French biologist who, together with Andre Lwoff and Jacques Monod, was awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning regulatory activities in bacteria.
founder of a long line of French furniture makers. He was among the first cabinetmakers in France to use mahogany extensively and excelled at carved wood furniture, particularly chairs.
French poet who played a decisive role in the new directions of modern poetry during the early part of the 20th century. His writing was the product of a complex ...
duchess of Bavaria, countess of Holland, Zeeland, and Hainaut, whose forced cession of sovereignty in the three counties to Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, in 1428, consolidated Burgundian dominion ...
city, Sindh province, Pakistan. The city lies at a junction of the Pakistan Western Railway and main roads through Sindh. It was founded in 1847 on the site of the ...
(from Latin Jacobus, "James"), period of visual and literary arts during the reign of James I of England (1603-25). The distinctions between the early Jacobean and the preceding Elizabethan styles ...
German-born physician who established the first clinic for diseases of children in the United States (1860) and is considered the founder of American pediatrics.
German philosopher, major exponent of the philosophy of feeling (Gefuhlsphilosophie) and a prominent critic of rationalism, especially as espoused by Benedict de Spinoza.
the most famous political group of the French Revolution, which became identified with extreme egalitarianism and violence and which led the Revolutionary government from mid-1793 to mid-1794.
in British history, a supporter of the exiled Stuart king James II (Latin Jacobus) and his descendants after the Revolution of 1688. The political importance of the Jacobite movement extended ...
Australian-born English folklore scholar, one of the most popular 19th-century adapters of children's fairy tales. He was also a historian of pre-expulsion English Jewry (The Jews of Angevin England, 1893), ...
Danish architect and designer of many important buildings in an austere modern style; he is known internationally for his industrial design, particularly for his three-legged stacking chair (1952) and his ...
region of chemically sensitive nerve endings in the oral cavity of many vertebrate animals (amphibians, lizards and snakes, some mammals). The nerve endings are located in a pair of pits ...
Italian religious poet, author of more than 100 mystical poems of great power and originality, and probable author of the Latin poem Stabat mater dolorosa.
in weaving, device incorporated in special looms to control individual warp yarns. It enabled looms to produce fabrics having intricate woven patterns such as tapestry, brocade, and damask, and it ...
French inventor of the Jacquard loom (see ), which served as the impetus for the technological revolution of the textile industry and is the basis of the modern automatic loom.
insurrection of peasants against the nobility in northeastern France in 1358-so named from the nobles' habit of referring contemptuously to any peasant as Jacques, or Jacques Bonhomme.
mountain on the north side of the Gaspe Peninsula in Gaspesian Provincial Park, eastern Quebec province, Canada. The highest peak in the well-forested Monts Chic-Choc (Shickshock Mountains), an extension of ...
river, Rio Grande do Sul estado ("state"), southern Brazil. It rises in the hills east of Passo Fundo and flows southward and eastward for 280 miles (450 km), receiving the ...
either of two tough, compact, typically green gemstones that take a high polish. Both minerals have been carved into jewelry, ornaments, small sculptures, and utilitarian objects from earliest recorded times. ...
bay, Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It is a broad inlet of the North Sea that covers an area of 73 square miles (190 square km). Formed for the ...
gem-quality silicate mineral in the pyroxene family that is one of the two forms of jade (q.v.). The more prized of the two types of jade, jadeite (imperial jade) is ...
Atlantic port city, north-central Morocco, lying about 55 miles (90 km) southwest of Casablanca. The settlement developed after 1502 around a Portuguese fort and, as Mazagan, became the centre of ...
queen of Poland (1384-99) whose marriage to Jogaila, grand duke of Lithuania (Wladyslaw II Jagiello of Poland), founded the centuries-long union of Lithuania and Poland.
(German and Dutch: "hunter"), any of three species of seabirds belonging to the genus Stercorarius of the family Stercorariidae. They are rapacious birds resembling a dark gull with a forward-set ...
novelist, ultranaturalist, and leader of the Norwegian "Boheme," a group of urban artists and writers in revolt against conventional morality. His role in Norwegian literature stems in part from the ...
provincia, in the comunidad autonoma ("autonomous community") of Andalusia, south-central Spain. It is surrounded by the Sierra Morena (north), the Segura and Cazorla ranges (east), and Parapanda, Lucena, and Segura ...
city, capital of Jaen provincia, in the comunidad autonoma ("autonomous community") of Andalusia, southern Spain. It lies on the northern side of the Sierra Jabaleuz and north of Granada. Known ...
lowland plain area, Rogaland fylke (county), southwestern Norway. Extending approximately 25 miles (40 km) northward from Eigersund and 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 km) inland from the North ...
