a distinctive feature of the penitential system of both the Western medieval and the Roman Catholic church that granted full or partial remission of the punishment of sin. The granting ...
hardening of rocks by heat or baking; also the hardening of sediments through cementation or compaction, or both, without the introduction of heat. The classic example is the rock called ...
the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent, first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-daro, near the Indus River in the ...
great trans-Himalayan river of South Asia and one of the longest rivers in the world, having a length of 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometres). It has a total drainage area of ...
former Japanese commercial bank that operated a general-banking and foreign-exchange business with branches in Japan and overseas. Established in 1902, the bank had specialized in medium- and long-term financing of ...
Ceramics are broadly defined as inorganic, nonmetallic materials that exhibit such useful properties as high strength and hardness, high melting temperatures, chemical inertness, and low thermal and electrical conductivity but ...
design of products made by large-scale industry for mass distribution. Designing such products means, first, planning their structure, operation, and appearance and then planning these to fit efficient production, distribution, ...
any diamond that is designated for industrial use, principally as a cutting tool or abrasive. In general, industrial diamonds are too badly flawed, irregularly shaped, poorly coloured, or small to ...
application of engineering principles and techniques of scientific management to the maintenance of a high level of productivity at optimum cost in industrial enterprises.
acquisition of trade secrets from business competitors. A by-product of the technological revolution, industrial espionage is a reaction to the efforts of many businessmen to keep secret their designs, formulas, ...
solid material that is normally lustrous and transparent in appearance and that shows great durability under exposure to the natural elements. These three properties-lustre, transparency, and durability-make glass a favoured ...
the branch of medicine concerned with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of diseases and accidental injuries in working populations in the workplace.
the darkness-of the skin, feathers, or fur-acquired by a population of animals living in an industrial region where the environment is soot-darkened. The melanization of a population increases the probability ...
dissonant electronic music that arose in the late 1970s in response to punk rock. Coined by British postpunk experimentalists Throbbing Gristle, the term industrial simultaneously evoked the ...
application of the concepts and methods of experimental, clinical, and social psychology to industry. The primary concern of industrial psychology is with the basic relations in industry between worker and ...
in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. This process began in England in the 18th century and ...
carrier designed to transport materials within a factory area with maximum flexibility in making moves. Most industrial trucks permit mechanized pickup and deposit of the loads, eliminating manual work in ...
trade union that combines all workers, both skilled and unskilled, who are employed in a particular industry. At the heart of industrial unionism is the slogan "one shop, one union."
labour organization founded in Chicago in 1905 by representatives of 43 groups. The IWW opposed the American Federation of Labor's acceptance of capitalism and its refusal to include unskilled workers ...
a group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or supply goods, services, or sources of income. In economics, industries are customarily classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary; secondary industries ...
French composer and teacher, remarkable for his attempted, and partially successful, reform of French symphonic and dramatic music along lines indicated by Cesar Franck.
also spelled Ini Anglo-Saxon king of the West Saxons, or Wessex, from 688 to 726. One of the most powerful West Saxon rulers before Alfred the Great, Ine was the ...
property of a body by virtue of which it opposes any agency that attempts to put it in motion or, if it is moving, to change the magnitude or direction ...
in physics, quantitative measure of the rotational inertia of a body-i.e., the opposition that the body exhibits to having its speed of rotation about an axis altered by the application ...
any force invoked by an observer to maintain the validity of Isaac Newton's second law of motion in a reference frame that is rotating or otherwise accelerating at a constant ...
electronic system that continuously monitors the position, velocity, and acceleration of a vehicle, usually a submarine, missile, or airplane, and thus provides navigational data or control without need for communicating ...
public disgrace or loss of reputation, particularly as a consequence of criminal conviction. In early common law, conviction for an infamous crime resulted in disqualification to testify as a witness. ...
the title borne from the 13th century by the children of the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs. The title infante was borne by the sons of the sovereign, and the title ...
the killing of the newborn. It has often been interpreted as a primitive method of birth control and a means of ridding a group of its weak and deformed children; ...
a disease of infants, characterized by swellings of the periosteum (the bone layer where new bone is produced) and cortex of bones of the upper arms, shoulder girdle, and lower ...
troops who fight on foot, even though transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, aircraft, tanks and other motorized vehicles, skis, or other means. The term applies equally to troops ...
death of a section of tissue when blood supply to the section fails as the result of obstruction of a blood vessel. The obstruction may be due to a blood ...
in medicine, a process caused by a microorganism that impairs a person's health. An infection, by contrast, is the invasion of and replication in the body by any of various ...
in logic, derivation of conclusions from given information or premises by any acceptable form of reasoning. Inferences are commonly drawn (1) by deduction, which, by analyzing valid argument forms, draws ...
