| | - Job, Saint
- first Russian Orthodox patriarch of Moscow (1589-1605). [1 Related Articles]
- Job, The Book of
- book of Hebrew scripture that is often counted among the masterpieces of world literature. It is found in the third section of the biblical canon known as the Ketuvim ("Writings"). ... [10 Related Articles]
- jobber
- (from the article "security") Trading on the London Stock Exchange is carried on through a unique system of brokers and jobbers. A broker acts as an agent for his customers; a jobber, or dealer, ...
- Jobbik
- (from the article "Hungary") Hungary made international headlines in August when a self-styled protection force was set up by the far-right group Jobbik, which claimed that the country was in danger and needed to ...
- Jobim, Antonio Carlos
- Brazilian songwriter and composer who transformed the extroverted rhythms of the Brazilian samba into an intimate music, the bossa nova ("new wrinkle" or "new wave"), which became internationally popular in ... [6 Related Articles]
- Jobs, Steven P.
- cofounder of Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), and a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer era. [7 Related Articles]
- Jobst
- margrave of Moravia and Brandenburg and for 15 weeks German king (1410-11), who, by his political and military machinations in east-central Europe, played a powerful role in the political life ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jochelson, Vladimir Ilich
- Russian ethnographer and linguist noted for his studies of Siberian peoples.
- Jocher, Christian Gottlieb
- (from the article "encyclopaedia") ...in the mid-18th century, and the subject field that it treated was biography. The Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon (1750-51; "General Scholarly Lexicon") was compiled by Christian Gottlieb Jocher, a German biographer, and ...
- Jochi
- Mongol prince, the eldest of Genghis Khan's four sons and, until the final years of his life, a participant in his father's military campaigns. [3 Related Articles]
- Jocho
- great Japanese Buddhist sculptor who developed and perfected so-called kiyoseho, or joined-wood techniques. [1 Related Articles]
- Jochumsson, Matthias
- Icelandic poet, translator, journalist, dramatist, and editor whose versatility, intellectual integrity, and rich humanity established him as a national figure.
- jockey
- (from the article "horse racing") Contemporary accounts identified riders (in England called jockeys-if professional-from the second half of the 17th century and later in French racing), but their names were not at first officially recorded. ...
- Jockey Club
- supreme authority in control of horse racing and breeding in Great Britain, formed about 1750 to regulate racing at Newmarket, Suffolk, and support the sport generally. Its Turf Board, consisting ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jockey Club
- (from the article "horse racing") In the United States, the governance of racing resides in state commissions. Track operation is private. The (North American) Jockey Club, founded in 1894 in New York, at one time ...
- Jockey's Ridge State Park
- (from the article "Nags Head") ...was seized. The place now has a large cottage colony and is popular for boating, swimming, and beachcombing. High, constantly shifting sand formations run along the sandy spit, notably at ...
- jocs florals
- (from the article "Spanish literature") The great period of Catalan poetry was the 15th century, after John I of Aragon had established in 1393 a poetic academy in Barcelona on the model of the academy ...
- joculator
- (from the article "dance") In Europe professional dance was for many centuries restricted to joculators, wandering bands of jugglers, dancers, poets, and musicians, who were generally regarded as social inferiors. The early ballets were ...
- jodai-yo
- (from the article "Fujiwara Yukinari") ...("Three Brush Traces"), in effect the finest calligraphers of the age. The others were Ono Tofu and Fujiwara Sukemasa, and the three perfected the style of writing called jodai-yo ("ancient ...
- Jodelle, Etienne
- French dramatist and poet, one of the seven members of the literary circle known as La Pleiade, who applied the aesthetic principles of the group to drama. [2 Related Articles]
- Jodha, Rao
- (from the article "Jodhpur") city, administrative headquarters of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput (one of the warrior rulers of the historic region of ...
- Jodhpur
- (from the article "Jodhpur") ...Jodhpur, the second largest city of Rajasthan, is the seat of the Rajasthan state high court. The city is the site of an air force college and airfield, the University ...
- Jodhpur
- city, administrative headquarters of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput (one of the warrior rulers of the historic region of ...
- Jodl, Alfred
- German general who, as head of the armed forces operations staff, helped plan and conduct most of Germany's military campaigns during World War II. [1 Related Articles]
- Jodo
- (Japanese: Way to the Pure Land), devotional sect of Japanese Buddhism stressing faith in the Buddha Amida and heavenly reward. See Pure Land Buddhism. [2 Related Articles]
- Jodoin, Claude
- (from the article "Canadian Labour Congress") ...then in Canada. In 1956 (one year after the AFL and the CIO merged), the CCL and the TLC united as the Canadian Labour Congress, with headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario. ...
