| | - John Cicero
- (from the article "Germany") ...of Hohenzollern waged a destructive war (1449-50) against a city league headed by Nurnberg. He suffered a resounding defeat in a pitched battle near Pillenreuth in 1450. The elector John ...
- John Climacus, Saint
- Byzantine monk and author of Climax tou paradeisou (Greek: "The Ladder of Divine Ascent," the source of his name "John of the Ladder"), a handbook on the ascetical and mystical ...
- John Day
- city, Grant county, northeast-central Oregon, U.S., situated at the confluence of John Day River and Canyon Creek, near the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness Area. (The North Fork of the John Day ...
- John Dory
- (from the article "dory") The John Dory (Zeus faber), a food fish of the Atlantic and Mediterranean, is one of the better-known species. It ranges from the shore to waters about 200 m (650 ...
- John F. Kennedy Park
- (from the article "Wexford") ...of a major popular rising that met with defeat near Enniscorthy. In 1964 an estate on the slopes of Slieve Coillte, overlooking the River Barrow, was given to the government ...
- John Fowler & Company
- (from the article "tank") ...form. By then the basis for them had become available with the appearance of the traction engine and the automobile. Thus, the first self-propelled armoured vehicle was built in 1900 ...
- John Frederick
- (from the article "Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm") Leibniz continued his work but was still without an income-producing position. By October 1676, however, he had accepted a position in the employment of John Frederick, the duke of Braunschweig-Luneburg. ...
- John Frederick
- last elector of the Ernestine branch of the Saxon House of Wettin and leader of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League. His wars against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and his ... [2 Related Articles]
- John Frederick (II)
- Ernestine duke of Saxony, or Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach, whose attempts to regain the electoral dignity, lost by his father to the rival Albertine branch of the House of Wettin, led to his ... [1 Related Articles]
- John Frum cargo cult
- (from the article "Vanuatu") ...to be with either missionaries or planters. The islands became a major Allied base during World War II, when the spectacle of free-spending African American troops inspired the transformation of ...
- John George
- elector of Brandenburg who in 1571 succeeded his father, Joachim II. Under his rule the divided electorate was reunited. His economies earned him the surname Oekonom (Steward) and made him ...
- John George I of Saxony
- elector of Saxony from 1611, and the "foremost Lutheran prince" of Germany, whose policies lost for Saxony opportunities for ascendancy and territorial expansion. [2 Related Articles]
- John George II
- elector of Saxony (1657-80), under whom Dresden became the musical centre of Germany. [1 Related Articles]
- John George III
- elector of Saxony (1680-91).
- John George IV
- elector of Saxony (1691-94).
- John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital
- (from the article "Chicago") ...inspections of the city's food establishments. The county operates an extensive system of public health-care facilities, which provide much of the treatment for the poor. The system is anchored by ...
- John Hancock Center
- (from the article "elevator") ...increased to 1,200 feet (365 metres) per minute in such express installations as those for the upper levels of the Empire State Building (1931) and reached 1,800 feet (549 metres) ...
- John Henry
- (from the article "Margaret Maultasch") The daughter of Henry, duke of Carinthia and count of Tirol, Margaret was married to the nine-year-old John Henry of Luxembourg in 1330. On her father's death (1335), she and ...
- John Henry
- hero of a widely sung U.S. black folk ballad. It describes his contest with a steam drill, in which John Henry crushed more rock than did the machine but died ...
- John Henry
- (from the article "Equestrian Sports") Two-time Horse of the Year John Henry was euthanized on October 8 at age 32. During an eight-year track career, the legendary gelding had 39 wins (16 in Grade 1 ...
- John Hyrcanus I
- high priest and ruler of the Jewish nation from 135/134 to 104 BC. Under his reign the Hasmonean kingdom of Judaea in ancient Palestine attained power and great prosperity, and ... [5 Related Articles]
- John Hyrcanus II
- high priest of Judaea from 76 to 40 BC, and, with his brother Aristobulus II, last of the Maccabean (Hasmonean) dynastic rulers. Under Hyrcanus' vacillating leadership, Judaea (southern of the ... [2 Related Articles]
- John I
- (from the article "Holland") ...of the house of Holland, Dirk I (who had received the original feudal land from the Carolingian Charles III the Simple in 922) continued until 1299-a line of 14 descendants. ...
- John I
- duke of Brittany (from 1237), son of Peter I. Like his father, he sought to limit the temporal power of the clergy; consequently he was excommunicated, upon which he journeyed ...
