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illusion: a misrepresentation of a "real" sensory stimulus-that is, an interpretation that contradicts objective "reality" as defined by general agreement. For example, a child who perceives tree branches at night as ... [5 Related Articles]
Illustrated London News: historic magazine of news and the arts, published in London, a forerunner in the use of various graphic arts. It was founded as a weekly in 1842 by Herbert Ingram, ... [3 Related Articles]
illustration: (from the article "drawing") Of a similarly ambivalent nature is the illustrative drawing that perhaps does not go beyond a simple pictorial rendition of a literary description but because of its specific formal execution ...
Illustre Theatre: (from the article "Bejart, Genevieve") French actress and early member of Moliere's Illustre Theatre company. Genevieve played as Mlle Herve, adopting her mother's name. She acted with the Bejart family company managed by her sister ...
Illyria: northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula, inhabited from about the 10th century BC onward by the Illyrians, an Indo-European people. At the height of their power the Illyrian frontiers extended ... [5 Related Articles]
Illyrian: (from the article "Alexander the Great") ...advanced into Thrace in spring 335 and, after forcing the Shipka Pass and crushing the Triballi, crossed the Danube to disperse the Getae; turning west, he then defeated and shattered ...
Illyrian language: Indo-European language spoken in pre-Roman times along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and in southeastern Italy. The language of the Illyrian fragments found in Italy is usually called ... [2 Related Articles]
Illyrian movement: (from the article "Illyrian Provinces") ...cultural and economic advances but also began to develop a sense of Slav unity and national awareness that matured and manifested itself in the 1830s and 1840s in the powerful ...
Illyrian Provinces: stretch of territory along the Dalmatian coast that constituted a part of Napoleon's French Empire from 1809 to 1814. When the French victory of 1809 compelled Austria to cede a ...
Illyricum: (from the article "Balkans") ...Greece) and on to Thrace. The northwestern part of the peninsula, including Dalmatia along the Adriatic coast as well as Pannonia around the Danube and Sava rivers, became the province ...
ilm al-hadith: form of investigation established by Muslim traditionists in the 3rd century AH (9th century AD) to determine the validity of accounts (hadiths) of Muhammad's statements, actions, and approbations as reported ...
Ilmarinen: (from the article "sampo") ...a cosmological pillar or some similar support holding up the vault of heaven. In a cycle of songs, referred to by scholars as the sampo-epic, the sampo is forged by ...
Ilmen, Lake: lake in Novgorod oblast (province), northwestern Russia. Lake Ilmen occupies the centre of the Ilmen Plain, an undulating glacial lowland much of which is drained by rivers flowing into the ... [1 Related Articles]
ilmenite: iron-black, heavy, metallic oxide mineral, composed of iron and titanium oxide (FeTiO₃), that is used as the major source of titanium. It forms solid-solution series with geikielite and pyrophanite in ...
Ilminsky, Nicholas: (from the article "Christianity") Virtually the entire outreach of the Russian Orthodox mission extended to the peoples of the vast Russian Empire across Asia. Its outstanding missionaries included the linguist and translator Nicholas Ilminsky ...
ilmiye: (from the article "Ottoman Empire") ...(kalemiye), institution, organized as the imperial treasury (hazine-i amire), which was in charge of collecting and spending the imperial revenues; and the religious, or cultural (ilmiye), institution, comprising the ulama ...
Ilobasco: town, north-central El Salvador. It is in a rich agricultural area (cattle, coffee, sugarcane, and indigo) but is known primarily for its clay dolls, a major item for sale to ...
Ilobu: town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies along a tributary of the Oshun River and on the road from Ogbomosho to Oshogbo. Ilobu is a trade centre for the yams, ...
Ilocano: third largest cultural-linguistic group in the Philippines. When discovered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they occupied the narrow coastal plain of northwestern Luzon, known as the Ilocos region. ... [1 Related Articles]
Ilocano language: (from the article "Austronesian languages") Major Austronesian languages include Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Bikol, Waray, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan of the Philippines; Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, the Batak languages, Acehnese, Balinese, and Buginese of...Northern Philippine ...
Ilocos range: (from the article "Philippines") ...That range and the Cordillera Central merge in north-central Luzon to form the Caraballo Mountains. To the north of the latter, and between the two ranges, is the fertile Cagayan ...
Iloilo City: chartered city, on the southeastern coast of Panay, Philippines. At the mouth of the Jaro River on the Iloilo Strait and sheltered by the offshore Guimaras Island, it is the ...
Iloilo, Ratu Josefa: (from the article "Fiji") Area: 18,272 sq km (7,055 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 839,000 | Capital: Suva | Chief of state: Presidents Voreque Bainimarama (acting) and, from January 4, Ratu Josefa Iloilo ...
Ilois: (from the article "Dependent States") ...Margaret Beckett, who had taken the case to the court of appeal. Speaking amid triumphant scenes outside the Royal Courts of Justice, Richard Gifford, the solicitor for the islanders (known ...
