| | - Jefferson River
- river, most westerly of the Missouri River's three headstreams, rising in the Gravelly Range in southwestern Montana, U.S., near the Continental Divide and Yellowstone National Park (where it is known ...
- Jefferson, Blind Lemon
- American country blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter, one of the earliest black folk-blues singers to achieve popular success. [1 Related Articles]
- Jefferson, Fort
- (from the article "Dry Tortugas") ...abounded there. Later mariners added the accurate adjective dry. A lighthouse was constructed on Garden Key in 1825, and another was built on the largest key, Loggerhead, ...
- Jefferson, Joseph
- U.S. actor whose name became identified with the character of Rip Van Winkle. [2 Related Articles]
- Jefferson, Martha
- the wife of Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States (1801-09). She was never a first lady because she died 19 years before her husband became president.
- Jefferson, Mount
- (from the article "Oregon") ...precipitation. The eastern section, less dissected, is crowned with a chain of volcanic peaks. Mount Hood, reaching 11,239 feet (3,428 metres) above sea level, is the highest peak in Oregon, ...
- Jefferson, Roberto
- (from the article "Brazil") ...reais (R$1 = about U.S.$0.45) from two businessmen seeking a procurement contract with the state-run entity. Played to the nation on network television, the videotape also showed Marinho implicating Roberto ...
- Jefferson, Thomas
- draftsman of the Declaration of Independence of the United States and the nation's first secretary of state (1789-94), second vice president (1797-1801), and, as the third president (1801-09), the statesman ... [62 Related Articles]
- Jefferson-Hemings paternity debate
- (from the article ""Tom and Sally": the Jefferson-Hemings paternity debate") Long before Americans learned about the sexual escapades of their 20th-century presidents-Warren Harding, John Kennedy, and Bill Clinton were the chief offenders-there was the story of Thomas Jefferson and Sally ...
- Jeffersonville
- city, seat (1802-10; 1873) of Clark county, southern Indiana, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River (there bridged) at the head of the Falls of the Ohio, opposite Louisville, Ky. ...
- Jefferts Schori, Katharine
- American prelate who in 2006 became the first female presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States. [2 Related Articles]
- Jeffery, Michael
- (from the article "Australia") Area: 7,692,208 sq km (2,969,978 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 20,857,000 | Capital: Canberra | Chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Michael Jeffery ...
- Jeffords, James
- (from the article "Republican Party") ...highest office. The Republicans also won a majority in both chambers of Congress (though the Democrats gained effective control of the Senate in 2001 following the decision of Republican Senator ...
- Jeffrey, Edward Charles
- Canadian-American botanist who worked on the morphology and phylogeny of vascular plants.
- Jeffrey, Francis Jeffrey, Lord
- literary critic and Scottish judge, best known as the editor of The Edinburgh Review, a quarterly that was the preeminent organ of British political and literary criticism in the early ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jeffreys, Alec
- (from the article "DNA fingerprinting") in genetics, method of isolating and making images of sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The technique was developed in 1984 by the British geneticist Alec Jeffreys, after he noticed the ...
- Jeffreys, George Jeffreys, 1st Baron
- English judge notorious for his cruelty and corruption. He presided over the "Bloody Assizes" of 1685 following the failure of the duke of Monmouth's rebellion and was in charge of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jeffreys, Sir Harold
- British astronomer and geophysicist noted for his wide variety of scientific contributions. [4 Related Articles]
- Jeffries, James Jackson
- American boxer who was the world heavyweight champion from June 9, 1899, when he knocked out Bob Fitzsimmons in 11 rounds at Coney Island, New York City, until 1905, when ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jeffries, John
- (from the article "Blanchard, Jean-Pierre-Francois") French balloonist who, with the American physician John Jeffries, made the first aerial crossing of the English Channel. He was also the first to make balloon flights in England, North ...
- Jefri
- (from the article "Brunei") ...the revised Brunei constitution launched two years earlier gave immunity to the sultan, who "can do no wrong in either his personal or any official capacity." The sultan's brother Prince ...
