| | - Jouvin, Xavier
- (from the article "glove") The ancient art of glove making became an industry in 1834, when Xavier Jouvin of Grenoble, France, invented the cutting die that made possible a glove of precise fit. The ...
- Joux, Lake
- (from the article "Jura Mountains") ...deficiency of surface water. Traditionally, each Jura farmstead collected its own cistern water; today, modern supply networks bring water up from the deep gorges of the Doubs and other rivers. ...
- Jouy-en-Josas
- (from the article "toile de Jouy") cotton or linen printed with designs of landscapes and figures for which the 18th-century factory of Jouy-en-Josas, near Versailles, Fr., was famous. The Jouy factory was started in 1760 by ...
- Jovanovic, Slobodan
- Serbian jurist, historian, and statesman, prime minister in the Yugoslav government-in-exile during World War II (Jan. 11, 1942-June 26, 1943). Liberal in his social and political views, he was perhaps ...
- Jovanovich, William
- American publisher (b. Feb. 6, 1920, Louisville, Colo.-d. Dec. 4, 2001, San Diego, Calif.), joined the Harcourt Brace and Co. publishing company as a college textbook salesman in 1947 and ...
- Jovellanos Institute
- (from the article "Gijon") Historic monuments include Roman baths and several medieval palaces. Gijon is the seat of the Labour University, founded in 1955 for the sons of workers, and of the Jovellanos Institute ...
- Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de
- Spanish statesman and author, one of the most important figures of the 18th-century Spanish Enlightenment. [4 Related Articles]
- Joveyni, 'Ata Malek
- more complete name 'ala' Od-din 'ata Malek Joveyni, also spelled 'ala Ad-din 'ata Malek Juwayni Persian historian. Joveyni was the first of several brilliant representatives of Persian historiography who flourished ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jovian
- Roman emperor from 363 to 364. [3 Related Articles]
- Jovic, Ivo Miro
- (from the article "Bosnia and Herzegovina") ...3,860,000 | Capital: Sarajevo | Heads of state: Nominally a tripartite (Serb, Croat, Muslim) presidency with a chair that rotates every eight months; members in 2006 were Borislav Paravac (Serb), ...
- Jovii dynasty
- (from the article "Diocletian") ...come to power through divine will, as revealed by the "fateful" boar, he regarded himself and Maximian as "sons of gods and creators of gods." After 287, he called himself ...
- Jovine, Francesco
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...Cristo si e fermato a Eboli (1945; Christ Stopped at Eboli), and by Rocco Scotellaro (Contadini del sud [1954; "Peasants of the South"]) and Francesco Jovine (Le terre del Sacramento ...
- Jovinus
- (from the article "Valentinian I") ...In January 365 his generals in Gaul were defeated by the Germanic Alemanni; by October Valentinian had set up residence in Paris, from which he directed operations against the invaders. ...
- Jovius, Paulus
- also called Paolo Giovio Italian historian, author of vivid historical works in Latin, and the owner of a famous art collection.
- Jowett, Benjamin
- British classical scholar, considered to be one of the greatest teachers of the 19th century. He was renowned for his translations of Plato and as an outstanding tutor of great ...
- joy
- (from the article "Christianity") Friedrich Nietzsche summarized his critique of the Christians of his time in the words of Zarathushtra (Zoroaster): "They would have to sing better songs to me that I might believe ...
- Joy Division/New Order
- British rock group who, as Joy Division, refined the external chaos of 1970s punk into a disquieting inner turmoil, ushering in the postpunk era. They later, as New Order, pioneered ... [1 Related Articles]
- Joy machine
- (from the article "coal mining") ...the first coal-loading machine used in the United States, was developed in England and tested in Colorado in 1888. Others were developed, but few progressed beyond the prototype stage until ...
- Joy Ripper
- (from the article "coal mining") ...the late 1940s, conventional techniques began to be replaced by single machines, known as continuous miners, that broke off the coal from the seam and transferred it back to the ...
- Joy, Alfred
- (from the article "star cluster") ...associations, as they are often designated today). He also applied the term T associations to groups of dwarf, irregular T Tauri variable stars, which were first noted at Mount Wilson ...