- John I
- king of Castile from 1379 to 1390, son of Henry II, founder of the dynasty of Trastamara. [4 Related Articles]
- John I
- king of Aragon (1387-1395), son of Peter IV. Influenced by his wife, Violante, he pursued a pro-French policy but refused to become involved in the Hundred Years' War. He died ... [4 Related Articles]
- John I
- king of France, the posthumous son of Louis X of France by his second consort, Clemence of Hungary. He died just a few days after his birth but is nevertheless ... [2 Related Articles]
- John I
- king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country's independence from Castile and initiated Portugal's overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty. [4 Related Articles]
- John I Albert
- king of Poland and military leader whose reign marked the growth of Polish parliamentary government.
- John I Doukas
- (from the article "Greece, history of") ...Greece during this period is no less complex. Thessaly was ruled in its eastern parts by the Franks after 1204, while the western regions were disputed by the rulers of ...
- John I of Brabant
- (from the article "Limburg") ...into the rights of Limburg) and Adolph V of Berg (who had been granted those same rights by the Holy Roman emperor), Adolph was not strong enough to contest his ...
- John I Tzimisces
- Byzantine emperor (969-976) whose extension of Byzantine influence into the Balkans and Syria and maintenance of domestic tranquillity assured the prestige and stability of the empire for his immediate successors. [6 Related Articles]
- John I, Saint
- pope from 523 to 526. He ended the Acacian Schism (484-519), thus reuniting the Eastern and Western churches by restoring peace between the papacy and the Byzantine emperor Justin I. ... [1 Related Articles]
- John II
- count of Hainaut (1280-1304) and of the Dutch provinces of Holland and Zeeland (1299-1304), who united the counties and prevented the northward expansion of the house of Dampierre, the counts ... [2 Related Articles]
- John II
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...the 13th century, while John I, Duke of Brabant, sought expansion toward the Rhine valley, which offered protection for the growing trade that moved from Cologne overland through Brabant. Duke ...
- John II
- pope from 533 to 535. He was the first pontiff to change his original name, which he considered pagan, assuming the name of the martyred St. John (523-526).
- John II
- king of Portugal from 1481 to 1495, regarded as one of the greatest Portuguese rulers, chiefly because of his ruthless assertion of royal authority over the great nobles and his ... [8 Related Articles]
- John II
- king of France from 1350 to 1364. Captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers on Sept. 19, 1356, he was forced to sign the disastrous treaties of 1360 ... [14 Related Articles]
- John II
- king of Castile from 1406 to 1454; his political weakness led him to rely on his favourite, Alvaro de Luna, whom he made constable. He was nevertheless considered a man ... [3 Related Articles]
- John II
- king of Aragon (1458-79) and also king of Navarre (1425-79); he was the instigator of the union of Castile and Aragon through the historic marriage of his son Ferdinand with ... [4 Related Articles]
- John II
- duke of Brittany (from 1286) and count of Richemont, son of John I. He accompanied his father on St. Louis's crusade to Tunisia (1270) and fought also in Palestine. He ...
- John II Casimir Vasa
- king of Poland (1648-68) and pretender to the Swedish throne, whose reign was marked by heavy losses of Polish territory incurred in wars against the Ukrainians, Tatars, Swedes, and Russians. [4 Related Articles]
- John II Comnenus
- Byzantine emperor (1118-43) whose reign was characterized by unremitting attempts to reconquer all important Byzantine territory lost to the Arabs, Turks, and Christian Crusaders. [3 Related Articles]
- John III
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...Cologne overland through Brabant. Duke John II, however, left such formidable debts that Brabant merchants were arrested abroad, which made them claim control over the duke's finances during Duke John ...
- John III
- duke of Brittany (from 1312), son of Arthur II. His death without heirs resulted in the War of the Breton Succession, pitting two indirect heirs, John of Montfort and Charles ...
- John III
- king of Sweden (1568-92), a deeply religious ruler who attempted to reconcile the Swedish Lutheran Church with the Catholic leadership in Rome and to revive discarded elements of the Catholic ... [4 Related Articles]
- John III
- pope from 561 to 574.
- John III
- king of Portugal from 1521 to 1557. His long reign saw the development of Portuguese seapower in the Indian Ocean, the occupation of the Brazilian coast, and the establishment of ... [7 Related Articles]
- John III Ducas Vatatzes
- emperor of Nicaea (1222-54) who, by acquiring territory, encouraging economic growth, and supporting a cultural revival from his capital at Nicaea (modern Iznik, Turkey), paved the way for the recovery ... [3 Related Articles]
- John III Sobieski
- elective king of Poland (1674-96), a soldier who drove back the Ottoman Turks and briefly restored the kingdom of Poland-Lithuania to greatness for the last time. [8 Related Articles]
- John IV
- (from the article "Leuven, Catholic University of") The original university was founded by Pope Martin V at the behest of Duke John (Jean) IV of Brabant, who modeled its constitution after the University of Paris. In 1517 ...
- John IV
- pope from 640 to 642.
