| | - jet stream
- a region of long, narrow, high-speed winds that typically flow northeastward, eastward, and southeastward in the middle and upper troposphere or lower stratosphere. Jet streams are characterized by wind motions ... [7 Related Articles]
- Jetavana
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...at the cardinal points, often adorned with sculpture. There are many stupas at the ancient capital of Anuradhapura, at Polonnaruva, and at other sites; of these the Jetavana at Anuradhapura ...
- Jetavanaviharavasi
- (from the article "Buddhism") ...The cosmopolitan Abhayagiriviharavasi maintained open relations with Mahayana and later Vajrayana monks and welcomed new ideas from India. The Mahaviharavasi-with whom the third group, the Jetavanaviharavasi, was loosely associated-established the ...
- JetBlue Airways
- (from the article "Business Overview") Low-cost airlines, which had prospered over the past few years at the expense of the legacy airlines, faced their own challenges, including rising fuel costs and overexpansion. As a result, ...
- jete
- (French jete: "thrown"), ballet leap in which the weight of the dancer is transferred from one foot to the other. The dancer "throws" one leg to the front, side, or ... [1 Related Articles]
- jete battu
- (from the article "jete") ...to the other. The dancer "throws" one leg to the front, side, or back and holds the other leg in any desired position upon landing. Among the commonly seen forms ...
- jete en tournant
- (from the article "jete") ...legs are crossed in the air before the descent; the grand jete, a broad, high leap with one leg stretched forward and the other back like a "split" in the ...
- Jeter, Derek
- American professional baseball player who, as a shortstop for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), was selected to multiple American League (AL) All-Star teams and was one ...
- Jethro
- in the Old Testament, priest of Midian of the Kenite clan, with whom Moses took refuge after he killed an Egyptian and whose daughter Moses married (Exodus 3:1). [3 Related Articles]
- Jettou, Driss
- (from the article "Morocco") ...which Western Sahara 480,000 (excluding 150,000 Saharawi refugees living near Tindouf, Alg., from 1975) | Capital: Rabat | Head of state and government: King Muhammad VI, assisted by Prime Ministers ...
- jetty
- any of a variety of engineering structures connected with river, harbour, and coastal works designed to influence the current or tide or to protect a harbour or beach from waves ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jeu de Paume
- museum in Paris built as a tennis court and later converted into an Impressionist art museum and subsequently into a photography museum. [1 Related Articles]
- Jeune Afrique L'intelligent
- weekly newsmagazine in the French language that presents news and interpretative and editorial commentary on Africa, especially French-speaking Africa. It is published in Paris and is the preeminent newsmagazine covering ...
- Jeune Belgique, La
- ("Young Belgium"), influential review (1881-97), edited by poet and novelist Max Waller; it gave its name to a literary movement (though never a formal "school") that aimed to express a ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jeune Canada
- (from the article "Charbonneau, Robert") Charbonneau received a diploma in journalism from the University of Montreal in 1934. During his teens he had joined Jeune Canada ("Young Canada"), a Quebec nationalist organization, and by 1933-34, ...
- Jeune France, La
- (from the article "Jolivet, Andre") ...familiarity with the techniques of Bela Bartok, Arnold Schoenberg, and Alban Berg. In 1935 Jolivet helped found a contemporary chamber-music organization, La Spirale, later to become La Jeune France (the ...
- jeux direct
- (from the article "pelota") The variations of pelota can be classified as either jeux directs-games in which the players face each other and the pelota is hit freely between opponents-or jeux indirects-games in which ...
- jeux indirect
- (from the article "pelota") The variations of pelota can be classified as either jeux directs-games in which the players face each other and the pelota is hit freely between opponents-or jeux indirects-games in which ...