- Joya de Ceren Archaeological Site
- (from the article "El Salvador") ...source of income. Some important tourist sites are the pyramids of Campana San Andres; the complex of Cihuatan; the ruins of the ancient cities of Cara Sucia, Tazumal, and Quelepa; ...
- Joyce, James
- Irish novelist noted for his experimental use of language and exploration of new literary methods in such large works of fiction as Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake ... [18 Related Articles]
- Joyce, Nora
- (from the article "Joyce, James") ...After the Race, had appeared under the pseudonym Stephen Dedalus before the editor decided that Joyce's work was not suitable for his readers. Meanwhile Joyce had met a girl named ...
- Joyce, William
- English-language propaganda broadcaster from Nazi Germany during World War II whose nickname was derived from the sneering manner of his speech. [1 Related Articles]
- Joyeuse Entree
- (French: "Joyous Entry"), during the European Middle Ages and the ancien regime, the ceremonial first visit of a prince to his country, traditionally the occasion for the granting or confirming ...
- Joyeuse Entree
- (from the article "Joyeuse Entree") Most famous is the charter of liberties, confirmed on Jan. 3, 1356, and called the Joyeuse Entree, which was presented to the duchy of Brabant (in the Low Countries) by ...
- joyeuse entree act
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...cities (which had incurred massive debts) recurrent opportunities to intervene in the government and to impose their conditions on the successors in the form of public testaments called
- Joyeuse, Anne, Duke de
- French nobleman who became a leader of the Roman Catholic extremists opposing the Protestant Huguenots during the 16th-century Wars of Religion.
- Joyner-Kersee, Jackie
- American athlete, considered by many to be the greatest female athlete ever, who became the first participant to score more than 7,000 points in the heptathlon. [2 Related Articles]
- Joyo kanji hyo
- (from the article "Japanese language") ...simplified, and the number of commonly used characters has been limited. In 1946 the Japanese government issued a list of 1,850 characters for this purpose. Revised in 1981, the new ...
- Jozsef, Attila
- one of the greatest Hungarian poets of the 20th century. Although his first poems were published when he was 17, real renown came only after his death.
- JPEG
- (from the article "Redefining the Library in the Digital Age") ...longer be read as the hardware or software became obsolete. In 2007 the tagged image file format (TIFF) was the de facto standard for archival image masters. The Joint Photographic ...
- JPMorgan Chase & Co.
- American banking and financial services company formed through the December 2000 merger of J.P. Morgan & Co. and The Chase Manhattan Corporation. It is headquartered in New York City. [1 Related Articles]
- JS
- (from the article "tank") ...more powerful Tiger tank, armed with an 88-millimetre gun. Its final version (Tiger II), at 68 tons, was to be the heaviest tank used during World War II. To oppose ...
- JT-60
- (from the article "fusion reactor") ...experiments in Europe, Japan, and the United States. These large tokamak facilities are the Joint European Torus (JET), a multinational western European venture operated in England; the Tokamak-60 (JT-60) of ...
- ju
- (from the article "jujitsu") ...name for many systems of fighting involving techniques of hitting, kicking, kneeing, throwing, choking, immobilizing holds, and use of certain weapons. Central to these systems was the concept ju, from ...
- Ju 52
- (from the article "Junkers, Hugo") ..."Jumo" aircraft engines, designed one of the first turbojet engines during World War II, and played an important part in German airpower during the war, supplying the Luftwaffe with the ...
- Ju 87
- (from the article "Stuka") a low-wing, single-engine monoplane-especially the Junkers JU 87 dive-bomber-used by the German Luftwaffe from 1937 to 1945, with especially telling effect during the first half of World War II. The ...
- Ju 88
- (from the article "air warfare") ...of the age of electronic warfare required a novel teamwork between pilot and navigator, and it was best carried out in two-seat aircraft such as the British Beaufighter and Mosquito ...
- Ju language
- (from the article "Khoisan languages") ...to produce a large number of sound complexes involving a click. Languages differ in the number of such distinctions; they vary from a low of 9 in Hadza through 20 ...