in statistics, the process of drawing conclusions about a parameter one is seeking to measure or estimate. Often scientists have many measurements of an object-say, the mass of an electron-and ...
a psychological sense of inferiority that is wholly or partly unconscious. The term has been used by some psychiatrists and psychologists, particularly the followers of the early psychoanalyst Alfred Adler, ...
the sum of infinitely many numbers related in a given way and listed in a given order. Infinite series are useful in mathematics and in such disciplines as physics, chemistry, ...
in mathematics, quantity less than any finite quantity, yet not zero. Even though no such quantity can exist in the real number system, many early attempts at the calculus were ...
the concept of something that is unlimited, endless, without bound. The common symbol for infinity, ∞, was invented by the English mathematician John Wallis in 1657. Three main types of ...
a response triggered by damage to living tissues. The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is ...
in economics, collective increases in the supply of money, in money incomes, or in prices. Inflation is generally thought of as an inordinate rise in the general level of prices.
in linguistics, the change in the form of a word (in English, usually the addition of endings) to mark such distinctions as tense, person, number, gender, mood, voice, and case. ...
in a flowering plant, a cluster of flowers on a branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a ...
an acute viral infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract that is marked by fever, chills, and a generalized feeling of weakness and pain in the muscles, together with ...
the most severe influenza outbreak of the 20th century and, in terms of total numbers of deaths, among the most devastating epidemics in human history.
the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display, and dissemination of information. In recent years, the term has often been applied to computer-based operations specifically.
discipline that deals with the processes of storing and transferring information. It attempts to bring together concepts and methods from various disciplines such as library science, computer science and engineering, ...
an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, processing, and communicating information. Business firms, other organizations, and individuals in contemporary society rely on information systems to manage their operations, compete ...
a mathematical representation of the conditions and parameters affecting the transmission and processing of information. Most closely associated with the work of the American electrical engineer Claude Elwood Shannon in ...
study of astronomical objects through observations of the infrared radiation that they emit. Various types of celestial objects-including the planets of the solar system, stars, nebulae, and galaxies-give off energy ...
that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that extends from the long wavelength, or red, end of the visible-light range to the microwave range. Invisible to the eye, it can be ...
in astronomy, any of various celestial objects that radiate measurable quantities of energy in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such objects include the Sun and the planets, certain ...
vibrational or stress waves in elastic media, having a frequency below those of sound waves that can be detected by the human ear-i.e., below 20 hertz. The range of frequencies ...
rapids on the lower Congo River and site of one of the world's largest hydroelectric-dam projects, in western Congo (Kinshasa), about 25 miles (40 km) above the port of Matadi. ...
Athabascan-speaking Indian tribe of interior Alaska, in the basins of the upper Kuskokwim and lower Yukon rivers. Their region is mountainous, with both woodlands and tundra, and is fairly rich ...
king of Norway (1136-61), who maintained his claim to the throne against the illegitimate sons of his father, the Norwegian king Harald IV Gille (reigned 1130-36), and represented the interests ...
American playwright best known for his plays Come Back,Little Sheba (1950; filmed 1952); Picnic (1953; filmed 1956), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize; and Bus Stop (1955; filmed ...
British divine, Christian Platonist, and dean of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. He was noted for his keen intellect and for his pessimistic views, which earned him the title "gloomy dean."
historical novelist and poet whose works glorifying Denmark's medieval past were popular for generations. Most of Ingemann's many works have not won enduring acclaim, but his simple morning and evening ...
Dutch-born British physician and scientist who is best known for his discovery of the process of photosynthesis, by which green plants in sunlight absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
American politician and orator known as "the great agnostic" who popularized the higher criticism of the Bible, as well as a humanistic philosophy and a scientific rationalism.
town, northeastern Queensland, Australia, 19 miles (31 km) upstream from the mouth of the Herbert River. Founded in 1864, it was gazetted a shire in 1879. On a rail line ...
wooden seat or settle built into the space on either side of the wide fireplaces common in 17th-century English houses and cottages. The word is of Scottish origin, "ingle" meaning ...
city, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. It lies southwest of downtown Los Angeles. Settled in 1873 by Daniel Freeman, who named the city for his hometown in Canada, it was ...
city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies along the Danube and Schutter rivers, southwest of Regensburg. First mentioned in 806 as a crown estate, villa Ingoldestat, ...
mass of metal cast into a size and shape such as a bar, plate, or sheet convenient to store, transport, and work into a semifinished or finished product; it also ...
painter and icon of cultural conservatism in 19th-century France. Ingres became the principal proponent of French Neoclassical painting after the death of his mentor, Jacques-Louis David. His cool, meticulously drawn ...