- Jevons, William Stanley
- English logician and economist whose book The Theory of Political Economy (1871) expounded the "final" (marginal) utility theory of value. Jevons's work, along with similar discoveries made ... [6 Related Articles]
- Jew
- any person whose religion is Judaism (q.v.). In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, ... [150 Related Articles]
- Jew's harp
- musical instrument consisting of a thin wood or metal tongue fixed at one end to the base of a two-pronged frame. The player holds the frame to his mouth, which ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jew's mallow
- (from the article "jute") either of two species of Corchorus plants-C. capsularis, or white jute, and C. olitorius, including both tossa and daisee varieties-belonging to the hibiscus, or mallow family (Malvaceae), and their fibre. ...
- Jew's myrtle
- (from the article "broom") ...A common, almost leafless species is C. scoparius, a shrub with bright yellow flowers; it is often grown for erosion control in warm climates. When ripe, its pods burst, scattering ...
- Jewel Cave National Monument
- limestone caverns in southwestern South Dakota, U.S., 15 miles (24 km) west of Custer. Established in 1908, the monument occupies a surface area of 2 square miles (5 square km) ...
- jewel orchid
- any member of several closely related genera of orchids (family Orchidaceae) that are cultivated as ornamentals because of their striking leaf patterns.
- Jewel, John
- Anglican bishop of Salisbury and controversialist who defended Queen Elizabeth I's religious policies opposing Roman Catholicism. The works Jewel produced during the 1560s defined and clarified points of difference between ...
- Jewel-Osco
- American retail grocery and pharmacy chain acquired by Albertson's, Inc., of Boise, Idaho, in 1999. The company originated in 1899, when Frank Vernon Skiff and Frank Ross founded the Jewel ...
- Jewell, Edward Alden
- (from the article "art criticism") ...in the 1940s. The New York Times and Time magazine began to cover art events, often in controversial depth, as the critical reporting of ...
- jewelry
- objects of personal adornment prized for the craftsmanship going into their creation and generally for the value of their components as well. [24 Related Articles]
- Jewett, Frank Baldwin
- U.S. electrical engineer and first president of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., who directed research in telephony, telegraphy, and radio and television communications.
- Jewett, Sarah Orne
- American writer of regional fiction that centred on life in Maine. [2 Related Articles]
- jewfish
- any of several large fishes of the sea bass (q.v.) family (Serranidae), especially the goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara), found on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America and in ...
- Jewish Agency
- international body representing the World Zionist Organization, created in 1929 by Chaim Weizmann, with headquarters in Jerusalem. Its purpose is to assist and encourage Jews worldwide to help develop and ... [7 Related Articles]
- Jewish Agricultural Society
- (from the article "Hirsch, Maurice, baron de") ...Hirsch founded and endowed the Baron de Hirsch fund in the United States, principally to help Jewish immigrants there to learn a trade. In the late 20th century the fund ...
- Jewish Centre
- (from the article "Kaplan, Mordecai Menahem") In 1916 he organized the Jewish Centre in New York, a secular community organization with a synagogue as its nucleus, the first of its kind in the United States, and ...
- Jewish Colonization Association
- (from the article "Hirsch, Maurice, baron de") ...1,000,000 francs to the Alliance Israelite Universelle, a philanthropic organization, and subsequently maintained it with large annual donations. He then established and richly endowed the Jewish Colonization Association, with headquarters ...
- Jewish Culture and Science, Society for
- (from the article "Zunz, Leopold") ...public, for the first time, the scope and beauty of postbiblical Jewish literature. In 1819, with the noted jurist Eduard Gans and a merchant and mathematician, Moses Moser, Zunz founded ...
- Jewish Daily Forward
- Yiddish-language newspaper published in New York City and in regional centres in the United States. [4 Related Articles]
- Jewish Disabilities Bill
- (from the article "Goldsmid, Sir Isaac Lyon, 1st Baronet") financier, Britain's first Jewish baronet, whose work for Jewish emancipation in that nation made possible the passage of the Jewish Disabilities Bill of 1859, granting basic civil and political rights ...
- Jewish Era
- (from the article "Jewish calendar") ...the annual solar cycle, a 13th month of 30 days is intercalated in the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19-year cycle. Therefore, a leap ...
