pass, at an altitude of some 15,800 feet, is used by a railway. Many small lakes and ...
- Junior Achievement
- an educational organization of the United States and Canada that offers young people of high-school age the opportunity to gain business experience by organizing and operating their own small businesses ...
- junior college
- educational institution that provides two years of academic instruction beyond secondary school, as well as technical and vocational training to prepare graduates for careers. Public junior colleges are often called ... [3 Related Articles]
- junior high school
- in some school systems in the United States, the two or three secondary grades (7, 8, 9) of school following elementary school and preceding high school. Children served by junior ... [2 Related Articles]
- junior levirate
- (from the article "levirate") ...may be a biological sibling of the deceased or a person who is socially classified as such. Where the brother is required to be younger than the deceased, the custom ...
- Junior World Series
- (from the article "World Series") The World Series name has been applied to several baseball championships of lesser import, including the Junior World Series, played between champions of the International League and the American Association ...
- juniper
- any of about 60 to 70 species of aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs constituting the genus Juniperus of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The juvenile leaves ... [5 Related Articles]
- juniper berry
- (from the article "gin") flavoured, distilled, colourless to pale yellow liquor made from purified spirits usually obtained from a grain mash and having the juniper berry as its principal flavouring ingredient. It includes both ...
- Juniper Networks, Inc.
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Juniper Networks, Inc., a manufacturer of network gear, agreed to buy NetScreen Technologies, Inc., one of the leading firms in computer security, for about $4 billion in stock. Analysts said ...
- Junius
- the pseudonym of the still unidentified author of a series of letters contributed to Henry Sampson Woodfall's Public Advertiser, a popular English newspaper of the day, between Jan. 21, 1769, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Junius Bassus, Basilica of
- (from the article "opus sectile") ...arts throughout the Roman era. A fine example of pictorial opus sectile from the late antique period is a picture composed of coloured marbles of a tiger attacking a calf, ...
- Junius, Franciscus, The Younger
- language and literary scholar whose works stimulated interest in the study of Anglo-Saxon (Old English) and the cognate old Germanic languages.
- junk
- classic Chinese sailing vessel of ancient unknown origin, still in wide use. High-sterned, with projecting bow, the junk carries up to five masts on which are set square sails consisting ... [1 Related Articles]
- junk
- (from the article "cetacean") ...by the spermaceti organ and a fatty (adipose) cushion, both of which somehow function in the emission of sound for echolocation and were known by whalers as the "case" and ...
- junk bond
- (from the article "Economic Affairs") Once again, investors willing to accept higher risk for a larger return on their money pursued emerging market debt and more speculative or "junk"-rated bonds issued by companies with a ...
- junk food
- (from the article "Confronting Childhood Obesity") ...but it was clear that most fat children got that way because they ate too much and exercised too little. Many child health experts believed that one reason kids ate ...
- Junkanoo parade
- (from the article "Bahamas, The") ...friendly societies and lodges, a strong tradition of storytelling, and the use of bush medicine. Outstanding among traditional group activities is the premier festival and celebration, Junkanoo. Junkanoo parades, or ...
- Junker
- (German: "country squire"), member of the landowning aristocracy of Prussia and eastern Germany, which, under the German Empire (1871-1918) and the Weimar Republic (1919-33), exercised substantial political power. Otto von ... [8 Related Articles]
- Junker, Wilhelm
- Russian explorer of the southern Sudan and central Africa who determined the course of a major Congo River tributary, the Ubangi River, together with one of its branches, the Uele.
- Junkers, Hugo
- German aircraft designer and early proponent of the monoplane and all-metal construction of aircraft. [3 Related Articles]
- Junnin
- (from the article "Koken") ...of the emperor Shomu; she ascended the throne in August 749, as the empress Koken, when her father abdicated. Nine years later she abdicated in favour of Prince Oi, who ...
- Juno
- in Roman religion, chief goddess and female counterpart of Jupiter, closely resembling the Greek Hera, with whom she was identified. With Jupiter and Minerva, she was a member of the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Juno
- (from the article "asteroid") The discovery of three more faint objects (i.e., faint compared with Mars and Jupiter) in similar orbits over the next six years-Pallas, Juno, and Vesta-complicated this elegant solution to the ...