- Jehangir Art Gallery
- (from the article "Mumbai") ...Museum of Western India), housed in a building that is a British architectural mixture of Hindu and Muslim styles, contains three main sections: art, archaeology, and natural history. Nearby is ...
- Jehoiachin
- in the Old Testament (II Kings 24), son of King Jehoiakim and king of Judah. He came to the throne at the age of 18 in the midst of the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Jehoiakim
- in the Old Testament (II Kings 23:34-24:17; Jer. 22:13-19; II Chron. 36:4-8), son of King Josiah and king of Judah (c. 609-598 BC). When Josiah died at Megiddo, his younger ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jehol Uplands
- region of extremely complex and rugged topography in southwestern Liaoning province, northeastern Hopeh province, and southeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The area is mostly composed of Precambrian granites, gneiss, ...
- Jehonadab
- (from the article "Rechabite") member of a conservative, ascetic Israelite sect that was named for Rechab, the father of Jehonadab. Jehonadab was an ally of Jehu, a 9th-century-BC king of Israel, and a zealous ...
- Jehoram
- one of two contemporary Old Testament kings. [2 Related Articles]
- Jehoshaphat
- king (c. 873-c. 849 BC) of Judah during the reigns in Israel of Ahab, Ahaziah, and Jehoram, with whom he maintained close political and economic alliances. Jehoshaphat aided Ahab in ...
- Jehovah's Witness
- member of a millennialist sect that developed within the larger 19th-century Adventist movement in the United States and has since spread worldwide. The Jehovah's Witnesses are an outgrowth of the ... [16 Related Articles]
- Jehu
- king (c. 842-815 BC) of Israel. He was a commander of chariots for the king of Israel, Ahab, and his son Jehoram, on Israel's frontier facing Damascus and Assyria. Ahab, ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jehuda ben Moses Cohen
- (from the article "Alfonsine Tables") ...assumed that the Earth was at the centre of the universe. The introduction states that the work was prepared in Toledo, Spain, for King Alfonso X of Leon and Castile ...
- Jeitun
- (from the article "Turkmenistan") ...in southern Turkmenistan from Paleolithic times to the present. Some of the earliest traces of agriculture in Central Asia were discovered some 20 miles (32 km) north of Ashgabat in ...
- jejunum
- (from the article "duodenum") ...mucous lining of the last two segments of the duodenum begins the absorption of nutrients, in particular iron and calcium, before the food contents enter the next part of the ...
- Jekyll Island
- (from the article "Sea Islands") ...In the antebellum period, almost all of Sapelo Island became the domain of Thomas Spalding, a prominent Georgia slaveholder, planter, and legislator. In the last half of the 19th century, ...
- Jekyll, Gertrude
- English landscape architect who was the most successful advocate of the natural garden and who brought to the theories of her colleague William Robinson a cultivated sensibility he lacked. [3 Related Articles]
- Jelacic, Josip, Graf
- (Count) Croatian politician and soldier who, as ban, or provincial governor, of Croatia under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, helped crush the Hungarian nationalist revolt against the empire in 1848. [3 Related Articles]
- Jelali Revolts
- rebellions in Anatolia against the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first revolt occurred in 1519 near Tokat under the leadership of Celal, a preacher of Shi'ah ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jelenia Gora
- city, Dolnoslaskie wojewodztwo (province), southwestern Poland. It lies in the Sudeten (Sudety) mountains near the Czech border, at the confluence of the Bobr and Kamienna rivers.
- Jelgava
- city, Latvia, on the Lielupe River southwest of Riga. In 1226 the Brothers of the Sword, a religious and military order, built the castle of Mitau there; town status was ...
- Jelinek, Elfriede
- Austrian novelist and playwright noted for her controversial works on gender relations, female sexuality, and popular culture. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2004. [2 Related Articles]
- jellaba
- (from the article "dress") ...of heavy cream-coloured wool decorated with brightly coloured stripes or embroidery. A voluminous outer gown still worn throughout the Middle East in the Arab world is the
- Jellicoe, John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl, Viscount Jellicoe of Scapa, Viscount Brocas of Southampton
- British admiral of the fleet who commanded at the crucial Battle of Jutland (May 31, 1916) during World War I. [4 Related Articles]
- Jellicoe, Sir Geoffrey Alan
- British landscape architect (b. Oct. 8, 1900, London, Eng.--d. July 17, 1996, Seaton, Devon, Eng.), considered landscape design the "mother of all arts" and for seven decades was one of ...
