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Joshua The Stylite ... Judah ha-Nasi

Joshua The Stylite: monk of the convent of Zuknin and the reputed author of a chronicle covering mainly the period 495-506. Incorporated in a history that some have ascribed to Dionysius Telmaharensis but ...
Joshua Tree National Park: desert area in southern California, U.S., situated just east of Palm Springs and other adjacent communities and 60 miles (100 km) east of San Bernardino, on the border between the ...
Joshua, Book of: the sixth book of the Old Testament, which, along with Deuteronomy, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kings, belongs to a tradition of Jewish history and law, ...
Josiah: king of Judah (c. 640-609 BC), who set in motion a reformation that bears his name and that left an indelible mark on Israel's religious traditions (2 Kings 22-23:30).
Josipovici, Gabriel: French-born British novelist, literary theorist, dramatist, and short-story writer whose work is characterized by its experimental form and its attention to language.
Jospin, Lionel: Socialist Party politician who served as prime minister of France (1997-2002) in a cohabitation government with conservative President Jacques Chirac.
Josquin Des Prez: one of the greatest composers of Renaissance Europe.
Jost Van Dyke Island: one of the British Virgin Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, separating the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. It lies 4 miles (6 km) west of Tortola and adjoins Little Jost ...
Jostedals Glacier: ice field, Sogn og Fjordane fylke (county), western Norway. It lies north of the deeply indented Sogne Fjord. The largest ice field in Europe (excluding Iceland), it is oriented northeast-southwest ...
jota: courtship dance traditional in northern Spain, particularly Aragon; also a genre of folk song that precedes and accompanies the dance or is sung only. The dancing couple hold their arms ...
Jotunheim Mountains: mountain range, Oppland fylke (county), south-central Norway. Extending for 80 miles (130 km) between Gudbrands valley (east) and the Jostedals Glacier (west), the chain is surrounded by many lakes. The ...
Joubert, Barthelemy-Catherine: French general during the Revolutionary era.
Joubert, Petrus Jacobus: associate and rival of Paul Kruger who served as commandant general and vice president of the South African Republic.
Jouffroy d'Abbans, Claude-Francois-Dorothee, marquis de: French engineer and inventor who in 1783 traveled upstream on the Saone River near Lyon in his Pyroscaphe, the first really successful steamboat.
Jouhaux, Leon: French Socialist and trade-union leader who was one of the founders of the International Labour Organisation. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1951.
joule: unit of work or energy in the International System of Units (SI); it is equal to the work done by a force of one newton acting through one metre. Named ...
Joule's law: in electricity, mathematical description of the rate at which resistance in a circuit converts electric energy into heat energy. The English physicist James Prescott Joule discovered in 1840 that the ...
Joule, James Prescott: English physicist who established that the various forms of energy-mechanical, electrical, and heat-are basically the same and can be changed, one into another. Thus he formed the basis of the ...
Joule-Thomson effect: the change in temperature that accompanies expansion of a gas without production of work or transfer of heat. At ordinary temperatures and pressures, all real gases except hydrogen and helium ...
Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, Count: (Comte) military commander remembered as the sponsor of conscription during the French Revolutionary regime and as one of Napoleon's marshals of the empire.
journal: an account of day-to-day events or a record of experiences, ideas, or reflections kept regularly for private use that is similar to, but sometimes less personal than, a diary.
Journal de Geneve: daily newspaper published in Geneva, Switzerland. Among French-language newspapers it was generally regarded as the best in Switzerland and one of the premier papers in the world. It was established ...
Journal des Debats, Le: (French: "The Journal of Debates"), former Parisian daily newspaper that was one of the most influential organs of the French press in the 19th century. Founded in 1789 by Gaultier ...
journalism: the collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through such media as pamphlets, newsletters, newspapers, magazines, radio, motion pictures, television, and books. The word journalism ...
joust: western European mock battle between two horsemen charging each other with levelled lances, each attempting to unhorse the other. Early medieval tournaments consisted of melees, mock battles between two bodies ...
Jouve, Pierre-Jean: French poet, novelist, and critic.