- Jodrell Bank Observatory
- location of one of the world's largest fully steerable radio telescopes, which has a reflector that measures 76 metres (250 feet) in diameter. The telescope is located with other smaller ... [3 Related Articles]
- joe
- (from the article "shozoku") ...of kimono-type garments, the most formal of which is the white silk saifuku. Over the saifuku is worn the ho, coloured black, red, or light blue. Less formal are the ...
- Joe-1
- (from the article "nuclear weapon") ...amounts of technical data that saved Kurchatov and his team valuable time and scarce resources. The first Soviet test occurred on Aug. 29, 1949, using a plutonium device (known in ...
- Joe-19
- (from the article "nuclear weapon") ...lithium-6 deuteride. Finally, a more efficient two-stage nuclear configuration using radiation compression (analogous to the Teller-Ulam design) was detonated on Nov. 22, 1955. Known in the West as Joe-19 and ...
- Joe-4
- (from the article "nuclear weapon") ...earlier to develop and produce Soviet nuclear weapons. Members of the Tamm and the Zeldovich groups also went to KB-11 to work on the thermonuclear bomb. A Layer Cake bomb, ...
- joe-pye-weed
- (from the article "boneset") Several species are known as joe-pye-weed, especially E. dubium, native to the eastern coastal plain. Sweet joe-pye-weed (E. purpureum), spotted joe-pye-weed (E. maculatum), and hollow joe-pye-weed (E. fistulosum) are found ...
- Joei Shikimoku
- (1232), in Japanese history, administrative code of the Kamakura shogunate (central military government) by which it pledged just and impartial administration of law to its vassal subjects. The shikimoku, or ... [3 Related Articles]
- Joel
- (from the article "biblical literature") The Book of Joel, the second of the Twelve (Minor) Prophets, is a short work of only three chapters. The dates of Joel (whose name means "Yahweh is God") are ...
- Joel, Billy
- American singer, pianist, and songwriter in the pop ballad tradition. His greatest popularity was in the 1970s and '80s.
- Joel, Book of
- second of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets. The Jewish canon lumps all together as The Twelve and divides Joel into four chapters; Christian ... [2 Related Articles]
- Joensuu
- city, southeastern Finland, at the mouth of the Pielis River, southeast of Kuopio. Chartered in 1848, the city is a rail junction and centre for lumber shipment and has connections ...
- joey
- (from the article "kangaroo") In all species, the pouch is well developed, opens forward, and contains four teats. The young kangaroo ("joey") is born at a very immature stage, when it is only about ...
- Joey
- (from the article "clown") The earliest of the true circus clowns was Joseph Grimaldi, who first appeared in England in 1805. Grimaldi's clown, affectionately called "Joey," specialized in the classic physical tricks, tumbling, pratfalls, ...
- Joffe, Adolf
- (from the article "Sun-Joffe Manifesto") (Jan. 26, 1923), joint statement issued at Shanghai by the Chinese Nationalist revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen and Adolf Joffe, representative of the Soviet Foreign Ministry, which provided the basis for ...
- Joffe, Charles H.
- (from the article "1977: Best Picture") Other Nominees
- Joffre, Joseph-Jacques-Cesaire
- commander in chief (1914-16) of the French armies on the Western Front in World War I, who won fame as "the Victor of the Marne." [4 Related Articles]
- Joffre, Mount
- (from the article "Canadian Rockies") About 50 peaks in the Canadian Rockies surpass 11,000 feet (3,350 m). Mount Robson (12,972 feet [3,954 m]) in British Columbia is the highest. Others include Mount Joffre (the first ...
- Joffrey Ballet of Chicago
- (from the article "Performing Arts") News of individuals included the appointment of ABT's renowned Ethan Stiefel as dean of dance at the North Carolina School of the Arts. Veteran artistic director Gerald Arpino of the ...
- Joffrey, Robert
- American dancer, choreographer, and director, founder of the Joffrey Ballet (1956). [1 Related Articles]
- Jofre, Eder
- Brazilian professional boxer, world bantamweight and featherweight champion.
- Jog Falls
- cataract of the Sharavati River, western Karnataka state, southwestern India. The Jog Falls are located 18 miles (29 km) upstream from Honavar at the river's mouth on the Arabian Sea. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Joga Island
- (from the article "Miura") ...Its port of Misaki is a base for commercial deep-sea fishing, especially of tuna. Besides tuna, the city is well known for its locally grown radishes, and cabbages and watermelons ...
- Jogan style
- Japanese sculptural style of the Early Heian period (794-897). Works of Buddhist sculpture are the most numerous monuments of the period. The figures are columnar icons, erect, symmetrical, and perfectly ...
- jogging
- form of running at an easy pace, particularly popular from the 1960s in the United States. There, an estimated 7,000,000 to 10,000,000 joggers sought fitness, weight loss, grace, physical fulfillment, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Joggins Fossil Cliffs
- (from the article "Nova Scotia") ...mostly sandstone, underlies the soil-as in the Annapolis Valley, along parts of the Northumberland Strait, and at Cobequid Bay-the land supports orchards and field crops. In 2008 the Joggins Fossil ...