- Jellinek, Adolf
- rabbi and scholar who was considered to be the most forceful Jewish preacher of his time in central Europe.
- Jellinek, Elvin M
- American physiologist who was a pioneer in the scientific study of alcoholism.
- Jellinek, Georg
- German legal and political philosopher who, in his book Die sozialethische Bedeutung von Recht, Unrecht und Strafe (1878; 2nd ed., 1908; "The Social-Ethical Significance of Right, Wrong, ...
- Jelling
- (from the article "Denmark") ...Gorm's son and successor, Harald I (Bluetooth), claimed to have unified Denmark, conquered Norway, and Christianized the Danes. His accomplishments are inscribed in runic on a huge gravestone at Jelling, ...
- Jelling stones
- two 10th-century royal gravestones found in Jutland, best known of all Danish runic inscriptions. The earlier stone, a memorial honouring Queen Thyre, was commissioned by her husband, King Gorm the ...
- jelly
- a semitransparent confection consisting of the strained juice of various fruits or vegetables, singly or in combination, sweetened, boiled, slowly simmered, and congealed, often with the aid of pectin, gelatin, ... [2 Related Articles]
- jelly bean
- (from the article "jelly") The stiff, chewy consistency of the popular gumdrop and jelly bean candies is imparted by various grain starches. Jellies made from the seaweed extract agar-agar, valued for their clarity and ...
- jellyfish
- any planktonic marine member of the class Scyphozoa (phylum Cnidaria), a group of invertebrate animals composed of about 200 described species, or of the class Cubozoa (20 species). The term ... [8 Related Articles]
- Jelnik
- (from the article "Jelenia Gora") Archaeological data indicate that the site was occupied by an ancient Slavic tribe. Permanent settlement was begun in the 11th century by Jelnik, a knight who built the castle Nowy ...
- Jelutong Press
- (from the article "Hadi, Sayyid Shaykh bin Ahmad, al-") After starting and helping to run several madrasahs (Islamic schools) in Singapore (1907), Malacca (1915), and Penang (1919), Sayyid Shaykh founded the Jelutong Press in Penang in 1927. For the ...
- Jemaa
- town, Kaduna state, central Nigeria, near the Darroro Hills and on a road from Jos to Jagindi. A 2,000-year-old terra-cotta head discovered at Jemaa in 1944 proved to be vital ...
- Jemaah Islamiyah
- (from the article "Indonesia") ...authorities eventually identified the suicide bombers as part of the network led by two Malaysian terrorists, Azhari Husin and Noordin Mohammad Top, both of whom had been senior operatives of ...
- Jemappes
- (from the article "Borinage") ...southwest of Mons. Borinage's development was based on coal extracted from the area since the Middle Ages. The mines are no longer operative; the principal industries are metallurgy (in the ...
- Jember
- city, Jawa Timur provinsi (province), Java, Indonesia, located at the foot of Mount Argopuro, 95 miles (153 km) southeast of Surabaya, the provincial capital. Roads and railway ...
- Jemgum, Battle of
- (from the article "Louis of Nassau") ...the Netherlands's independence from Spain. He defeated Spanish troops at Heiligerlee, east of Groningen (May 23), where his brother Adolph was killed, but was decisively beaten by Alba's forces at ...
- Jemison, Mae
- American physician and the first African American woman to become an astronaut. In 1992 she spent more than a week orbiting Earth in the space shuttle Endeavour.
- Jemison, Mary
- captive of Native American Indians, whose published life story became one of the most popular in the 19th-century genre of captivity stories.
- jen
- in Confucian philosophy, one of the most fundamental of all virtues, variously translated as humaneness, warmheartedness, or benevolence. Before Confucius' time jen was understood as the kindness of rulers to ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jen, Gish
- (from the article "American literature") ...Her first novel, Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1989), was set in the bohemian world of the San Francisco Bay area during the 1960s. Other important Asian American writers included ...
