| | - Jiang Qing
- third wife of Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong and the most influential woman in the People's Republic of China for a while until her downfall in 1976, after Mao's death. ... [4 Related Articles]
- Jiang Yanyong
- (from the article "Social Protection") Another important development in the HIV/AIDS front was the release from prison in July of Jiang Yanyong, a retired army surgeon who had become China's most well-known political prisoner after ...
- Jiang Zemin
- Chinese official who was general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP; 1989-2002) and president of China (1993-2003). [3 Related Articles]
- Jiangmen
- city in central Guangdong sheng (province), China. The city is situated on the west bank of the main channel of the Xi River, at the southwest corner ...
- Jiangnan Arsenal
- in Shanghai, major Chinese centre during the 1860s and 1870s for the manufacture of modern arms and the study of Western technical literature and Western languages. It was opened in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jiangnan Canal
- (from the article "Zhenjiang") At that time, because it was the place where the Jiangnan Canal (which in turn was connected to the Grand Canal) joined the Yangtze, its importance was greatly increased. It ...
- Jiangnan sizhu
- (from the article "sizhu") ...first appeared in the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911/12) dynasties and have continued to the present day. Many regional variants exist, but the most influential has been the Jiangnan sizhu, ...
- Jiangxi Soviet
- (1931-34), independent government established by the communist leader Mao Zedong and his comrade Zhu De in Jiangxi province in southeastern China. It was from this small state within a state ... [4 Related Articles]
- Jianwen
- reign name (nianhao) of the second emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), under whose brief reign (1398-1402) a civil war nearly destroyed the newly founded dynasty. [2 Related Articles]
- Jianzhou
- (from the article "Nurhachi") chieftain of the Jianzhou Juchen, a Manchurian tribe, and one of the founders of the Manchu, or Qing, dynasty. His first attack on China (1618) presaged his son Dorgon's conquest ...
- Jiaolai Plain
- (from the article "China") ...many hills are horsts (blocks of the Earth's crust uplifted along faults), while the valleys have been formed by grabens (blocks of the Earth's crust that have been thrust down ...
- Jiaozuo
- city, northern Henan sheng (province), China. It lies in the foothills at the southern end of the Taihang Mountains, to the west of Xinxiang, in a mining ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jiaqing
- reign name (nianhao) of the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12), during whose reign (1796-1820) a partial attempt was made to restore the flagging state of ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jiaxing
- city, northern Zhejiang sheng (province), eastern China. Jiaxing is a communications centre in the southern Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) delta, situated to the southeast of Lake Tai ...
- jib
- in sailing ships, triangular sail rigged to a stay extending from the foremast, or foretopmast, to the bowsprit or to a spar, the jibboom, that is an extension of the ...
- jib crane
- (from the article "crane") The most prominent component of that class of cranes known as derrick cranes is the jib, or boom; this is a long beam that is structurally reinforced so that it ...
- jiba
- (from the article "Tenrikyo") The goal of Tenrikyo is a happy life free from disease and suffering. The modern sect emphasizes modern medical care. The centre of religious activity is the jiba, a sacred ...
- Jibala
- (from the article "Rif War") ...the Bay of Al-Hoceima (Alhucemas), which made communications and development difficult. In 1920 the Spanish commissioner, General Damaso Berenguer, decided to conquer the eastern zone's Jibala tribes and thus incorporate ...
- Jibril
- in Islam, the archangel who acts as intermediary between God and man and as bearer of revelation to the prophets, most notably, to Muhammad. In biblical literature Gabriel is the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Jibril ibn 'Umar
- (from the article "Usman dan Fodio") ...teacher in the traditional way and reading extensively in the Islamic sciences. One powerful intellectual and religious influence at this time was his teacher in the southern Saharan city of ...
- Jibril, Ahmad
- (from the article "Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine") ...Habash. Conflicts within the organization over ideology led to several splits and generated independent factions, most notably the PFLP-General Command (PFLP-GC) established in 1968 by Ahmad Jibril. Each of these ...
