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Judaism ... Junction City

Judaism: the religion of the Jews. It is the complex expression of a religious and ethnic community, a way of life as well as a set of basic beliefs and values, ...
Judas Iscariot: one of the Twelve Apostles, notorious for betraying Jesus. Judas' surname is more probably a corruption of the Latin sicarius ("murderer" or "assassin") than an indication of ...
Judas, Gospel of: apocryphal Christian scripture from the 2nd century AD attributed to the apostle Judas Iscariot. The gospel advances a Gnostic cosmology and portrays Judas in a positive light as the only ...
JudasSaint: one of the original Twelve Apostles. He is distinguished in John 14:22 as "not Iscariot" to avoid identification with the betrayer of Jesus, Judas Iscariot. Listed in Luke 6:16 and ...
Judd, Charles Hubbard: U.S. psychologist and exponent of the use of scientific methods in the study of educational problems. His research dealt with psychological issues of school curriculum, pedagogical methods, and the nature ...
Judd, Gerrit P: U.S. missionary to Hawaii who played a crucial role in governing the islands.
Jude, Letter of: brief New Testament letter written to a general Christian audience by one who called himself "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James"; the author's identity is uncertain. ...
Judenrate: Jewish councils established in German-occupied Poland and eastern Europe during World War II to implement German policies and maintain order in the ghettos to which the Nazis confined the country's ...
Judges, Book of: an Old Testament book that, along with Deuteronomy, Joshua, I and II Samuel, and I and II Kings, belongs to a specific historical tradition (Deuteronomic history) that was first committed ...
judgment: in all legal systems, a decision of a court adjudicating the rights of the parties to a legal action before it. A final judgment is usually a prerequisite of review ...
Judicature Act of 1873: in England, the act of Parliament that created the Supreme Court of Judicature (q.v.) and also, inter alia, enhanced the role of the House of Lords to act as a ...
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: a British tribunal composed of certain members of the Privy Council that, on petition, hears various appeals from the United Kingdom, the British crown colonies, and members of the Commonwealth ...
Judicial Conference of the United States: the national administrative governing body of the U.S. federal court system. It is composed of 26 federal judges and the chief justice of the United States, who is the presiding ...
judicial review: power exerted by the courts of a country to examine the actions of the legislative, executive, and administrative arms of the government and to ensure that such actions conform to ...
judiciary: that branch of the government whose task is the administration of justice.
Judith, Book of: apocryphal work excluded from the Hebrew and Protestant biblical canons but included in the Septuagint (Greek version of the Hebrew Bible) and accepted in the Roman canon.
judo: system of unarmed combat, now primarily a sport. The rules of the sport of judo are complex; the objective is to cleanly throw, to pin, or to master the opponent, ...
Judson, Adoniram: American linguist and Baptist missionary in Myanmar (Burma), who translated the Bible into Burmese and wrote a now standard Burmese dictionary.
Judson, E.Z.C.: American adventurer and writer, an originator of the so-called dime novels that were popular during the late 19th century.
jue: type of ancient Chinese pitcherlike container used for wine and characterized by an elegant and dynamic shape.
Juel, Niels: naval officer who guided the development of the Danish Navy in the late 17th century and led the Danish fleet to important victories over Sweden in the Scanian War (1676-79).
juge d'instruction: in France, magistrate responsible for conducting the investigative hearing that precedes a criminal trial. In this hearing the major evidence is gathered and presented, and witnesses are heard and depositions ...
Jugendstil: artistic style that arose in Germany about the mid-1890s and continued through the first decade of the 20th century, deriving its name from the Munich magazine Die Jugend ("Youth"), which ...
juggler: (Latin joculare: "to jest"), entertainer who specializes in balancing and in feats of dexterity in tossing and catching items such as balls, plates, and knives. Its French linguistic equivalent, jongleur ...
Juglandales: the walnut order of flowering plants, consisting of two families, Rhoipteleaceae and Juglandaceae, belonging to the class called dicotyledon (q.v.; characterized by two seed leaves). Members of this order are ...