- Juno Beach
- The second beach from the east among the five landing areas of the Normandy Invasion of World War II. It was assaulted on June 6, 1944 (D-Day of the invasion), ... [1 Related Articles]
- Junod, Henri Alexandre
- Swiss Protestant missionary and anthropologist noted for his ethnography of the Tsonga (Thonga) peoples of southern Africa.
- Junot, Andoche, duc d'Abrantes
- one of Napoleon Bonaparte's generals and his first aide-de-camp. [3 Related Articles]
- Junot, Laure, Duchess D'abrantes
- nee Permon French author of a volume of famous memoirs.
- Junqueiro, Abilio Manuel Guerra
- poet whose themes of social protest and reform, expressed in a blend of grandiloquence and satire, have identified him as the poet par excellence of the Portuguese Revolution of 1910. [1 Related Articles]
- junta
- (Spanish: "meeting"), committee or administrative council, particularly one that rules a country after a coup d'etat and before a legal government has been established. The word was widely used in ... [3 Related Articles]
- Junta of National Salvation
- (from the article "Portugal") After exiling Caetano and Tomas, a subgroup of the MFA calling itself the Junta of National Salvation filled the political vacuum, installing Spinola as president and commencing negotiation with the ...
- Junta Santa
- (from the article "Padilla, Juan de") A circular letter from Toledo to other Castilian cities in revolt invited them to meet at Avila. When the municipalities, supported by the nobles and clergy, set up the Junta ...
- Junta, Central
- (from the article "Spain") ..."patriot" Spain outside the control of the French armies split into a number of autonomous provinces. Resistance centred in provincial committees (juntas) that organized armies. A Central Junta at Aranjuez ...
- Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista
- (from the article "Falange") ...in 1933 by Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the former dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera. Influenced by Italian fascism, the Falange joined forces (February 1934) with a like-minded ...
- Junto
- (from the article "Franklin, Benjamin") As he made money, he concocted a variety of projects for social improvement. In 1727 he organized the Junto, or Leather Apron Club, to debate questions of morals, politics, and ...
- Junto Whigs
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...directly challenged Tory consciences, which had been tender since the death of Queen Mary in 1694. Many resigned office rather than affirm what they did not believe. The ascendancy of ...
- junzi
- (from the article "Confucianism") ...to transform society into a flourishing moral community by cultivating a sense of humanity in politics and society. To achieve that aim, the creation of a scholarly community, the fellowship ...
- Juozapine, Mount
- (from the article "Lithuania") ...of the country; their rumpled glacial relief includes a host of small hills and numerous small lakes. The Svencioniai and the Asmena highlands-the latter containing Mount Juozapine, at 957 feet ...
- Jupiter
- the chief ancient Roman and Italian god. Like Zeus, the Greek god with whom he is etymologically identical (root diu, "bright"), Jupiter was a sky god. One of his most ... [6 Related Articles]
- Jupiter
- the most massive planet of the solar system and the fifth in distance from the Sun. It is one of the brightest objects in the night sky; only the Moon, ... [29 Related Articles]
- Jupiter
- (from the article "international relations") ...missiles in exchange for a U.S. pledge never to invade Cuba. The next day a harsher message arrived with a new demand that the United States withdraw its own missiles ...
- Jupiter Capitolinus, Temple of
- (from the article "Western architecture") Roman monumental architecture emerged about the 6th century BC as an Italic style, closely related to that of the Etruscans. The Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in Rome, built about this ...
- Jupiter Dolichenus
- god of a Roman mystery cult, originally a local Hittite-Hurrian god of fertility and thunder worshiped at Doliche (modern Duluk), in southeastern Turkey. Later the deity was given a Semitic ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jupiter Heliopolitanus
- (from the article "mystery religion") ...the bull by its death gave birth to the sky, the planets, the earth, the animals, and the plants; thus Mithra became the creator of life. From Syria came the ...
- Jupiter indiges
- (from the article "Aeneas") The death of Aeneas is described by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. After he had fallen in battle against the Rutuli, his body could not be found, and he was thereafter worshiped ...
- Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Temple of
- (from the article "Rome") ...mint) and the citadel emplacements now occupied by the Victor Emmanuel monument and the church of Sta. Maria d'Aracoeli. The southern crest, sacred to Jupiter, became, in 509 BC, the ...