- jicama
- (species Pachyrhizus erosus, or P. tuberosus), leguminous vine native to Mexico and Central and South America, grown for its edible tuberous root. The plant's irregularly globular, brown-skinned tubers are white-fleshed, ... [1 Related Articles]
- jicama de aqua
- (from the article "jicama") ...native to Mexico and Central and South America, grown for its edible tuberous root. The plant's irregularly globular, brown-skinned tubers are white-fleshed, crisp, and juicy; some varieties (jicama de aqua) ...
- jicama de leche
- (from the article "jicama") ...its edible tuberous root. The plant's irregularly globular, brown-skinned tubers are white-fleshed, crisp, and juicy; some varieties (jicama de aqua) have clear juices, and some (jicama de leche) have milky ...
- Jicaque
- Indians of the northwest coast of Honduras. Their culture is similar to that of the Sumo and Miskito of northeastern Nicaragua. The Jicaque are an agricultural people, growing sweet manioc ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jicaque language
- (from the article "Middle American Indian") ...language, four extinct); the Coahuiltecan family (four extinct languages); the Tequistlatecan family, with one living language; the Supanecan family (one surviving language, two extinct); and the Jicaquean family, with one ...
- Jicarilla Apache
- North American Indian tribe living in the southwestern United States, one of several loosely organized autonomous bands of the Eastern Apache. Their traditional lands included parts of present-day Colorado, Oklahoma, ... [2 Related Articles]
- jidai-geki
- (from the article "motion picture, history of the") ...Production procedures were standardized and structured for the mass production of motion pictures, and the studios increased their efficiency by specializing in either jidai-geki, period films set ...
- Jidai-matsuri
- (from the article "Kyoto") The three major festivals (matsuri)-Aoi in May, Gion in July, and Jidai in October-are almost national events. The Jidai-matsuri ("Festival of the Ages") is a parade depicting, in period costume, ...
- jidaimono
- (from the article "Kabuki") Kabuki subject matter creates distinctions between the historical play (jidaimono) and the domestic play (sewamono). A Kabuki program generally presents them in that order, ...
- Jidda International Airport
- (from the article "Bunshaft, Gordon") ...and Sculpture Garden (Washington, D.C., 1974). Bunshaft's buildings outside the United States include the Banque Lambert of Brussels (1965) and the remarkable Haj Terminal and Support Complex at the Jidda ...
- Jiddah
- (from the article "Bahrain") ...other islands in the group are Nabi Salih, Al-Muhammadiyyah (Umm al-Sabban), Umm al-Na'san (linked by the King Fahd Causeway), and Jiddah. The second group consists of the Hawar Islands, which ...
- Jiddah
- city and major port in central Hejaz region, western Saudi Arabia. It lies along the Red Sea west of Mecca. The principal importance of Jiddah in history is that it ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jiddah, Treaty of
- (from the article "Jiddah") ...Red Sea. In 1916 Jiddah and its Turkish garrisons surrendered to British forces. It then formed part of the Kingdom of the Hejaz until 1925, when it was captured by ...
- jiehua
- (from the article "gongbi") A term related to gongbi, jiehua, or "boundary painting," refers to the accurate depiction of architectural forms with the aid of a ruler. One ...
- Jien
- posthumous name Jichen learned Buddhist monk and poet who became the first great Japanese historian. [1 Related Articles]
- Jifarah, al-
- coastal plain of northern Africa, on the Mediterranean coast of extreme northwestern Libya and of southeastern Tunisia. Roughly semicircular, it extends from Qabis (Gabes), Tunisia, to about 12 miles (20 ...
- jig
- folk dance, usually solo, that was popular in Scotland and northern England in the 16th and 17th centuries and in Ireland since the 18th century. It is an improvised dance ...
- jig
- (from the article "furniture industry") ...line or conveyor-belt system begins. This is not usually in continuous movement but takes the form of a series of loose rollers over which the work can easily be pushed ...
- Jigawa
- state, northern Nigeria. It was created from the northeastern half of Kano state in 1991. Jigawa borders the Republic of Niger to the north and the Nigerian states of Yobe ...
