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Jundia ... Justus, Saint

Jundia: city, in the highlands of southern Sao Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies at 2,460 feet (750 metres) above sea level along the Jundiai River. Formerly ...
Jundubah: ', town, northwestern Tunisia. It lies along the middle Wadi Majardah (Medjerda). The town was developed on the railway from Tunis to Algeria during the French protectorate (1881-1955) and is ...
June: sixth month of the Gregorian calendar. It was named after Juno, the Roman goddess of childbirth and fertility. See month and the accompanying Table.
June beetle: any insect of the genus Phyllophaga, belonging to the widely distributed, plant-feeding subfamily Melolonthinae (family Scarabaeidae, order Coleoptera). These red-brown beetles commonly appear in the Northern Hemisphere during warm spring ...
June Offensive: (June [July, New Style], 1917), unsuccessful military operation of World War I, planned by the Russian minister of war Aleksandr Kerensky. The operation not only demonstrated the degree to which ...
Juneau: city and borough, capital (since 1906) of Alaska, U.S. The city, at the heart of the Inside Passage (Alaska Marine Highway), is located in the southeastern part of the state, ...
Junee: town, south central New South Wales, Australia, just north of Wagga Wagga in the fertile Riverina district. Founded in 1863 as Jewnee, it was known as Jewnee Junction or Loftus ...
Jung Bahadur: prime minister and virtual ruler of Nepal from 1846 to 1877, who established the powerful Rana dynasty of hereditary prime ministers, an office that remained in his family until 1951.
Jung, Carl: Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist who founded analytic psychology, in some aspects a response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. Jung proposed and developed the concepts of the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, ...
Jung-lu: official and general during the last years of the Ch'ing dynasty who organized and led one of the first brigades of Chinese troops that used Western firearms and drill. He ...
Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich: German writer best known for his autobiography, Heinrich Stillings Leben, 5 vol. (1806), the first two volumes of which give a vividly realistic picture of village life in an 18th-century ...
Junger, Ernst: German novelist and essayist, an ardent militarist who was one of the most complex and contradictory figures in 20th-century German literature.
Jungfrau: well-known Swiss peak (13,642 feet [4,158 m]) dominating the Lauterbrunnen valley and lying 11 miles (18 km) south-southeast of the resort of Interlaken. The scenic mountain separates the cantons of ...
Jungfrauenbecher: (German: "maiden's cup"), silver cup shaped like a girl with a wide-spreading skirt (forming a large cup when inverted) holding a pivoted bowl above her head. The form apparently originated ...
jungle: tropical forest with luxuriant, tangled, impenetrable vegetation, generally teeming with wildlife; popularly associated with the tropics, such conditions are actually found only when the tree canopy layer of a rain ...
jungle babbler: any of about 32 species of songbirds constituting the tribe Pellorneini of the babbler family Timaliidae. Found from Africa to Malaysia and the Philippines, these drab birds with slender, often ...
jungle fowl: any of four Asian birds of the genus Gallus, family Phasianidae (order Galliformes). (For Australian jungle fowl, see megapode.) Gallus species differ from other members of the pheasant family in ...
Juniata: county, central Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a mountainous area in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley physiographic province located midway between State College and Harrisburg. The county lies between Blue, Blacklog, ...
Junin: city, northern Buenos Aires province, east central Argentina, in the Pampa on the Rio Salado. The town grew up around Fuerte (fort) Federacion, founded in 1827 to protect colonists from ...
Junin: department (formed 1853) of central Peru, located largely in the Andes and drained by the headwaters of the Rio Mantaro and other major tributaries of the Amazon. Junin, one of ...
Junior Achievement: an educational organization of the United States and Canada that offers young people of high-school age the opportunity to gain business experience by organizing and operating their own small businesses ...
junior college: educational institution that provides two years of academic instruction beyond secondary school, as well as technical and vocational training to prepare graduates for careers. Public junior colleges are often called ...
junior high school: in some school systems in the United States, the two or three secondary grades (7, 8, 9) of school following elementary school and preceding high school. Children served by junior ...
juniper: any of about 60 to 70 species of aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs constituting the genus Juniperus of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The juvenile leaves ...