- Ju-yang
- (from the article "Honan") ...of the T'ai-hang Mountains, and big reserves of good coking coal in thick, easily mined seams are found in the Fu-niu Mountains between Hsu-ch'ang and P'ing-ting-shan. Iron ore is found ...
- Juan Carlos
- king of Spain from Nov. 22, 1975. He acceded to the Spanish throne two days after the death of Francisco Franco. Juan Carlos was instrumental in Spain's peaceful transition to ... [8 Related Articles]
- Juan de Austria
- illegitimate son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and half brother of King Philip II of Spain who, as a Spanish military commander, achieved victory over the Turks in ... [8 Related Articles]
- Juan de Borbon
- (JUAN CARLOS TERESA SILVERIO ALFONSO DE BORBON Y BATTENBERG, CONDE DE BARCELONA), Spanish royal (b. June 20, 1913, Segovia, Spain--d. April 1, 1993, Pamplona, Spain), was pretender to the Spanish ... [2 Related Articles]
- Juan de Fuca Plate
- (from the article "Pacific mountain system") To the west of the coasts of Oregon and Washington the Pacific Plate is spreading along the Gorda and Juan de Fuca oceanic ridges. The Juan de Fuca Plate, east ...
- Juan de Fuca Ridge
- (from the article "ocean") ...years by studying the ages and magnetic polarities of lava flows found on land. Vine and the Canadian geologist J. Tuzo Wilson applied the time scale to marine magnetic anomalies ...
- Juan de Fuca Strait
- narrow passage, 11-17 miles (18-27 km) in width, of the eastern North Pacific Ocean, between the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, U.S., and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Can. Part of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Juan de Lienas
- (from the article "Native American music") ...survived. Two hymns with Nahuatl texts written in Mexico during the 1500s appear to have been composed by a native musician. Mexican Indians who composed European art music during the ...
- Juan Diego, Saint
- indigenous Mexican convert to Roman Catholicism and saint who, according to tradition, was visited by the Virgin Mary (Our Lady of Guadalupe). [2 Related Articles]
- Juan Fernandez fur seal
- (from the article "fur seal") ...were being harvested annually. Other species, including the once-numerous New Zealand fur seal (A. forsteri), the Galapagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis), and the Juan Fernandez fur seal (A. philippii), all ...
- Juan Fernandez Islands
- small cluster of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, situated about 400 miles (650 km) west of and administratively part of Chile. They consist of the 36-square-mile (93-square-km) Isla Mas ... [2 Related Articles]
- Juan Jose de Austria
- the most famous of the illegitimate children of King Philip IV of Spain. He served with some success as a Spanish military commander and from 1677 until his death was ... [1 Related Articles]
- Juan Manuel, Don
- nobleman and man of letters who has been called the most important prose writer of 14th-century Spain. [3 Related Articles]
- Juan-juan
- Central Asian people of historical importance. Because of the titles of their rulers, khan and khagan, scholars believe that the Juan-juan were Mongols or Mongol-speaking peoples. The empire of the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Juana of Castile
- (from the article "Viana, Carlos de Aragon, Prince de") ...without his father's consent. John, who regarded his son with jealous animosity, withheld consent, but Carlos, for a time, governed Navarre as viceroy; later, however, John sent his second wife, ...
- Juanes
- When Time named Colombian singer-songwriter Juanes one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005, the magazine was only ratifying what had become obvious to anyone who ...
- Juang
- (from the article "South Asian arts") The Juang tribe in Orissa performs bird and animal dances with vivid miming and powerful muscular agility.
- juangomero
- (from the article "merengue") ...merengue, and jaleo. There are several varieties, some with other names, e.g., jaleo and juangomero. The traditional accompaniment, which often combines ...
- Juantorena, Alberto
- Cuban runner who won gold medals in both the 400- and 800-metre races at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, becoming the first athlete to win both races in one Olympics. [2 Related Articles]
- Juarez
- city, northern Chihuahua estado ("state"), Mexico, on the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo del Norte) opposite El Paso, Texas, U.S., with which it is connected by bridges. Formerly ... [1 Related Articles]
- Juarez Celman, Miguel
- (from the article "Argentina") ...economic expansion led ultimately to inflation, the issuance of too much paper currency, and the onset of a financial crisis. A political crisis also followed. The government of Roca's successor, ...