- jigg
- (from the article "Music in Shakespeare's Plays") ...especially those specializing in clown roles, sang as well. A special musical-comic genre, the jigg, was the particular domain of the great Shakespearean comedians Richard Tarlton and William Kempe. Jiggs ...
- jigger flea
- (from the article "mammee apple") ...and are used as an antiworming agent. An aromatic liqueur distilled from the flowers is called eau de Creole. The acrid, resinous gum has been used locally for destroying skin-infesting ...
- jiggering
- (from the article "whiteware") ...porcelains; extrusion in the forming of tiles and sanitary ware (including pipe); and slip casting in the forming of plumbing fixtures and some tableware. In addition to these standard processes, ...
- jigging
- (from the article "mineral processing") In the process called jigging, a water stream is pulsed, or moved by pistons upward and downward, through the material bed. Under the influence of this oscillating motion, the bed ...
- jigging puppet
- (from the article "puppetry") Another minor form of puppet representation is provided by the jigging puppets, or marionnettes a la planchette, that were, during the 18th and 19th centuries, frequently performed at street corners ...
- Jigme Dorji National Park
- (from the article "Bhutan") ...areas, including the Royal Manas National Park (1966), which adjoins India along the banks of the Manas River and is home to the rare golden langur (a slender long-tailed monkey). ...
- Jigoku
- in Japanese Buddhism, hell, a region popularly believed to be composed of a number of hot and cold regions located under the Earth. Jigoku is ruled over by Emma-o, the ...
- jigsaw
- (from the article "saw") The power jigsaw, or scroll saw, does mechanically the same irregular cutting as the hand coping saw. The straight, narrow blade is mounted vertically between a pulsating lower shaft and ...
- jigsaw puzzle
- any set of varied, irregularly shaped pieces that, when properly assembled, form a picture or map. The puzzle is so named because the picture, originally attached to wood and later ...
- jihad
- ("struggle," or "battle"), a religious duty imposed on Muslims to spread Islam by waging war; jihad has come to denote any conflict waged for principle or belief and is often ... [14 Related Articles]
- Jihlava
- city, south-central Czech Republic. It lies in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, along the Jihlava River. From about 1240, its prosperity rested on its silver mines. A royal mint operated there from ...
- Jihlava Heights
- (from the article "Bohemian-Moravian Highlands") ...the tributaries of the Elbe (Labe) River (north). They form a rolling, densely forested, hilly country averaging from 2,000 to 2,500 feet (600 to 750 m) in height. There are ...
- Jihocesky
- kraj (region), southern Czech Republic. It is bordered on the north by Stredocesky and Vychodocesky kraje, on the east by Jihomoravsky kraj, on the south by Austria, on the southwest ...
- Jihomoravsky
- kraj (region), southeastern Czech Republic. Bordered by Jihocesky kraj to the west, Vychodocesky and Severomoravsky kraje to the north, Slovakia to the east, and Austria to the south, it has ...
- Jijel
- town and roadstead port, northeastern Algeria, on the Mediterranean seacoast and the western edge of the Collo Kabylie region. The city of Jijel, originally a Phoenician trading post, passed successively ...
- Jilaliyah
- (from the article "Qadiriyah") ...and peaceful Sufi system and is governed by a descendant of al-Jilani, who serves as the keeper of his tomb in Baghdad. A smaller group in North Africa, the Jilaliyah, ...
- Jilf al-Kabir Plateau, Al-
- (from the article "Nile River") ...Lake Victoria, a Nile source; and on the west by the less well-defined watershed between the Nile, Chad, and Congo basins, extending northwest to include the Marrah Mountains of The ...
- Jili, al-
- in full 'abd Al-karim Qutb Ad-din Ibn Ibrahim Al-jili mystic whose doctrines of the "perfect man" became popular throughout the Islamic world.
- Jilin
- city, central Jilin province (sheng), northeastern China. It is a prefecture-level municipality (shi) whose territory was enlarged in the early 1970s to encompass the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jiloa, Lake
- (from the article "Nicaragua") ...lakes near the city of Managua. They include Lake Managua, which covers an area of 400 square miles (1,035 square km), Lake Asososca, which acts as the city's reservoir of ...