- Jewish Fighting Organization
- (from the article "Warsaw Ghetto Uprising") ...shipped about 265,000 Jews from Warsaw to Treblinka. Only some 55,000 remained in the ghetto. As the deportations continued, despair gave way to a determination to resist. A newly formed ...
- Jewish fundamentalism
- (from the article "fundamentalism") Three main trends in Israeli Judaism have been characterized as fundamentalist: militant religious Zionism, the ultra-Orthodoxy of the Ashkenazim (Jews of eastern European origin), and the ultra-Orthodoxy of the Sephardim ...
- Jewish ghetto
- (from the article "Rome") The portion closest to Tiber Island was once a major republican racing and sports ground, the Circus Flaminius (220 BC), which in the 16th century became the Jewish ghetto. Jews ...
- Jewish holiday
- (from the article "calendar") ...New Year (about September) to December 31 and 240 from January 1 to the eve of the Jewish New Year. The adjustment differs slightly for the conversion of dates of ...
- Jewish Institute of Religion
- (from the article "Wise, Stephen Samuel") In 1922 Wise founded the Jewish Institute of Religion in New York City, a seminary that was especially designed to train liberal rabbis for the New York area; this school ...
- Jewish law
- (from the article "Judaism") ...form, Torah was considered to be especially present in the first five books of the Bible (the Pentateuch), which themselves came to be called Torah. In addition to this written ...
- Jewish Museum
- (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") Also in New York City, the Jewish Museum's retrospective of Louise Nevelson's work was another exceptional monographic sculpture survey. The museum brought this important artist back into the spotlight with ...
- Jewish Museum Berlin
- (from the article "Architecture") ...and its architecture sought to be contemporary while retaining a memory of traditional Chinese architecture. Polish American architect Daniel Libeskind added a "glass courtyard" to the Jewish Museum in Berlin, ...
- Jewish Music, Institute for
- (from the article "Idelsohn, Abraham Zevi") ...music in Berlin and Leipzig. Before emigrating to Jerusalem in 1905, he was a cantor in Leipzig and Regensberg, Ger., and in Johannesburg. In Jerusalem he served as a cantor ...
- Jewish National and University Library
- (from the article "Jerusalem") The Jewish National and University Library (1892), with more than four million volumes in its main and dependent libraries, is Israel's largest. It holds the foremost collection of books, incunabula, ...
- Jewish National Fund
- (from the article "Palestine") ...of the Jews to Palestine, remained the basic policy of the Palestinian Arabs until 1948. The arrival of more than 18,000 Jewish immigrants between 1919 and 1921 and land purchases ...
- Jewish Publication Society of America
- (from the article "Szold, Henrietta") Also in 1893 Szold became editorial secretary of the five-year-old Jewish Publication Society. During her 23 years in that post she was largely responsible for the publication of English versions ...
- Jewish religious year
- the cycle of Sabbaths and holidays that are commonly observed by the Jewish religious community-and officially in Israel by the Jewish secular community as well. The Sabbath and festivals are ... [8 Related Articles]
- Jewish Revolt, First
- (AD 66-70), Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in Judaea. The First Jewish Revolt was the result of a long series of clashes in which small groups of Jews offered sporadic ... [4 Related Articles]
- Jewish Revolt, Second
- (AD 132-135), Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in Judaea. The revolt was preceded by years of clashes between Jews and Romans in the area. Finally, in AD 132, the misrule ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jewish State Theatre
- (from the article "Kaminska, Ida") ...Kaminska Theatre, where she starred in productions that she adapted and directed. She spent the years during World War II acting in the Soviet Union and then returned to her ...
- Jewish Theological Seminary of America
- the academic and spiritual centre of Conservative Judaism in the United States. Founded in New York City in 1886 as the Jewish Theological Seminary Association, the institution was first headed ... [6 Related Articles]
- Jewison, Norman
- (from the article "1967: Best Picture") In the Heat of the Night, produced by Walter Mirisch, directed by Norman Jewison (AAN), screenplay by Stirling Silliphant (AA) based on the novel of the same name by John ...