Jouvenet, Jean: French Baroque painter remembered for his religious works-e.g., "The Miraculous Draught of the Fishes" (Louvre, Paris)-and for his decorative ceiling paintings in the chapels of Versailles and the Invalides.
Jouvet, Louis: actor, director, designer, and technician, one of the most influential figures of the French theatre in the 20th century.
Jovanovic, Slobodan: Serbian jurist, historian, and statesman, prime minister in the Yugoslav government-in-exile during World War II (Jan. 11, 1942-June 26, 1943). Liberal in his social and political views, he was perhaps ...
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de: Spanish statesman and author, one of the most important figures of the 18th-century Spanish Enlightenment.
Joveyni, 'Ata Malek: more complete name 'ala' Od-din 'ata Malek Joveyni, also spelled 'ala Ad-din 'ata Malek Juwayni Persian historian. Joveyni was the first of several brilliant representatives of Persian historiography who flourished ...
Jovian: Roman emperor from 363 to 364.
Jovius, Paulus: also called Paolo Giovio Italian historian, author of vivid historical works in Latin, and the owner of a famous art collection.
Jowett, Benjamin: British classical scholar, considered to be one of the greatest teachers of the 19th century. He was renowned for his translations of Plato and as an outstanding tutor of great ...
Joy Division/New Order: British rock group who, as Joy Division, refined the external chaos of 1970s punk into a disquieting inner turmoil, ushering in the postpunk era. They later, as New Order, pioneered ...
Joyce, James: Irish novelist noted for his experimental use of language and exploration of new literary methods in such large works of fiction as Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake ...
Joyce, William: English-language propaganda broadcaster from Nazi Germany during World War II whose nickname was derived from the sneering manner of his speech.
Joyeuse Entree: (French: "Joyous Entry"), during the European Middle Ages and the ancien regime, the ceremonial first visit of a prince to his country, traditionally the occasion for the granting or confirming ...
Joyeuse, Anne, Duke de: French nobleman who became a leader of the Roman Catholic extremists opposing the Protestant Huguenots during the 16th-century Wars of Religion.
Joyner-Kersee, Jackie: American athlete, considered by many to be the greatest female athlete ever, who became the first participant to score more than 7,000 points in the heptathlon.
Jozsef, Attila: one of the greatest Hungarian poets of the 20th century. Although his first poems were published when he was 17, real renown came only after his death.
JPMorgan Chase & Co.: American banking and financial services company formed through the December 2000 merger of J.P. Morgan & Co. and The Chase Manhattan Corporation. It is headquartered in New York City.
Jrmie: town, southwestern Haiti, on the far northwestern coast of the long Tiburon Peninsula. Situated on the Gulf of Gonaives, it lies 120 miles (190 km) west of Port-au-Prince but is ...
Juan Carlos: king of Spain from November 22, 1975. He acceded to the Spanish throne two days after the death of Francisco Franco.
Juan de Austria: illegitimate son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and half brother of King Philip II of Spain who, as a Spanish military commander, achieved victory over the Turks in ...
Juan de Fuca Strait: narrow passage, 11-17 miles (18-27 km) in width, of the eastern North Pacific Ocean, between the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, U.S., and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Can. Part of ...
Juan Diego, Saint: indigenous Mexican convert to Roman Catholicism and saint who, according to tradition, was visited by the Virgin Mary (Our Lady of Guadalupe).
Juan Fernandez Islands: small cluster of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, situated about 400 miles (650 km) west of and administratively part of Valparaiso region, Chile. They consist of the 36-square-mile (93-square-kilometre) ...
Juan Jose de Austria: the most famous of the illegitimate children of King Philip IV of Spain. He served with some success as a Spanish military commander and from 1677 until his death was ...
Juan Manuel, Don: nobleman and man of letters who has been called the most important prose writer of 14th-century Spain.
Juan-juan: Central Asian people of historical importance. Because of the titles of their rulers, khan and khagan, scholars believe that the Juan-juan were Mongols or Mongol-speaking peoples. The empire of the ...
Juantorena, Alberto: Cuban runner who won gold medals in both the 400- and 800-metre races at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, becoming the first athlete to win both races in one Olympics.
Juarez: city, northern Chihuahua estado ("state"), Mexico, on the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo del Norte) opposite El Paso, Texas, U.S., with which it is connected by bridges. Formerly ...