- Jim Crow law
- in U.S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of the formal Reconstruction period in 1877 and the beginning of a strong ... [4 Related Articles]
- Jim Thompson's Thai House
- (from the article "Bangkok") ...houses prehistoric and Bronze Age art relics, as well as royal objects dating to the 6th century AD. The city also houses the National Library and the Thai National Documentation ...
- Jim Thorpe
- borough (town), seat of Carbon county, eastern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Lehigh River, in a valley of the Pocono Mountains, 22 miles (35 km) northwest of Allentown. It was created ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam
- (from the article "Bainbridge") ...First Seminole War (1817-18). The site was named for William Bainbridge, commander of the frigate Constitution, and developed as a lumbering town and river port. Downriver, the ...
- Jima
- town, southwestern Ethiopia, 220 miles (353 km) by road southwest of Addis Ababa. It lies at an elevation of 5,740 feet (1,750 m) in a forested region known for its ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jimani
- city, southwestern Dominican Republic. It is situated in a hilly region between the western shore of Lake Enriquillo and the Haitian border. The city is a trade centre for the ...
- Jimenez
- (from the article "Osa Peninsula") ...The generally low-lying terrain, rising to an elevation of 2,566 feet (782 metres) at Tigre Hill, is used for livestock raising. The principal town on the peninsula is the port ...
- Jimenez de Cisneros, Francisco, Cardenal
- (Cardinal) prelate, religious reformer, and twice regent of Spain (1506, 1516-17). In 1507 he became both a cardinal and the grand inquisitor of Spain, and during his public life he ... [7 Related Articles]
- Jimenez de Quesada, Gonzalo
- Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that won the region of New Granada (Colombia) for Spain. [2 Related Articles]
- Jimenez de Rada, Rodrigo
- (from the article "Navas de Tolosa, Battle of Las") Immobilized for several years by his crushing defeat at Alarcos (1195) at the hands of the Almohads, King Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leon gained the sympathy of the archbishop ...
- Jimenez Lozano, Jose
- (from the article "Spanish literature") ...novel, science fiction, adventure novels, and the thriller. Despite this proliferation of modes, many novelists continued producing what might be considered "traditional" narrative. Jose Jimenez Lozano investigates Inquisitorial repression, recondite ...
- Jimenez, Francisco
- (from the article "Popol Vuh") The original book was discovered at the beginning of the 18th century by Francisco Jimenez (or Ximenez), parish priest of Chichicastenango in highland Guatemala. He both copied the original Quiche ...
- Jimenez, Juan Ramon
- Spanish poet awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956. [2 Related Articles]
- Jimenez, Luis Alfonso, Jr.
- American Chicano sculptor (b. July 30, 1940, El Paso, Texas-d. June 13, 2006, Hondo, N.M.), created large-scale works in metal and fibreglass that he spray-painted in electric colours. Considered an ...
- Jimeta
- town, Adamawa state, eastern Nigeria. It lies on the south bank of the Benue River, and on the highway between Zing and Girei. Merged with Yola in 1935 by the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jimi Hendrix Experience
- (from the article "Hendrix, Jimi") By November his band, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, had their first Top Ten single, "Hey Joe." Two more hits, "Purple Haze" and "The Wind Cries Mary," followed before their first ...
- Jimmu
- legendary first emperor of Japan and founder of the imperial dynasty. [4 Related Articles]
- jimsonweed
- annual, herbaceous, tropical plant (Datura stramonium) of the potato family (Solanaceae) that has become an introduced weed throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere. The plant was used by Algonquin Indians ... [9 Related Articles]
- Jimyo Temple
- (from the article "Japan") ...from the military. The occasion was provided by the question of the imperial succession. In the mid-13th century two competing lines for the succession emerged-the senior line centred on the ...