- Jewitt, David
- (from the article "Kuiper belt") The first Kuiper belt object (KBO) was discovered in 1992 by the American astronomer David Jewitt and graduate student Jane Luu. Designated 1992 QB1, the body is about 200-250 km ...
- Jewitt, John R.
- (from the article "Canadian literature") ...the 20th century in the writing of authors Margaret Atwood and Rudy Wiebe. A Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt (1815) is a captivity narrative that ...
- Jews' College
- (from the article "Adler, Nathan Marcus") chief rabbi of the British Empire, who founded Jews' College and the United Synagogue.
- Jex-Blake, Sophia Louisa
- British physician who successfully sought legislation (1876) permitting women in Britain to receive the M.D. degree and a license to practice medicine and surgery. Through her efforts a medical school ...
- Jeyaretnam, J(oshua) B(enjamin)
- Singaporean lawyer and politician was a longtime critic of Singapore's authoritarian ruling People's Action Party (PAP) and the country's first opposition party MP (1981-86; 1997-2001). Jeyaretnam (commonly called JBJ) earned ...
- Jezebel
- in the Old Testament (Kings I and II), the wife of King Ahab, who ruled the kingdom of Israel; by interfering with the exclusive worship of the Hebrew god Yahweh, ... [6 Related Articles]
- Jezreel
- (from the article "biblical literature") ...a symbol of Israel's playing the part of a whore searching for gods other than the one true God. He is to have children by her. Three children are born ...
- Jezreel
- (May God Give Seed), ancient city of Palestine, capital of the northern kingdom of Israel under King Ahab, located on a spur of Mt. Gilboa in Israel. King Saul was ...
- Jhabua
- (from the article "Jhabua") Jhabua district (about 2,600 sq mi [6,800 sq km]), constituted in 1948, consists of the former Jhabua and several other princely state areas. It comprises a region traversed by the ...
- Jhabua
- town, administrative headquarters of Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh state, central India. Located on Bahadur Sagar (lake), it was founded in the 16th century by a Labhana freebooter and served as ...
- Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer
- German-born novelist and screenwriter, well known for her witty and insightful portrayals of contemporary Indian lives. [2 Related Articles]
- Jhalawar
- (from the article "Jhalawar") Jhalawar district (2,400 sq mi [6,216 sq km]), part of the Malwa Plateau, consists of a fertile undulating plain in the north and a hilly tract toward the south. Cotton, ...
- Jhalawar
- town, administrative headquarters of Jhalawar district, Rajasthan state, northwestern India. The town-sometimes called Jhalrapatan, Jhalrapatan Chhaoni (cantonment), or Brijnagar-is a major road junction and agricultural market centre. The old town ...
- Jhang Maghiana
- city consisting of twin towns, headquarters of Jhang Maghiana District, Sargodha Division, Punjab Province, Pakistan, just east of the Chenab River. Maghiana lies on the edge of the highlands overlooking ...
- Jhansi
- city, southwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India, at a major road and rail junction. The main city, which is enclosed by a wall, arose around a fort built in 1613 ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jharia
- city and coalfield in southern Bihar state, eastern India. The coalfield lies in the Damodar Valley, covers about 110 square miles (280 square km), and produces bituminous coal suitable for ...
- Jhelum
- town, Punjab province, northeastern Pakistan. The town lies just west of the Jhelum River (there bridged by both road and rail) and is connected by rail and the Grand Trunk ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jhelum River
- river, westernmost of the five rivers in the Punjab that ultimately drain into the Indus River in Pakistan. [3 Related Articles]
- Jhering, Rudolf von
- German legal scholar, sometimes called the father of sociological jurisprudence. He developed a philosophy of social utilitarianism that, in emphasizing the needs of society, differed from the individualist approach of ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jhukar culture
- (from the article "India") In Pakistan's Sind province the Post-Urban phase is recognizable in the Jhukar culture at Chanhu-daro and other sites. There certain copper or bronze weapons and tools appear to be of ...
- jhum
- (from the article "Arunachal Pradesh") ...settled agriculture, including wet-rice farming, has expanded considerably since the late 20th century, many of the hill peoples continue to practice shifting agriculture (jhum), whereby land is ...