Junius: the pseudonym of the still unidentified author of a series of letters contributed to Henry Sampson Woodfall's Public Advertiser, a popular English newspaper of the day, between Jan. 21, 1769, ...
Junius, Franciscus, The Younger: language and literary scholar whose works stimulated interest in the study of Anglo-Saxon (Old English) and the cognate old Germanic languages.
junk: classic Chinese sailing vessel of ancient unknown origin, still in wide use. High-sterned, with projecting bow, the junk carries up to five masts on which are set square sails consisting ...
Junker: (German: "country squire"), member of the landowning aristocracy of Prussia and eastern Germany, which, under the German Empire (1871-1918) and the Weimar Republic (1919-33), exercised substantial political power. Otto von ...
Junker, Wilhelm: Russian explorer of the southern Sudan and central Africa who determined the course of a major Congo River tributary, the Ubangi River, together with one of its branches, the Uele.
Junkers, Hugo: German aircraft designer and early proponent of the monoplane and all-metal construction of aircraft.
Juno: in Roman religion, chief goddess and female counterpart of Jupiter, closely resembling the Greek Hera, with whom she was universally identified. With Jupiter and Minerva, she was a member of ...
Juno Beach: The second beach from the east among the five landing areas of the Normandy Invasion of World War II. It was assaulted on June 6, 1944 (D-Day of the invasion), ...
Junod, Henri Alexandre: Swiss Protestant missionary and anthropologist noted for his ethnography of the Tsonga (Thonga) peoples of southern Africa.
Junot, Andoche, duc d'Abrantes: one of Napoleon Bonaparte's generals and his first aide-de-camp.
Junot, Laure, Duchess D'abrantes: nee Permon French author of a volume of famous memoirs.
Junqueiro, Abilio Manuel Guerra: poet whose themes of social protest and reform, expressed in a blend of grandiloquence and satire, have identified him as the poet par excellence of the Portuguese Revolution of 1910.
junta: (Spanish: "meeting"), committee or administrative council, particularly one that rules a country after a coup d'etat and before a legal government has been established. The word was widely used in ...
Jupiter: the chief ancient Roman and Italian god. Like Zeus, the Greek god with whom he is etymologically identical (root diu, "bright"), Jupiter was a sky god. One of his most ...
Jupiter: the most massive planet of the solar system and the fifth in distance from the Sun. It is one of the brightest objects in the night sky; only the Moon, ...
Jupiter Dolichenus: god of a Roman mystery cult, originally a local Hittite-Hurrian god of fertility and thunder worshiped at Doliche (modern Duluk), in southeastern Turkey. Later the deity was given a Semitic ...
Jura: canton, northwestern Switzerland, comprising the folded Jura Mountains in the south and extending northward to the hilly region of the limestone Jura Plateau, including the districts of the Franches-Montagnes and ...
Jura: fourth largest island of the Inner Hebrides, Argyll and Bute council area, historic county of Argyllshire, Scotland. It is 27 miles (43 km) long, 2-8 miles (3-13 km) wide, and ...
Jura Mountains: system of ranges extending for 225 miles (360 km) in an arc on both sides of the Franco-Swiss border from the Rhone River to the Rhine. It lies mostly in ...
Juran: Chinese painter of the Five Dynasties (907-960) period, he was one of the most innovative artists working in the pure landscape tradition.
Jurassic Period: second of three periods of the Mesozoic Era. On the basis of radiometric measurements, it extended from about 208 to 144 million years ago (see ). It is often divided ...
Jurjani, al-: in full 'ali Ibn Muhammad Al-jurjani, also called As-sayyid Ash-sharif leading traditionalist theologian of 15th-century Iran.
Jurojin: in Japanese mythology, one of the Shichi-fuku-jin ("Seven Gods of Luck"), particularly associated with longevity. He is supposed, like Fukurokuju, another of the seven with whom he is often confused, ...
Jurong: district and industrial complex of southwestern Singapore. Jurong estate, one of the largest industrial sites (9,600 acres [3,900 hectares]) in Southeast Asia, occupies drained swampland near the mouth of the ...