Juarez, Benito: national hero of Mexico, president of Mexico (1861-72), who, for three years (1864-67), fought against foreign occupation under the emperor Maximilian and who sought constitutional reforms to create a democratic ...
Juazeiro: city, northern Bahia estado ("state"), northeastern Brazil. It lies along the Sao Francisco River, at 1,224 feet (373 metres) above sea level. Juazeiro became a city in ...
Juazeiro do Norte: city, southern Ceara estado ("state"), northeastern Brazil. It lies in the interior uplands, at the foot of the 2,953-foot (900-metre) Chapada do Araripe. Juazeiro do Norte and ...
Juba: town and major urban centre of southern Sudan. It is a port on the west bank of the Al-Jabal (Mountain Nile) River, about 87 miles (140 km) south of Bor. ...
juba: dance of Afro-American slaves, found as late as the 19th century from Dutch Guiana to the Caribbean and the southern United States. It was danced by a circle of men ...
Juba I: king of Numidia who sided with the followers of Pompey and the Roman Senate in their war against Julius Caesar in North Africa (49-45 BC).
Juba II: son of Juba I and king of the North African states of Numidia (29-25 BC) and Mauretania (25 BC-AD 24). Juba also was a prolific writer in Greek on a ...
Jubayl, al-: port city, eastern Saudi Arabia, on the Persian Gulf north of az-Zahran, near the 'Abd al-'Aziz naval base. In the early 1970s the Saudi government chose al-Jubayl, an ancient fishing ...
Jubba River: principal river of Somalia in northeastern Africa. Originating via its headwater streams in the Mendebo Mountains of southern Ethiopia, it flows about 545 miles (875 km) from Doolow on the ...
jube: (from the French jube), construction marking off the chancel, or sanctuary, of a church from the rest of the interior. Its mature medieval form consisted of three basic elements: a ...
Jubilee diamond: flawless, clear white diamond weighing almost 651 carats in rough form, as it was found in the Jaegersfontein mine in South Africa in 1895. It was faceted into a cushion ...
Jubilee, Year of: in the Roman Catholic church, a celebration that is observed on certain special occasions and for 1 year every 25 years, under certain conditions, when a special indulgence is granted ...
Jubilees, Book of: pseudepigraphal work (not included in any canon of scripture), most notable for its chronological schema, by which events described in Genesis on through Exodus 12 are dated by jubilees of ...
Jucar River: river in eastern Spain, rising in the Universales Mountains north of Cuenca. It flows in a southerly, then easterly, direction for 309 miles (498 km) through Cuenca, Albacete, and Valencia ...
Juchitan: city, southeastern Oaxaca estado ("state"), southern Mexico. It is on the Juchitan River (or De los Perros River), near the southern coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, at 125 feet ...
Jud, Jakob: Swiss linguist who used comparative linguistics to reconstruct cultural history. He taught French at the lyceum of Zurich from 1906 to 1922 and afterward was professor of Romance languages at ...
Jud, Leo: Swiss religious Reformer, biblical scholar, and translator and an associate of Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger in the Zurich Reformation. He collaborated in drafting the first Helvetic Confession (an important ...
Judaea: the southernmost of the three traditional divisions of ancient Palestine; the other two were Galilee in the north and Samaria in the centre. No clearly marked boundary divided Judaea from ...
Judaea and Samaria: biblical names for the area now known as the West Bank (q.v.).
Judah: one of the 12 tribes of Israel, descended from Judah, who was the fourth son born to Jacob and his first wife, Leah. It is disputed whether the name Judah ...
Judah ben Samuel: Jewish mystic and semilegendary pietist, a founder of the fervent, ultrapious movement of German Hasidism. He was also the principal author of the ethical treatise Sefer Hasidim (published in Bologna, ...
Judah ha-Levi: Jewish poet and religious philosopher. His works were the culmination of the development of Hebrew poetry within the Arabic cultural sphere. Among his major works are the poems collected in ...
Judah ha-Nasi: one of the last of the tannaim, the small group of Palestinian masters of the Jewish Oral Law, parts of which he collected as the Mishna (Teaching). The Mishna became ...