- Jhumia Marma
- (from the article "Marma") people of the Chittagong Hills region of Bangladesh. The Marma numbered approximately 210,000 in the late 20th century. One group, the Jhumia Marma, have long settled in this southeastern region ...
- Jhunjhunu
- city, northeastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is a local trade centre for wool, cattle, hides, and gram (chick-pea). The city's major industries include a dye factory and woolen mills. ...
- Ji
- (from the article "Buddhism") ...Pure Land sect grew up around the itinerant teacher Ippen. He traveled throughout Japan, advocating the chanting of Amida's name at set intervals throughout the day; hence, his school was ...
- Ji Kang
- Chinese Daoist philosopher, alchemist, and poet who was one of the most important members of the free-spirited, heavy-drinking Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, a coterie of poets and philosophers ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ji Pengfei
- Chinese diplomat (b. 1910, Linyi, Shanxi province, China-d. Feb. 10, 2000, Beijing, China), served from 1982 to 1990 as director of Hong Kong and Macau affairs in the State Council, ...
- Ji'an
- city, west-central Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. Ji'an is situated on the west bank of the Gan River, at the head of navigation for small steamboats from ... [1 Related Articles]
- jia
- type of ancient Chinese vessel used for holding or heating wine and for pouring wine into the ground during a memorial ceremony. [1 Related Articles]
- jia
- (from the article "China") The basic unit of production and consumption in Chinese society remained the jia ("family"), consisting of kin related by blood, marriage, or adoption that shared a common ...
- Jia Lanpo
- Chinese archaeologist (b. Nov. 25, 1908, Hebei province, China-d. July 8, 2001, Beijing, China), was internationally known for his work as director of the Peking man excavation at the Zhoukoudian ...
- Jia Sidao
- (from the article "China") ...(reigned 1264/65-1274) indulged excessively in pleasure, though much of it was carefully concealed from the public. Shortly after the death of Shi Miyuan, the role of chief councillor went to ...
- Jia Tong
- (from the article "Swimming") Two Chinese women-two-time 3-m-springboard champion Guo Jingjing and 15-year-old newcomer Jia Tong-won two gold medals each. Guo won handily in the 1-m springboard with 323.70 points, defeating teammate Wu Minxia ...
- Jia Xian
- mathematician and astronomer active at the beginning of the greatest period of traditional Chinese mathematics.
- jiaguwen
- pictographic script found on oracle bones, it was widely used in divination in the Shang dynasty (c. 18th-12th century BC). [2 Related Articles]
- Jiajing
- (b. 1507, China-d. 1566/67, China), reign name (nianhao) of the 11th emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), whose long reign (1521-66/67) added a degree of stability to ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jialing River
- river in central China. A tributary of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), with the largest drainage area of the Yangtze basin, it rises in the rugged western outliers of the ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jiamusi
- city, northeastern Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. Jiamusi is situated on the lower reaches of the Sungari (Songhua) River and has good natural communications by river upstream ... [1 Related Articles]
- jian
- type of ancient Chinese bronze vessel having a large, deep bowl with a heavy rim that is meant to contain water or ice.
- Jian River
- (from the article "Fukien") ...of Fukien (to be distinguished from the Min River of Szechwan Province) occupies about half of the province. It is formed by the confluence upstream of three rivers, the largest ...
- Jian ware
- dark brown or blackish Chinese stoneware made for domestic use chiefly during the Song dynasty (960-1279) and into the early 14th century. Jian ware was made in Fujian province, first ... [4 Related Articles]
- Jiancheng
- (from the article "China") ...way into exile. At the end of 621 Dou's partisans in the northeast again rebelled under Liu Heita and recaptured most of the northeast. He was finally defeated by a ...
- Jiang Hua
- Chinese judge who, as president of a special tribunal of the Supreme People's Court-China's highest judicial body-presided over the sensational 1980 trial of the "Gang of Four," a radical communist ...
- Jiang Kanghu
- Chinese scholar, teacher, and reformer who was a leading proponent of socialism in China in the early 20th century.
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