Jurong Bird Park: specialty zoo in Singapore noted for its extensive aviaries. The park, managed by a government-owned company, opened in 1971. It occupies a 20-hectare (48-acre) site on the slopes of Jurong ...
Jurua River: river that rises in the highlands east of the Ucayali River in Loreto department, Peru. It flows northward through Acre state, Brazil. Entering Amazonas state, Brazil, it meanders eastward and ...
Juruena River: river, west-central Brazil, rising in the Serra dos Parecis and descending northward from the Mato Grosso Plateau for 770 miles (1,240 km), receiving the Arinos River and joining the Teles ...
jury: historic legal institution in which a group of laypersons participate in deciding cases brought to trial. Its exact characteristics and powers depend on the laws and practices of the countries, ...
jus gentium: (Latin: "law of nations"), in legal theory, that law which natural reason establishes for all men, as distinguished from jus civile, or the civil law peculiar to one state or ...
jus Latii: in the Roman Republic and the Empire, certain rights and privileges, amounting to qualified citizenship, of a person who was not a Roman citizen. The rights were originally held only ...
Jusserand, JeanJules: French scholar and diplomat who, as French ambassador to Washington, D.C. (1902-25), helped secure the entry of the United States into World War I.
Jussieu, Antoine de: French physician and botanist who wrote many papers on human anatomy, zoology, and botany, including one on the flower and fruit of the coffee shrub.
Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de: French botanist who developed the principles that served as the foundation of a natural system of plant classification.
Jussieu, Bernard de: French botanist who founded a method of plant classification based on the anatomical characters of the plant embryo. After studying medicine at Montpellier, he became in 1722 subdemonstrator of plants ...
Jussieu, Joseph de: French botanist who accompanied the French physicist Charles-Marie de la Condamine's expedition to Peru to measure an arc of meridian. He remained in South America for 35 years, returning to ...
just intonation: in music, system of tuning in which the correct size of all the intervals of the scale is calculated by different additions and subtractions of pure natural thirds and fifths ...
just war: notion that the resort to armed force (jus ad bellum) is justified under certain conditions; also, the notion that the use of such force (
justice of the peace: in Anglo-American legal systems, a local magistrate empowered chiefly to administer criminal or civil justice in minor cases. A justice of the peace may, in some jurisdictions, also administer oaths ...
Justice, Donald: American poet and editor best known for finely crafted verse that frequently illuminates the pain of loss and the desolation of an unlived life.
justiciar: early English judicial official of the king who, unlike all other officers of the central administration, was not a member of the king's official household. The justiciarship originated in the ...
justification: in Christian theology, either (1) the act by which God moves a person from the state of sin (injustice) to the state of grace (justice); (2) the change in a ...
Justin: Roman historian who was the author of Epitome, an abridgment of the Historiae Philippicae et totius mundi origines et terrae situs by Pompeius Trogus (q.v.), whose work is lost. Nothing ...
Justin I: Byzantine emperor (from 518) who was a champion of Christian orthodoxy; he was the uncle and predecessor of the great emperor Justinian.
Justin II: Byzantine emperor (from 565) whose attempts to maintain the integrity of the Byzantine Empire against the encroachments of the Avars, Persians, and Lombards were frustrated by disastrous military reverses.
Justin Martyr, Saint: one of the most important of the Greek philosopher-Apologists in the early Christian church. His writings represent the first positive encounter of Christian revelation with Greek philosophy and laid the ...
Justinian: Marina patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church (1948-77) who helped his church become one of the strongest in Eastern Europe.
Justinian I: Byzantine emperor (527-565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Codex Justinianus (534).
Justinian II: last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty. Although possessed of a despotic temperament and capable of acts of cruelty, Justinian was in many ways an able ruler, who recovered for ...
Justinian, Code of: the collections of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from AD 529 to 565. Strictly speaking, the works did not constitute a ...
Justo, Agustin Pedro: army officer and president (1932-38) of Argentina.
Justus Of Ghent: painter who introduced the Flemish style into Urbino. He has been identified with Joos van Wassenhove, a master of the painters' guild at Antwerp in 1460 and at Ghent in ...
Justus, Saint: first bishop of Rochester and fourth archbishop of Canterbury, under whose archiepiscopacy Northumbria was converted to Christianity.