- Juarez, Benito
- national hero of Mexico, president of Mexico (1861-72), who, for three years (1864-67), fought against foreign occupation under the emperor Maximilian and who sought constitutional reforms to create a democratic ... [6 Related Articles]
- Juazeiro
- city, northern Bahia estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies along the Sao Francisco River, at 1,224 feet (373 metres) above sea level. Juazeiro became a city in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Juazeiro do Norte
- city, southern Ceara estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies in the interior uplands, at the foot of the 2,953-foot (900-metre) Chapada do Araripe. Juazeiro do Norte and ...
- Juba
- town and major urban centre of southern Sudan. It is a port on the west bank of the Al-Jabal (Mountain Nile) River, about 87 miles (140 km) south of Bor. ... [1 Related Articles]
- juba
- dance of Afro-American slaves, found as late as the 19th century from Dutch Guiana to the Caribbean and the southern United States. It was danced by a circle of men ...
- Juba I
- king of Numidia who sided with the followers of Pompey and the Roman Senate in their war against Julius Caesar in North Africa (49-45 BC). [1 Related Articles]
- Juba II
- son of Juba I and king of the North African states of Numidia (29-25 BC) and Mauretania (25 BC-AD 24). Juba also was a prolific writer in Greek on a ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jubaea
- (from the article "palm") ...and talipot palms (Corypha elata and C. umbraculifera). Wine is made from species of the raffia palm in Africa and from the gru gru palm (Acrocomia) and the coquito palm ...
- Jubayl, al-
- port city, eastern Saudi Arabia, on the Persian Gulf north of az-Zahran, near the 'Abd al-'Aziz naval base. In the early 1970s the Saudi government chose al-Jubayl, an ancient fishing ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jubba River
- principal river of Somalia in northeastern Africa. Originating via its headwater streams in the Mendebo Mountains of southern Ethiopia, it flows about 545 miles (875 km) from Doolow on the ... [3 Related Articles]
- jube
- (from the French jube), construction marking off the chancel, or sanctuary, of a church from the rest of the interior. Its mature medieval form consisted of three basic elements: a ...
- Jubilee
- (from the article "Jubilee, Year of") ...conditions, when a special indulgence is granted to members of the faith by the pope and confessors are given special faculties, including the lifting of censures. It resembles the Old ...
- Jubilee College
- (from the article "Chase, Philander") ...resulted in a dispute over control of the college and caused him to resign his bishopric in 1831. In 1835 he was elected bishop of the new diocese of Illinois, ...
- Jubilee diamond
- flawless, clear white diamond weighing almost 651 carats in rough form, as it was found in the Jaegersfontein mine in South Africa in 1895. It was faceted into a cushion ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jubilee, Year of
- in the Roman Catholic church, a celebration that is observed on certain special occasions and for 1 year every 25 years, under certain conditions, when a special indulgence is granted ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jubilees, Book of
- pseudepigraphal work (not included in any canon of scripture), most notable for its chronological schema, by which events described in Genesis on through Exodus 12 are dated by jubilees of ... [5 Related Articles]
- jubilus
- (from the article "sequence") ...melody, to be sung at mass between the Alleluia and the reading of the Gospel. It developed about the 9th century from the trope (addition of music, text, or both) ...
- Jubogha, Jubo
- (from the article "Ikot Abasi") ...mouth of the Imo (Opobo) River. Situated at a break in the mangrove swamps and rain forest of the eastern Niger River delta, it served in the 19th century as ...
- Jucar River
- river in eastern Spain, rising in the Universales Mountains north of Cuenca city. It flows in a southerly and then easterly direction for 309 miles (498 km) through Cuenca, Albacete, ...
- juche
- (from the article "Korea, North") ...sovereignty, mutual respect, and noninterference among the communist and workers' parties." From this party line, KWP theoreticians developed four self-reliance (juche) principles: "autonomy in ideology, independence in ...
- Juchen
- (from the article "Huizong") Threatened by the expanding Liao empire in the north, the Huizong emperor formed an alliance with the Juchen (Chinese: Nuzhen, or Ruzhen) tribes of Manchuria (now the Northeast region of ...