- John IV
- also called (1630-40) Joao, 8o Duque (8th duke) De Braganca, byname John The Fortunate, Portuguese Joao O Afortunado king of Portugal from 1640 as a result of the national revolution, ... [4 Related Articles]
- John IV (or V)
- duke of Brittany from 1365, whose support for English interests during the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) nearly cost him the forfeit of his duchy to the French crown. The instability ... [3 Related Articles]
- John IV Lascaris
- emperor of Nicaea whose brief reign as a minor was filled with intrigue and conspiracies that culminated in the seizure of power by Michael Palaeologus, the future Byzantine emperor Michael ... [1 Related Articles]
- John IV Of Odzun
- Armenian Hovhannes Iv Otznetzi Armenian Orthodox catholicos (supreme head of the Armenian Church), a learned theologian and jurist who strove for greater ecclesiastical autonomy for the Armenian Church and supported ...
- John IX
- pope from 898 to 900. [2 Related Articles]
- John Lascaris
- (from the article "Michael VIII Palaeologus") ...state, a charge from which he extricated himself by the force of his wit. Later, on the death of the emperor Theodore II Lascaris in 1258, Michael was chosen regent ...
- John Leonardi, Saint
- founder of the Roman Catholic Ordo Clericorum Regularium Matris Dei (Clerks Regular of the Mother of God), whose members were commonly called Leonardini; the order was distinguished for learning and ...
- John Maurice Of Nassau
- Dutch colonial governor and military commander who consolidated Dutch rule in Brazil (1636-44), thereby bringing the Dutch empire in Latin America to the peak of its power. [2 Related Articles]
- John o'Groats
- village-near Dunnet Head, the northernmost point of mainland Great Britain-in the Highland council area, historic county of Caithness, Scotland. The scattered village is the site of a house, now only ...
- John of Avila, Saint
- reformer, one of the greatest preachers of his time, author and spiritual director whose religious leadership in 16th-century Spain earned him the title Apostle of Andalusia. [1 Related Articles]
- John of Bavaria
- (from the article "Jacoba Of Bavaria") ...to John of Touraine, who died two years later. Jacoba's claim to succeed her father, who also died in 1417, was not recognized by the German king Sigismund, who instead ...
- John Of Beverley, Saint
- bishop of York, one of the most popular medieval English saints.
- John of Capistrano, Saint
- one of the greatest Franciscan preachers of the 15th century and leader of an army that liberated Belgrade from a Turkish invasion. San Juan Capistrano, the mission in California made ... [1 Related Articles]
- John of Cappadocia
- (from the article "Justinian I") ...same time it was essential to provide revenue for Justinian's various military campaigns, particularly in the West. Justinian knew how to pick his servants. He had two outstanding ministers. One ...
- John of Damascus, Saint
- Eastern monk and theological doctor of the Greek and Latin churches whose treatises on the veneration of sacred images placed him in the forefront of the 8th-century Iconoclastic Controversy, and ... [6 Related Articles]
- John of Ephesus
- Monophysite bishop of Ephesus, who was a foremost early historian and leader of Monophysites in Syria.
- John Of Fordun
- first chronicler to attempt a continuous history of Scotland. His work is nationalistic in attitude and reliable where he is not dealing with legendary subjects. Evidence about his life is ...
- John of Gaddesden
- (from the article "medicine, history of") Salerno yielded its place as the premier medical school of Europe to Montpellier in about 1200. John of Gaddesden, the model for the "doctour of physick" in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, ...
- John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster
- English prince, fourth but third surviving son of the English king Edward III and Philippa of Hainaut; he exercised a moderating influence in the political and constitutional struggles of the ... [14 Related Articles]
- John of Giscala
- (from the article "Josephus, Flavius") ...he was appointed military commander of Galilee, where (if his own untrustworthy account may be believed) he was obstructed in his efforts at conciliation by the enmity of the local ...
- John of God, Saint
- founder of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of God (Brothers Hospitallers), a Roman Catholic religious order of nursing brothers. In 1886 Pope Leo XIII declared him patron of hospitals ...
- John of Guildford
- (from the article "heraldry") The first English heraldic writer was John of Guildford, or Johannes de Bado Aureo, whose Tractatus de armis ("Treatise on Arms") was produced about 1394. Then came a Welsh treatise ...
- John of Ibelin
- (from the article "Crusades") In Cyprus, John of Ibelin, the leading member of the influential Ibelin family, had been named regent for the young Henry I. Along with most of the barons, he was ...
- John Of Jandun
- foremost 14th-century interpreter of Averroes' rendering of Aristotle. [3 Related Articles]
- John of Jerusalem
- theologian and bishop, a strong advocate of the Platonistic Alexandrian tradition during the 5th-century doctrinal controversies of the Eastern church, and co-author of a celebrated collection of catechetical conferences on ...