Jugurtha: king of Numidia from 118 to 105, who struggled to free his North African kingdom from Roman rule.
Jui-tsung: fifth emperor of the T'ang dynasty of China, who was placed on the throne by his mother, Wu Hou, in 684, before she decided to set him aside and rule ...
Juigalpa: city, central Nicaragua. It is situated on the flanks of the Sierras de Amerrique, in the rift valley in which Lakes Nicaragua and Managua are situated. The city is an ...
Juilliard School: internationally renowned school of the performing arts in New York, New York, U.S. It is now the professional educational arm of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The Juilliard ...
Juin, Alphonse: officer of the French army who became a leading Free French commander in World War II.
Juiz de Fora: city, southeastern Minas Gerais estado (state), Brazil. It is situated in the deep Paraibuna River valley between the Orgaos and Mantiqueira ranges. Formerly known as Paraibuna, Juiz ...
jujitsu: ("gentle art"), method of fighting that makes use of few or no weapons and employs holds, throws, and paralyzing blows to subdue an opponent. It evolved among the warrior class ...
jujube: either of two species of small, spiny trees of the genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) and their fruit. Most are varieties of the common jujube (Z. jujuba), native to China, where ...
Jujuy: provincia, extreme northwestern Argentina, bordering Chile (west) and Bolivia (north), having an area of 20,548 square miles (53,219 square km). It comprises several cordilleras of the Andes-reaching elevations of 16,500 ...
juku: Japanese privately run, after-hours tutoring school geared to help elementary and secondary students perform better in their regular daytime schoolwork and to offer cram courses in preparation for university entry ...
Jukun: a people living on the upper Benue River in Nigeria, commonly believed to be descendants of the people of Kororofa, one of the most powerful Sudanic kingdoms during the late ...
Juli, El: Spanish matador, who created a sensation in the bullfighting world at the end of the 20th century.
Julia: the Roman emperor Augustus' only child, whose scandalous behaviour eventually caused him to exile her.
Julia Domna: second wife of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus (reigned 193-211) and a powerful figure in the regime of his successor, the emperor Caracalla.
Julia Maesa: sister-in-law of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus and an influential power in the government of the empire who managed to make two of her grandsons emperors.
Julia Mamaea: mother of the Roman emperor Severus Alexander and the dominant power in his regime. Mamaea was the daughter of Julia Maesa and niece of the former emperor Septimius Severus. Maesa ...
Julian: Roman emperor from AD 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, ...
Julian Alps: range of the Eastern Alps, extending southeastward from the Carnic Alps (q.v.) and the town of Tarvisio in northeastern Italy to near the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia. Composed mainly ...
Julian calendar: dating system established by Julius Caesar as a reform of the Roman republican calendar (q.v.). Caesar, advised by the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, made the new calendar solar, not lunar, and ...
Julian Of Eclanum: bishop of Eclanum who is considered to be the most intellectual leader of the Pelagians (see Pelagianism).
Julian of Norwich: celebrated mystic whose Revelations of Divine Love (or Showings) is generally considered one of the most remarkable documents of medieval religious experience. She spent the latter part of her life ...
Julian period: chronological system now used chiefly by astronomers and based on the consecutive numbering of days from Jan. 1, 4713 BC. Not to be confused with the Julian calendar, the Julian ...
Julian, George W.: American reform politician who began as an abolitionist, served in Congress as a Radical Republican during the American Civil War and Reconstruction eras, and later championed woman suffrage and other ...
Julian, Percy L.: American chemist, synthesist of cortisone, hormones, and other products from soybeans.
Juliana: queen of The Netherlands from 1948 to 1980.
Julianehab: principal town in southwestern Greenland, on Julianehab Fjord, an inlet in the Davis Strait. Founded in 1755 by Anders Olsen, a Norwegian merchant, and named for Queen Juliana Maria of ...
Julich: former duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, centred on the town of Julich, located now in the Aachen district of the Land (state) of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Julio-Claudian Dynasty: (AD 14-68), the four successors of Augustus, the first Roman emperor: Tiberius (reigned 14-37), Caligula (37-41), Claudius I (41-54), and Nero (54-68). It was not a direct bloodline. Augustus had ...