- Jogues, Saint Isaac
- French-born Jesuit missionary who sacrificed his life for the Christianization of North American Indians.
- Johan Friso, Prince
- (from the article "Netherlands, The") ...year. Princess Juliana, former monarch and mother of Queen Beatrix, died on March 20; Juliana's husband, Prince Bernhard, died on December 1. (See Obituaries.) Prince Johan Friso, ...
- Johanan ben Zakkai
- Palestinian Jewish sage, founder of an academy and an authoritative rabbinic body at Jamnia, who had a decisive influence on the continuance and development of traditional Judaism after the destruction ... [5 Related Articles]
- Johanna
- (from the article "Brabant") ...justice and the equal application of the laws. The next duke, John III, proved a shrewd diplomat who strengthened the duchy by advantageous marital alliances with neighbouring principalities. When Johanna, ...
- Johannes von Tepl
- Bohemian author of the remarkable dialogue Der Ackermann aus Bohmen (c. 1400; Death and the Ploughman), the first important prose work in the German ... [1 Related Articles]
- Johannesburg
- city, Gauteng province, South Africa. It is the country's chief industrial and financial metropolis. [3 Related Articles]
- Johannesburg Art Gallery
- (from the article "Johannesburg") ...Orchestra and then retire to one of the city's thriving jazz clubs to hear internationally acclaimed local performers, many of whom have returned to Johannesburg after long years in exile. ...
- Johannesburg Stock Exchange
- (from the article "South Africa") ...projects. Private pension and provident funds and more than two dozen insurance companies play significant roles in the financial sector. An active capital market exists, organized around the Johannesburg Stock ...
- Johannesen, Grant
- American pianist (b. July 30, 1921, Salt Lake City, Utah-d. March 27, 2005, near Munich, Ger.), championed American and French piano works by such composers as Aaron Copland, Peter Mennin, ...
- Johannesen, Knut
- Norwegian speed skater who was one of the outstanding competitors in the sport in the late 1950s and early '60s.
- Johannesson, Jon Asgeir
- (from the article "Iceland") ...food and apparel retailer Baugur Group, which was aggressively buying British and Scandinavian retail firms, including a number of well-known names in the fashion industry. The head of the group, ...
- Johanneum
- (from the article "Telemann, Georg Philipp") ...of the outstanding musical positions of the time, he supplied the five main churches with music, was in charge of the Hamburg Opera, and served as cantor at Hamburg's renowned ...
- Johannsen, Wilhelm Ludvig
- Danish botanist and geneticist whose experiments in plant heredity offered strong support to the mutation theory of the Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries (that changes in heredity come about through ... [1 Related Articles]
- johannsenite
- silicate mineral in the pyroxene family. It has a molecular formula of Ca(Mn,Fe)Si2O6. A calcium-manganese-iron silicate mineral, johannsenite is produced either by metamorphic processes in altered limestones or is associated ... [1 Related Articles]
- Johannsson block
- (from the article "gauge") Gauge blocks, also known as Johannsson blocks, after their inventor, came into significant industrial use during World War I. They are small steel blocks, usually rectangular, with two exceptionally flat ...
- Johanson, Donald
- (from the article "Hadar") ...skeletons of Australopithecus afarensis, a key species in human evolution. Major paleontological work began at Hadar in the early 1970s and was led by the American anthropologist Donald Johanson. His ...
- Johansson, Christian
- Swedish-born ballet dancer and principal teacher at the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg, who made a fundamental contribution to the development of the Russian style of classical ballet.
- Johansson, Ingemar
- Swedish-born world heavyweight boxing champion. [1 Related Articles]
- Johansson, Lars
- Swedish lyric poet, author of some of the most powerful poems of the Baroque period in Swedish literature. [1 Related Articles]
- Johansson, Stig
- (from the article "Equestrian Sports") ...hoping he could show up Swedish defending champion Gidde Palema. When Steinlager won the duel, delighted Norwegian spectators sang and waved national flags. At year's end six-time Elitlopp winner Stig ...
- John
- antipope during January 844.
- John
- king of Bohemia from 1310 until his death, and one of the more popular heroic figures of his day, who campaigned across Europe from Toulouse to Prussia. [8 Related Articles]
- John
- margrave of Brandenburg-Kustrin and a German Protestant ruler who remained loyal to the Catholic Habsburg emperors; he fought against his fellow Protestant princes and was conspicuously successful in the government ...
- John
- king of Scotland from 1292 to 1296, the youngest son of John de Balliol and his wife Dervorguilla, daughter and heiress of the lord of Galloway. [5 Related Articles]
- John
- king of Saxony (1854-73) who was passionately interested in law and in the arts. Under the name Philalethes he published a translation of Dante's Divine Comedy (1839-49).