- John Of Kronshtadt
- Russian Orthodox priest-ascetic whose pastoral and educational activities, particularly among the unskilled poor, contributed notably to Russia's social and spiritual reform.
- John of Leiden
- (from the article "Anabaptist") Some of Hofmann's followers, such as the Dutchman Jan Mathijs (died 1534) and John of Leiden (Jan Beuckelson; died 1536), and many persecuted Anabaptists settled in Munster, Westphalia....
- John of Mainz
- (from the article "Germany") ...themselves from their oath of allegiance if he failed to appear. The king's efforts to rally support for his cause were utterly fruitless, and he decided to stay in Bohemia. ...
- John Of Matha, Saint
- cofounder of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives, commonly called Trinitarians, or Mathurins, a Roman Catholic mendicant order originally dedicated to freeing Christian slaves ... [1 Related Articles]
- John Of Mirecourt
- French Cistercian monk, philosopher, and theologian whose skepticism about certitude in human knowledge and whose limitation of the use of reason in theological statements established him as a leading exponent ... [1 Related Articles]
- John of Nepomuk, Saint
- patron saint of the Czechs, who was murdered during the bitter conflict of church and state that plagued Bohemia in the latter 14th century.
- John of Palermo
- (from the article "Leonardo Pisano") ...Liber abaci, which was widely copied and imitated, drew the attention of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II. In the 1220s Leonardo was invited to appear before the emperor at ...
- John Of Paris
- also called John The Deaf, or John Quidort, French Jean De Paris, Jean Le Sourd, or Jean Quidort, medieval Latin Johannes De Soardis Dominican monk, philosopher, and theologian who advanced ... [1 Related Articles]
- John of Rila, Saint
- (from the article "Rila Monastery") ... The first Christian monastery in Bulgaria, Rila was founded by the hermit John of Rila (Yoan of Rila, in Bulgarian Ivan Rilski), who is the traditional patron saint of ...
- John of Rupescissa
- (from the article "millennialism") ...continued to influence political discourse throughout the remainder of the Middle Ages, and the catastrophes of the 14th century renewed fervour for the final, divine intervention. The Franciscan John of ...
- John Of Saint Thomas
- philosopher and theologian whose comprehensive commentaries on Roman Catholic doctrine made him a leading spokesman for post-Reformation Thomism, a school of thought named after its foremost theorist, St. Thomas Aquinas ...
- John Of Salisbury
- one of the best Latinists of his age, who was secretary to Theobald and Thomas Becket, archbishops of Canterbury, and who became bishop of Chartres. [4 Related Articles]
- John Of Scythopolis
- Byzantine theologian and bishop of Scythopolis, in Palestine (c. 536-550), whose various treatises on the person and work of Christ and commentaries on Neoplatonic philosophy sought to integrate all possible ...
- John of the Cross, Saint
- one of the greatest Christian mystics and Spanish poets, doctor of the church, reformer of Spanish monasticism, and cofounder of the contemplative order of Discalced Carmelites. [8 Related Articles]
- John of Trevisa
- (from the article "English literature") ...two astronomical translations, the Treatise on the Astrolabe and the Equatorie of the Planets, were relatively modest endeavours beside the massive efforts of John of Trevisa, who ...
- John Paul I
- pope whose 33-day pontificate in 1978 was the shortest in modern times. He was the first pope to choose a double name and did so in commemoration of his two ...
- John Paul II
- the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic church (1978-2005), the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and the first from a Slavic country. His pontificate of more ... [41 Related Articles]
- John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
- (from the article "Florida Keys") Largest of the keys is Key Largo, about 30 miles (50 km) long and formerly known for its plantations of key limes (used to make key lime pies). John Pennekamp ...
- John Roach Company
- (from the article "Chester") ...was fought about 10 miles (16 km) to the west. Chester did not experience substantial growth until after 1850, when it became a southwestern adjunct of a rapidly industrializing Philadelphia. ...
- John Scholasticus
- patriarch of Constantinople (as John III), theologian, and ecclesiastical jurist whose systematic classification of the numerous Byzantine legal codes served as the basis for Greek Orthodox Church (canon) law. [2 Related Articles]
- John Sigismund
- elector of Brandenburg from 1608, who united his domain with that of Prussia. [3 Related Articles]
- John Talaia
- theologian and bishop of Alexandria, Egypt, whose struggle to maintain his episcopal office and preserve the ascendancy of the orthodox party in conjunction with Popes Simplicius (468-483) and Felix III ...
- John the Apostle, Saint
- in Christian tradition, the author of three letters, the Fourth Gospel, and the Revelation to John in the New Testament. He played a leading role in the early church at ... [8 Related Articles]
- John the Baptist, Saint
- Jewish prophet of priestly origin who preached the imminence of God's Final Judgment and baptized those who repented in self-preparation for it; he is revered in the Christian church as ... [15 Related Articles]
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