Julius Caesar: tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, produced in 1599-1600 and published in the First Folio of 1623 from a transcript of a promptbook.
Julius I, Saint: pope from 337 to 352. The papacy had been vacant four months when he was elected as St. Mark's successor on Feb. 6, 337. Julius then became the chief support ...
Julius II: greatest art patron of the papal line (reigned 1503-13) and one of the most powerful rulers of his age. Although he led military efforts to prevent French domination of Italy, ...
Julius III: original name Giovanni Maria Ciocchi Del Monte pope from 1550 to 1555.
Jullundur: city, administrative headquarters of Jullundur district, Punjab state, northwestern India. Jullundur is an ancient city; in the 7th century AD it was the capital of a Rajput kingdom. The third ...
July: seventh month of the Gregorian calendar. It was named after Julius Caesar in 44 BCE. Its original name was Quintilis, Latin for the "fifth month," indicating its position in the ...
July Days: (July 16-20 [July 3-7, old style], 1917), a period in the Russian Revolution during which workers and soldiers of Petrograd staged armed demonstrations against the Provisional Government that resulted in ...
July Plot: abortive attempt on July 20, 1944, by German military leaders to assassinate Adolf Hitler, seize control of the government, and seek more favourable peace terms from the Allies.
July Revolution: (1830), insurrection that brought Louis-Philippe to the throne of France. The revolution was precipitated by Charles X's publication (July 26) of restrictive ordinances contrary to the spirit of the Charter ...
jum'ah: Friday of the Muslim week and the special noon service on Friday that all adult, male, free Muslims are obliged to attend. The jum'ah, which replaces the usual noon ritual ...
Jumilla: city, Murcia provincia and comunidad autonoma ("autonomous community"), southeastern Spain. It lies at the foot of Mt. Castillo (near Mt. Carche and Sierra de Santa Ana) and on the Arroyo ...
jump rope: children's game played by individuals or teams with a piece of rope, which may have handles attached at each end. Jump rope, which dates back to the 19th century, is ...
jumping mouse: any of five species of small leaping rodents found in North America and China. Jumping mice weigh from 13 to 26 grams (0.5 to 0.9 ounce) and are 8 to ...
jumping plant louse: any member of the approximately 2,000 species of the insect family Psyllidae (order Homoptera). The jumping plant louse is about the size of a pinhead. Its head, long antennae and ...
jumping spider: any member of the spider family Salticidae (or Attidae, order Araneida). About 3,000 species are known; most are small to medium-sized. They are very common in the tropics, but many ...
Jun kiln: Chinese kiln known for the stoneware it created during the Northern Song period (960-1126) in Junzhou (now Yuzhou), in northern Henan. One class of glazed wares produced at the kiln ...
Junagadh: city, southwestern Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies near the Girnar Hills of the Kathiawar Peninsula. The many temples and mosques in the vicinity reveal the city's long and complex ...
Junayd: painter of miniatures and leading illustrator of the Jalayirid school. His style, using richly dressed figures in formal settings, deeply influenced later developments in Persian painting.
Junayd, Shaykh: fourth head of the Safavid order of Sufi (Islamic) mystics, who sought to transform the spiritual strength of the order into political power.
Junaynah, al-: town in the Darfur region of western Sudan. It lies about 15 miles (24 km) east of the Chad border and about 220 miles (350 km) west of al-Fashir, with ...
Juncales: order of monocotyledonous flowering plants comprising the families Juncaceae and Thurniaceae, with 10 genera of grasslike plants found in wet, cold-temperate habitats.
junco: any of several birds of the genus Junco, small sparrows of the family Fringillidae (sometimes classified as Emberizidae). Juncos are about 15 cm (6 inches) long and variable in colour, ...
Junction City: city, seat (1860) of Geary county (until 1889 designated as Davis county), northeastern Kansas, U.S. It is situated at the confluence of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers. Junction City ...