- Jena
- city, Thuringia Land (state), east-central Germany. It lies on the Saale River, east of Weimar. First mentioned in the 9th century as Jani, it was chartered in ...
- Jena Bridge
- (from the article "Paris") ...park, the centre of which is alive with fountains, cascades, and pools. The Trocadero Aquarium (Cineaqua) is a few steps away in the park. From the bottom of the slope ...
- Jena glass
- fine-quality glass with improved resistance to heat and shock, suited for chemical ware. It was developed for thermometers and measuring vessels, optical ware, and scientific and industrial uses. [2 Related Articles]
- Jena Romanticism
- a first phase of Romanticism in German literature, centred in Jena from about 1798 to 1804. The group was led by the versatile writer Ludwig Tieck. Two members of the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jena, Battle of
- (Oct. 14, 1806), military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought between 122,000 French troops and 114,000 Prussians and Saxons, at Jena and Auerstadt, in Saxony (modern Germany). In the battle, ... [6 Related Articles]
- Jenatsch, Georg
- Swiss political and military leader of the Grisons (now Graubunden, the most easterly of Swiss cantons) during the complex struggles of the Thirty Years' War.
- Jenatzy, Camille
- (from the article "automobile") ...the electric offered attractive selling points: notably, instant self-start, silent operation, and minimal maintenance. The first automobile to exceed 100 km (60 miles) per hour was an electric (Camille Jenatzy's ...
- Jencks v. United States
- (from the article "Brennan, William") ...loyalty oath cases; in his dissent in StateTune (1953), in which the defendant was denied a copy of the confession; and in JencksUnited States (1957), in which Brennan gave the ...
- Jendouba
- town, northwestern Tunisia, about 95 miles (150 km) west of Tunis. It lies along the middle Wadi Majardah (Medjerda). The town was developed on the railway from Tunis to Algeria ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jenkin, Fleeming
- British engineer noted for his work in establishing units of electrical measurement.
- Jenkins' Ear, War of
- war between Great Britain and Spain that began in October 1739 and eventually merged into the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48). It was precipitated by an incident that took ... [5 Related Articles]
- Jenkins, Charles Francis
- (from the article "television") This concept was eventually used by John Logie Baird in Britain (see the photograph) and Charles Francis Jenkins in the United States to build the world's first successful televisions. The ...
- Jenkins, Charles Robert
- (from the article "Japan") ...who had been released and repatriated in 2002 following Kim's acknowledgement that such kidnappings had taken place and at the time of Koizumi's first visit to North Korea. In a ...
- Jenkins, David
- American figure skater who won a gold medal at the 1960 Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley, Calif. [1 Related Articles]
- Jenkins, Fergie
- Canadian-born professional baseball player, one of the premier pitchers in the game in the late 1960s and early '70s. A hard-throwing right-hander, he won at least 20 games in each ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jenkins, George
- (from the article "1976: Other Winners") Original Screenplay: Paddy Chayefsky for NetworkAdapted Screenplay: William Goldman for All the President's MenCinematography: Haskell Wexler for Bound for GloryArt Direction: George Jenkins for All the President's MenOriginal Score: Jerry ...
- Jenkins, Gordon
- (from the article "Sinatra, Frank") ...Billy May on outstanding up-tempo albums such as Come Fly with Me (1958) and Come Dance with Me! (1959), and with the arranger-composer Gordon ...
- Jenkins, Hayes Alan
- American figure skater who won a gold medal at the 1956 Winter Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. [1 Related Articles]
- Jenkins, John
- composer, lutenist, and string player, most eminent composer in his era of music for chamber ensembles. He was musician to Charles I and Charles II and served patrons from the ...
- Jenkins, Leroy
- American musician became the leading free-jazz violinist by improvising long atonal, arrhythmic, rhapsodic lines. Jenkins was among the members of Chicago's Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians who ...