- Jin dynasty
- (1115-1234), dynasty that ruled an empire formed by the Tungus Juchen (or Jurchen) tribes of Manchuria. The empire covered much of Inner Asia and all of present-day North China. [13 Related Articles]
- Jin dynasty
- Chinese dynasty that comprises two distinct phases-the Xi (Western) Jin, ruling China from AD 265 to 316/317, and the Dong (Eastern) Jin, which ruled China from AD 317 to 420. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jin Fu
- (from the article "Kangxi") ...that commanded Kangxi's attention. Long neglected, the river repeatedly flooded the land near where it joined the Huai River, causing great damage to northern Jiangsu. In 1677 Kangxi appointed Jin ...
- Jin River
- (from the article "Fukien") Fukien's rivers are still in use for transportation. The headwaters of the Chin River, a tributary of the Fu-t'un River, are navigable for small boats right up to the Wu-i ...
- Jin Sun Yu
- (from the article "Ice Skating") ...Soo, triple gold medalist at the 2006 Olympics, won a fifth straight overall world title, cementing his place, at just 22 years old, as the most accomplished short-track speed skater ...
- Jin, Ha
- Chinese American writer Ha Jin won the PEN/Faulkner Award for fiction in 2000 for his novel Waiting. When, a year earlier, the novel had won the 1999 National Book Award, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jinadiriyyah, Al-
- (from the article "Riyadh") Al-Jinadiriyyah, a national heritage and culture festival, is a major event held annually near Riyadh. One of the largest cultural festivals of its kind in the Arab world, Al-Jinadiriyyah hosts ...
- Jinan
- city and capital, Shandong sheng (province), China. It lies in the northern foothills of the Mount Tai massif, on the high ground just south of the Huang ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jinasena
- (from the article "Jainism") ...and poems, which were written in Prakrit, Kannada, and Sanskrit. A number of kings provided patronage for this literary activity, and some wrote various works of literature themselves. The monk ...
- jinbi shanshui
- style of Chinese landscape painting during the Sui (581-618) and Tang (618-907) dynasties. [1 Related Articles]
- Jind
- city, central Haryana state, northwestern India, on road and rail routes to Delhi, 70 miles (110 km) southeast. Another rail line connects it eastward to Panipat. Jind is said to ...
- Jindrich of Lipa
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...Archbishop Petr of Aspelt, followed John to Prague and tried to uphold the royal authority. In the resulting conflict, a powerful aristocratic faction scored a decisive victory in 1318. Its ...
- Jindyworobak movement
- brief nationalistic Australian literary movement of the 1930s to mid-1940s that sought to promote native ideas and traditions, especially in literature. [1 Related Articles]
- Jing Hao
- important landscape painter and essayist of the Five Dynasties (907-960) period. [2 Related Articles]
- Jing River
- river in north-central China, the largest tributary of the Wei River. It rises in the Liupan Mountains of the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia and flows about 280 miles (450 ...
- Jingdezhen
- city, northeastern Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. Situated on the south bank of the Chang River, it was originally a market town called Changnanzhen and received its ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jingdi
- posthumous name (shi) of the fifth emperor of the Han dynasty, during whose reign (157-141 BC) an attempt was made to limit the power of the great ...
- Jinggang Mountains
- (from the article "Hunan") ...from Hunan. Mao was largely responsible for encouraging the peasants and miners to make the abortive Autumn Harvest Uprising of 1927. He subsequently held the Communist forces together in the ...
- Jinghong
- city, southern Yunnan sheng (province), southwestern China. It is situated in a rich basin on the west bank of the Mekong (Lancang) River, near the borders of ...
- jinghu
- Chinese two-stringed fiddle that is the principal melodic instrument in jingxi (Peking opera) ensembles. The smallest (and therefore highest-pitched) of the Chinese spike fiddles ( [1 Related Articles]
- Jingikan
- (from the article "Japan") ...government was headed by twin agencies-the Council of State (Dajokan), which combined within its functions the various practical aspects of administration, and the Office of Deities (Jingikan), a parallel bureaucracy ...
- jingle shell
- any of several marine invertebrates of the class Bivalvia belonging to the family Anomiidae. In most species of these oysterlike bivalves, one shell valve (i.e., half) is closely appressed to ... [1 Related Articles]
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