- Juchen language
- (from the article "Manchu-Tungus languages") The oldest attested member of the Manchu-Tungus family is Juchen (Jurchen), which was spoken by the founders of the Chin dynasty (1115-1234) in northern China. Almost nothing is known about ...
- Juchitan
- city, southeastern Oaxaca estado (state), southern Mexico. It is on the Juchitan River (or De los Perros River), near the southern coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, at 125 feet ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jud, Jakob
- Swiss linguist who used comparative linguistics to reconstruct cultural history. He taught French at the lyceum of Zurich from 1906 to 1922 and afterward was professor of Romance languages at ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jud, Leo
- Swiss religious Reformer, biblical scholar, and translator and an associate of Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger in the Zurich Reformation. He collaborated in drafting the first Helvetic Confession (an important ...
- Judaea
- the southernmost of the three traditional divisions of ancient Palestine; the other two were Galilee in the north and Samaria in the centre. No clearly marked boundary divided Judaea from ... [18 Related Articles]
- Judaea, Hills of
- (from the article "Palestine") From Ram Allah in the north to Beersheba in the south, the high plateau of Judaea is a rocky wilderness of limestone, with rare patches of cultivation, as found around ...
- Judah
- one of the 12 tribes of Israel, descended from Judah, who was the fourth son born to Jacob and his first wife, Leah. It is disputed whether the name Judah ... [15 Related Articles]
- Judah bar Ezekiel
- (from the article "yeshiva") ...simultaneously flourished in Babylonia, two of which gained extraordinary renown. The first was established by Abba Arika after his arrival at Sura in 218. The other was set up at ...
- Judah ben David Hayyuj
- (from the article "Menahem ben Saruq") ...attacks, succeeded in turning Hisdai against Menahem. Menahem probably died not long after his fall from favour. Dunash's attack provoked a counterattack by Menahem's pupils, one of whom, Judah ben ...
- Judah ben Samuel
- Jewish mystic and semilegendary pietist, a founder of the fervent, ultrapious movement of German Hasidism. He was also the principal author of the ethical treatise Sefer Hasidim (published in Bologna, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Judah ha-Levi
- Jewish poet and religious philosopher. His works were the culmination of the development of Hebrew poetry within the Arabic cultural sphere. Among his major works are the poems collected in ... [7 Related Articles]
- Judah ha-Nasi
- one of the last of the tannaim, the small group of Palestinian masters of the Jewish Oral Law, parts of which he collected as the Mishna (Teaching). The Mishna became ... [8 Related Articles]
- Judah ibn Kuraish
- (from the article "Hebrew literature") The use of biblical Hebrew was made possible by the work of philologists. Of great importance was the creation of comparative linguistics by Judah ibn Kuraish (about 900) and Isaac ...
- Judah, Battle of
- (from the article "Saudi Arabia") ...died. His sons disputed the succession. His eldest son, 'Abd Allah, succeeded first, maintaining himself against the rebellion of his brother Sa'ud II for six years until the Battle of ...
- Judah, Zab
- (from the article "Boxing") Meddling by an alphabet organization reached new heights of absurdity when unified welterweight champion Zab Judah (U.S.)-who had won the WBC, WBA, and IBF titles by knocking out Cory Spinks ...
- Judaism
- the religion of the Jews. It is the complex phenomenon of a total way of life for the Jewish people, comprising theology, law, and innumerable cultural traditions. [188 Related Articles]
- Judaizer
- (from the article "Ignatius of Antioch, Saint") Ignatius apparently fought two groups of heretics: (1) Judaizers, who did not accept the authority of the New Testament and clung to such Jewish practices as observing the Sabbath, and ...
- Judas Barsabbas
- (from the article "prophecy") The New Testament mentions several prophetic figures in the early church. Among them are Agabus of Jerusalem; Judas Barsabbas and Silas, who also were elders of the Jerusalem Church; the ...
- Judas Iscariot
- one of the Twelve Apostles, notorious for betraying Jesus. Judas' surname is more probably a corruption of the Latin sicarius ("murderer" or "assassin") than an indication of ... [2 Related Articles]
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