- John
- original name Janos Zapolya, or Szapolyai king and counterking of Hungary (1526-40) who rebelled against the House of Habsburg. [8 Related Articles]
- John
- king of England from 1199 to 1216. In a war with the French king Philip II, he lost Normandy and almost all his other possessions in France. In England, after ... [19 Related Articles]
- John
- king of Denmark (1481-1513) and Norway (1483-1513) and king (as John II) of Sweden (1497-1501) who failed in his efforts to incorporate Sweden into a Danish-dominated Scandinavian union. He was ... [2 Related Articles]
- John
- (from the article "King John") ...the play and is surrounded by many contrasting characters-each able to influence him, each bringing irresolvable and individual problems into dramatic focus. Chief among these characters are John's domineering mother, ...
- John
- (from the article "Metternich, Klemens, Furst von") ...of Austria's armaments, Metternich could not make up his mind to change over to war on Russia's side against Napoleon. Resisting all ill-considered projects, in particular those of the archduke ...
- John
- count of Brienne who became titular king of Jerusalem (1210-25) and Latin emperor of Constantinople (1231-37). [2 Related Articles]
- John
- second duke of Burgundy (1404-19) of the Valois line, who played a major role in French affairs in the early 15th century. [11 Related Articles]
- John
- elector of Saxony and a fervent supporter of Martin Luther; he took a leading part in forming alliances among Germany's Protestant princes against the Habsburg emperors' attempts at forced reconversion. [1 Related Articles]
- John (IV)
- claimant to the duchy of Brittany upon the death of his childless half brother, John III. He was the only surviving son of Arthur II. [2 Related Articles]
- John (XVI)
- antipope from 997 to 998. [1 Related Articles]
- John (XVII)
- pope from June to December 1003. Chosen by the patrician John Crescentius III, he succeeded Pope Sylvester II. John was merely a puppet of his relatives the Crescentii, then the ...
- John (XX)
- nonexistent pope. A confusion in the numbering of popes named John after John XIV resulted because Marianus Scotus and other 11th-century historians mistakenly believed that there had been a pope ...
- John (XXIII)
- schismatic antipope from 1410 to 1415. [8 Related Articles]
- John A. Roebling Bridge
- (from the article "bridge") Roebling's Cincinnati Bridge (now called the John A. Roebling Bridge) over the Ohio River was a prototype for his masterful Brooklyn Bridge (see below Steel: Suspension bridges). When this 317-metre- ...
- John Adams Building
- (from the article "Congress, Library of") ...called the Congressional Library, or Main Building) houses the Main Reading Room. Designed in Italian Renaissance style, it was completed in 1897 and magnificently restored 100 years later. The John ...
- John Alexander
- (from the article "Stefan Dusan") ...in September 1331. He subdued the sporadic revolts of the nobility, who had become more powerful during the period of civil wars, and strengthened his alliance with the new Bulgarian ...
- John and Catherine MacArthur Foundation
- (from the article "Harper's Magazine") ...Harper's financial problems to worsen enough that its parent company, the Minneapolis Star and Tribune Company, planned to close the magazine in 1980. At that point the John and Catherine ...
- John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art
- (from the article "Sarasota") Sarasota is known for the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, which includes the art museum itself with its large collection of Baroque art, notably works by Peter Paul ...
- John Bar Qursos
- monk and bishop of Tella (near modern Aleppo, Syria), a leading theological propagator of moderate Monophysitism (see Monophysite).
- John Bartholomew and Son
- mapmaking and publishing company of the United Kingdom, located in Edinburgh and specializing in the use of hypsometric (layer) colouring in relief maps. The company was established in 1826 by ...
- John Birch Society
- private organization founded in the United States on Dec. 9, 1958, by Robert H.W. Welch, Jr. (1899-1985), a retired Boston candy manufacturer, for the purpose of combating communism and promoting ...
- John Bull
- in literature and political caricature, a conventional personification of England or of English character. Bull was invented by the Scottish mathematician and physician John Arbuthnot as a character in an ... [2 Related Articles]
- John Carroll University
- private, coeducational institution of higher learning in University Heights, Ohio, U.S., just east of Cleveland. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. The university comprises ...
- John Casimir
- (from the article "Hembyze, Jan van") ...December 1578 the Prince, with the support of Lord Ryhove, forced Hembyze to lift restrictions against Catholic worship. In March 1579, however, Hembyze, supported by the radical Calvinist elector John ...
- John Chrysostom, Liturgy of Saint
- (from the article "Basil, Liturgy of Saint") ...longer Byzantine-are extant, was probably authored, in part at least, by St. Basil himself. Except for the anaphora (the central part of the liturgy), it is identical with the Liturgy ...
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