- Jupiter, Temple of
- (from the article "Baalbeck") One of the principal structures on the site is the Temple of Jupiter (completed 2nd century AD), only portions of which remain. It was a massive building, entered by a ...
- Jupiter-C
- (from the article "Braun, Wernher von") Moving to Huntsville, Ala., in 1952, Braun became technical director (later chief) of the U.S. Army ballistic-weapon program. Under his leadership, the Redstone, Jupiter-C, Juno, and Pershing missiles were developed. ...
- Juppe, Alain
- (from the article "France") ...in the parliamentary elections but still well enough to provide a comfortable majority for the new Fillon government, with 313 of the 577 seats in the National Assembly. Former prime ...
- Jura
- (from the article "Franche-Comte") region of France encompassing the eastern departements of Jura, Doubs, Haute-Saone, and the Territoire de Belfort. Franche-Comte is bounded by the
- Jura
- canton, northwestern Switzerland, comprising the folded Jura Mountains in the south and extending northward to the hilly region of the limestone Jura Plateau, including the districts of the Franches Montagnes ...
- Jura
- fourth largest island of the Inner Hebrides, Argyll and Bute council area, historic county of Argyllshire, Scotland. It is 27 miles (43 km) long, 2-8 miles (3-13 km) wide, and ...
- Jura Mountains
- system of ranges extending for 225 miles (360 km) in an arc on both sides of the Franco-Swiss border from the Rhone River to the Rhine. It lies mostly in ... [8 Related Articles]
- Jurado, Katy
- Mexican actress (b. Jan. 16, 1924, Guadalajara, Mex.-d. July 5, 2002, Cuernavaca, Mex.), projected a smoldering sensuality and vitality that captured audiences' attention first in Mexico and later in the ...
- Jurado, Rocio
- Spanish singer and actress (Sept. 18, 1944, Chipiona, Spain-June 1, 2006, Madrid, Spain), recorded more than 30 records and appeared in almost a dozen films during a career that spanned ...
- Juraga, Boris
- (from the article "1963: Other Winners") ...Color: Leon Shamroy for CleopatraArt Direction, Black-and-White: Gene Callahan for America AmericaArt Direction, Color: Herman Blumenthal, Hilyard Brown, John DeCuir, Boris Juraga, Maurice Pelling, Jack Martin Smith, Elven Webb for ...
- Juran
- Chinese painter of the Five Dynasties (907-960) period, he was one of the most innovative artists working in the pure landscape tradition. [1 Related Articles]
- Juran, Joseph Moses
- American quality-control authority established the involvement of top management as a crucial step in the process of dealing with quality issues in business and manufacturing. Juran began his career (1924) ...
- Juran, Nathan
- (from the article "1941: Other Winners") ...Black-and-White: Arthur Miller for How Green Was My ValleyCinematography, Color: Ernest Palmer and Ray Rennahan for Blood and SandArt Direction, Black-and-White: Richard Day and Nathan Juran for How Green Was ...
- Jurassian
- (from the article "Europe") ...antagonistic views toward the others. Some groups may share a common language but remain separate from each other because of differing historic paths. Thus, the Walloons of southern Belgium and ...
- Jurassic Period
- second of three periods of the Mesozoic Era, extending from 199.6 million to 145.5 million years ago. It immediately followed the Triassic Period and was succeeded by the Cretaceous Period. ... [8 Related Articles]
- Jurema cult
- (from the article "drug cult") ...toxic and dangerous. A drink prepared from the shrub Mimosa hostilis that is said to produce glorious visions in warriors before battle, is used ritually in the ajuca ceremony of ...
- Jurgens, Curt
- German stage and motion-picture actor.
- Jurin, James
- (from the article "Berkeley, George") ..."He who can digest a second or third fluxion," wrote Berkeley, "need not, methinks, be squeamish about any point in divinity." A long and fruitful controversy followed. James Jurin, a ...
- jurisdiction
- (from the article "competence and jurisdiction") ...to deal with specific matters. Competence refers to the legal "ability" of a court to exert jurisdiction over a person or a "thing" (property) that is the subject of a ...