- Jenkins, Roy, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead
- British politician, a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Community. Formerly a Labourite, he was the first leader of the Social Democratic Party (1982-83) and ... [3 Related Articles]
- Jenkinson, Anthony
- (from the article "European exploration") ...general, Richard Chancellor. Chancellor and his men wintered in the White Sea, and next spring "after much adoe at last came to Mosco." Between 1557 and 1560, another English voyager, ...
- Jenner, Bruce
- American decathlete who won a gold medal at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal with a record score of 8,618 points.
- Jenner, Edward
- English surgeon and discoverer of vaccination for smallpox. [7 Related Articles]
- Jenner, Sir William, 1st Baronet
- physician and anatomist best known for his clinico-pathologic distinction between typhus and typhoid fevers, although he was preceded in this work by others. His paper on the subject was published ...
- Jenney, William Le Baron
- American civil engineer and architect whose technical innovations were of primary importance in the development of the skyscraper. [8 Related Articles]
- Jennings, Dev
- (from the article "1938: Other Winners") ...Award: J. Arthur Ball, Deanna Durbin, Mickey Rooney, Harry M. WarnerHonorary Award: Walt Disney for Snow White and the Seven DwarfsHonorary Award: Jan Domela, Farciot Edouart, Loyal Griggs, Dev Jennings, ...
- Jennings, Elizabeth
- English poet whose works relate intensely personal matters in a plainspoken, traditional, and objective style and whose verse frequently reflects her devout Roman Catholicism and her love of Italy. [2 Related Articles]
- Jennings, Gordon
- (from the article "1938: Other Winners") ...Ball, Deanna Durbin, Mickey Rooney, Harry M. WarnerHonorary Award: Walt Disney for Snow White and the Seven DwarfsHonorary Award: Jan Domela, Farciot Edouart, Loyal Griggs, Dev Jennings, Gordon Jennings, Louis ...
- Jennings, Herbert Spencer
- U.S. zoologist, one of the first scientists to study the behaviour of individual microorganisms and to experiment with genetic variations in single-celled organisms. [1 Related Articles]
- Jennings, Peter Charles
- Canadian-born American television journalist (b. July 29, 1938, Toronto, Ont.-d. Aug. 7, 2005, New York, N.Y.), had an easygoing, detached manner that provided the calm delivery and knowledgeable air that ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jennings, Ray Salvatore
- (from the article "The Character and Future of Nation Building") By 2004 the U.S. involvement in nation building in Afghanistan and Iraq had many people wondering whether an effort to rebuild these failed nation-states was appropriate or would succeed. Nation ...
- Jennings, Sir Robert Yewdall
- British lawyer and jurist (b. Oct. 19, 1913, Idle, West Yorkshire, Eng.-d. Aug. 4, 2004, Cambridge, Eng.), served as Whewell Professor of International Law at the University of Cambridge (1955-82) ...
- Jennings, Waylon
- American country music singer and songwriter (b. June 15, 1937, Littlefield, Texas-d. Feb. 13, 2002, Chandler, Ariz.), recorded some 60 albums and 16 number one country hits and sold more ... [1 Related Articles]
- Jennings, Will
- (from the article "1982: Other Winners") ...Bricusse, Henry Mancini for Victor/VictoriaOriginal Song: "Up Where We Belong" from An Officer and a Gentleman; music by Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie, lyrics by Will JenningsHonorary Award: Mickey Rooney
- Jenny Lind
- (from the article "buggy") ...and, especially, the piano-box, or square-box, buggy enjoyed great popularity. Without a top a buggy was usually called a runabout, or a driving wagon, and if it had a standing ...
- Jenny Lind
- (from the article "cottage furniture") ...with floral motifs. The style often featured turned legs (i.e., legs shaped on a lathe), split spindles, and other hallmarks of earlier periods. Turned furniture of this type was also ...
- Jenolan Caves
- series of caves constituting one of Australia's best known tourist attractions, in east central New South Wales, 70 mi (113 km) west of Sydney. They comprise a series of tunnels ...
- Jensen, Adolph E.
- (from the article "dema deity") The most widely quoted example of the dema deity complex is the version of the Ceramese myth of Hainuwele, by the Danish anthropologist Adolf E. Jensen. According to this myth, ...
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