American speed skater who won two Olympic gold medals (1932). His first Winter Games title (1928) was unofficial, though many recognize him as the winner.
port, northern Sri Lanka. It is situated on a flat, dry peninsula at the island's northern tip. The trading centre for the agricultural produce of the peninsula and nearby islands, ...
historical monarchy in northern Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), populated by Tamil-speaking people of South Indian origin. Well established by the 14th century, it survived as an independent entity until its ...
politician and union activist who in 1953 became the first popularly elected prime minister of British Guiana (now Guyana). He headed the country's government again from 1957 to 1964 and ...
(Sanskrit: "Lord of the World"), form under which the Hindu god Krishna is worshiped at Puri, Orissa, one of the most famous religious centres of India, and at Ballabhpur, a ...
city, Madhya Pradesh state, central India, just south of the Indravati River. Surrounded by dense forests, it is connected by road with Raipur and Kanker and is heavily engaged in ...
town, southwestern Free State province, South Africa, southwest of Bloemfontein. The town is historically known as a diamond-mining centre. A 50-carat diamond found on a farm in the area in ...
oasis, northeastern Libya, near the Egyptian border. Located at the northern edge of the Libyan Desert on ancient pilgrim and caravan routes, it was the centre for the Sanusi religious ...
family of monarchs of Poland-Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary that became one of the most powerful in east central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The dynasty was founded by ...
(Persian jagir: "holding land"; and dar: "official"), form of land tenancy developed in India during the time of Muslim rule (beginning in the early 13th century) in which the collection ...
largest New World member of the cat family (Felidae), once found from the U.S.-Mexican border southward to Patagonia, Argentina. Its preferred habitats are usually swamps and wooded regions, but jaguars ...
river, Ceara estado ("state"), northeastern Brazil. It is formed by the junction of the Carapateiro and Trici rivers (originating in the Serra Grande) and flows northeastward for approximately 350 miles ...
(Felis yagouaroundi), small, unspotted New World cat (family Felidae), also known as the otter-cat because of its otterlike appearance and swimming ability. The jaguarundi is native to forested and brushy ...
a subbranch of the Aslian branch of the Mon-Khmer family, itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. The group includes Bateg, Che' Wong, Jahai, Kensiw, Kenta', and Menriq.
Islamic hell, described somewhat ambiguously in the Qur'an and by Muhammad. In one version, hell seems to be a fantastic monster that God can summon at will; in another description, ...
in Islam, the period preceding the revelation of the Qur'an to the Prophet Muhammad. In Arabic the word means "ignorance," or "barbarism," and indicates a negative Muslim evaluation of pre-Islamic ...
the German "father of gymnastics" who founded the turnverein (gymnastics club) movement in Germany. He was a fervent patriot who believed that physical education was the cornerstone of national health ...
town and muhafazah (governorate) in central Kuwait. Located about 30 mi (50 km) west of Kuwait city, the oasis town is the capital of the muhafazah. It is the centre ...
Muslim Arab dynasty that ruled Cordoba, Spain, after the dissolution of the Umayyad caliphate of Cordoba (1031), one of the party kingdoms (ta'ifahs). Years of civil war ...
ball game of Basque origin played in a three-walled court with a hard rubber ball that is caught and thrown with a cesta, a long, curved wicker scoop strapped to ...
the sacred texts of Jainism, a religion of India, whose authenticity is disputed between sects. The Svetambara canon consists principally of 45 works divided as follows: (1) 11 Angas, the ...
in Indian history, a state in Assam, in northeastern India, stretching from what is now the northern frontier between Bangladesh and India over the Jaintia Hills to the Kalong River ...
physical region, eastern Meghalaya state, northeastern India. The sparsely populated mountainous region (part of the Meghalaya plateau) has an average elevation of more than 3,000 feet (900 m). It receives ...
city, capital of Rajasthan state, northwestern India. A walled town surrounded (except to the south) by hills, Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh to replace Amber ...
city, western Rajasthan state, northwestern India. Connected by road with Jodhpur, Barmer, and Phalodi, the city is a major caravan centre, trading in wool, hides, salt, fuller's earth, camels, and ...