- jurisprudence
- (from the article "law, philosophy of") the formulation of concepts and theories to aid in understanding the nature of law, the sources of its authority, and its role in society. In English-speaking countries the term "jurisprudence" ...
- jurisprudentes
- (from the article "legal education") ...Coruncanius, the first plebeian pontifex maximus (chief of the priestly officials), gave public legal instruction, and a class of jurisprudentes (nonpriestly legal consultants) emerged. ...
- Jurjani, 'Abd al-Qahir al-
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...At the hands of al-Baqillani, the odes of Imru' al-Qays and al-Buhturi were examined for their moral and stylistic qualities and found wanting. However, with 'Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, a paramount ...
- Jurjani, al-
- in full 'ali Ibn Muhammad Al-jurjani, also called As-sayyid Ash-sharif leading traditionalist theologian of 15th-century Iran.
- Jurjis ibn Bukhtishu'
- (from the article "medicine, history of") ...of translators to render the Greek texts into Arabic. This famous school, and also a great hospital, were located at Jundi Shahpur in southwest Persia, where the chief physician was ...
- Jurkin
- (from the article "Genghis Khan") ...years later, before attacking China, he would first make sure that no nomad leader survived to stab him in the back. Not long after the destruction of the Merkit, he ...
- Jurojin
- in Japanese mythology, one of the Shichi-fuku-jin ("Seven Gods of Luck"), particularly associated with longevity. He is supposed, like Fukurokuju, another of the seven with whom he is often confused, ...
- Jurong
- district and industrial complex of southwestern Singapore. Jurong estate, one of the largest industrial sites (9,600 acres [3,900 hectares]) in Southeast Asia, occupies drained swampland near the mouth of the ...
- Jurong Bird Park
- specialty zoo in Singapore noted for its extensive aviaries. The park, managed by a government-owned company, opened in 1971. It occupies a 20-hectare (48-acre) site on the slopes of Jurong ...
- Jurong estate
- (from the article "Jurong") district and industrial complex of southwestern Singapore. Jurong estate, one of the largest industrial sites (9,600 acres [3,900 hectares]) in Southeast Asia, occupies drained swampland near the mouth of the ...
- Jurong Hill
- (from the article "Jurong Bird Park") specialty zoo in Singapore noted for its extensive aviaries. The park, managed by a government-owned company, opened in 1971. It occupies a 20-hectare (48-acre) site on the slopes of Jurong ...
- Jurua River
- river that rises in the highlands east of the Ucayali River in east-central Peru. It flows northward through Acre state, Brazil. Entering Amazonas state, Brazil, it meanders eastward and then ... [1 Related Articles]
- Juruena River
- river, west-central Brazil, rising in the Serra dos Parecis and descending northward from the Mato Grosso Plateau for 770 miles (1,240 km), receiving the Arinos River and joining the Teles ...
- jury
- historic legal institution in which a group of laypersons participate in deciding cases brought to trial. Its exact characteristics and powers depend on the laws and practices of the countries, ... [8 Related Articles]
- jury nullification
- (from the article "jury") ...law has been a focus of controversy. Critics complain that juries will not follow the law, either because individuals do not understand it or because they do not like it ...
- jury selection
- (from the article "grand jury") ...The grand jury enjoys greater independence than the petit jury. It is instructed by the court on questions of law and fact, but its investigations are relatively free from supervision. ...
- jus ad bellum
- (from the article "just war") notion that the resort to armed force (jus ad bellum) is justified under certain conditions; also, the notion that the use of such force (
- jus civile
- (from the article "Roman law") In the great span of time during which the Roman Republic and Empire existed, there were many phases of legalistic development. During the period of the republic (753-31 BC), the ...
- jus cogens
- (from the article "international law") ...to treaty law and custom. Sources that are of more recent origin are generally accepted as more authoritative, and specific rules take precedence over general rules. Jus ...
- jus commune
- (from the article "civil law") ...of the law were expressed, as well as the procedural forms in which justice was administered, were also strongly Roman. The system that thus emerged was called the
- jus dispositivum
- (from the article "international law") ...Jus cogens (Latin: "compelling law") rules are peremptory norms that cannot be deviated from by states; they possess a higher status than jus dispositivum (Latin: "law subject ...
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