Ilopango Volcano: (from the article "Ilopango, Lake") ...In 1880 the water level rose, a natural channel (Rio Jiboa) was formed on the eastern side, and the resultant drainage left a volcanic island in the centre of the ...
Ilopango, Lake: lake, south central El Salvador, on the borders of San Salvador, La Paz, and Cuscatlan departments. Occupying the crater of an extinct volcano, at an altitude of 1,450 ft (442 ... [1 Related Articles]
Ilorin: city, traditional emirate, and capital of Kwara State, western Nigeria, on the Awun River, a minor tributary of the Niger. Founded in the late 18th century by Yoruba people, it ... [1 Related Articles]
Ilos: in Greek mythology, the founder of Ilion (Troy). Ilos (or Zacynthus, a Cretan name) has been identified either as the brother of Erichthonius or as the son of Tros and ...
iltizam: (from the article "Arabic literature") ...Amin al-'Alim, Husayn Muruwwah, and 'Umar al-Fakhuri. This push toward a literature of "commitment" (iltizam) became a constant of Arabic literary criticism; Al-Adab, one ...
iltizam: in the Ottoman Empire, taxation system carried out by farming of public revenue. The state auctioned taxation rights to the highest bidder (multazim, plural multezim or multazims), who then collected ... [3 Related Articles]
Iltutmish: also called Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, Iltutmish also spelled Altamsh third and greatest Delhi sultan of the so-called Slave dynasty. [4 Related Articles]
Ilulissat: town on the west coast of Greenland, near the mouth of Jakobshavn Fjord on Qeqertarsuup (Disko) Bay. The Greenlandic name of the town means "icebergs." The town's first permanent houses ...
Ilumquh: (from the article "Arabian religion") ...who was worshiped throughout South Arabia, each kingdom had its own national god, of whom the nation called itself the "progeny" (wld). In Saba' the national god was Almaqah (or ...
Ilushuma: (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...cannot be synchronized precisely with the kings of southern Mesopotamia before Shamshi-Adad I (c. 1813-c. 1781 BC). For instance, it has not yet been established just when Ilushuma's excursion toward ...
Ilves, Toomas Hendrik: (from the article "Estonia") Area: 45,227 sq km (17,462 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 1,338,000 | Capital: Tallinn | Chief of state: President Toomas Hendrik Ilves | Head of government: Prime Minister ...
Ilya Muromets: (from the article "military aircraft") ...to appreciate the value of bombing attacks on enemy targets. Its big three-engined, twin-tailboom Capronis were among the finest bombers of World War I (see photograph). Even larger were the ...
Ilya Of Murom: a hero of the oldest known Old Russian byliny, traditional heroic folk chants. He is presented as the principal bogatyr (knight-errant) at the 10th-century court of Saint Vladimir I of ...
Ilyushin Il-12: (from the article "flight, history of") ...by signing a license agreement to build the Douglas DC-3, equipped with Soviet engines. Although numerous examples continued to serve in the postwar years, they were eventually succeeded by the ...
Ilyushin Il-14: (from the article "flight, history of") ...serve in the postwar years, they were eventually succeeded by the Ilyushin Il-12, a trim unpressurized twin-engine transport that also featured retractable tricycle landing gear. A larger model, the Il-14, ...
Ilyushin Il-2: single-seat assault bomber that was a mainstay of the Soviet air force during World War II. The Il-2 is generally considered the finest ground-attack aircraft produced by any nation during ... [2 Related Articles]
Ilyushin Il-76: -76, Soviet military transport aircraft, first flown in 1971 and first produced in 1975. It was designed by the Ilyushin design bureau under G.V. Novozhilov. The Il-76 was a heavy ...
Ilyushin, Sergey Vladimirovich: Soviet aircraft designer who created the famous Il-2 Stormovik armoured attack aircraft used by the Soviet air force during World War II. After the war he designed civil aircraft: the ...
IM channel: (from the article "nervous system") The I_M channel is opened by depolarization but is deactivated only by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This property may serve to regulate the sensitivity of neurons to synaptic input.
Im Kwon-taek: In May 2002 South Korean motion-picture director Im Kwon-taek won the best director award at the Cannes International Film Festival for Chihwaseon (2002), a masterly depiction of the life of ...
Imabari: city, Ehime ken (prefecture), Shikoku, Japan, facing the Kurushima Strait on the Inland Sea. Imabari, founded as a castle town, was the first port in Shikoku to be opened to ...
iMac: (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Apple, which had become a relatively small competitor in the market for personal computers, introduced an unusual new iMac in which the computer processor and other components fit within a ...
Imad ad-Dawlah: also called 'ali Ibn Buyeh one of the founders of the Buyid dynasty of Iran. 'Ali and his brothers Ahmad and Hasan were followers of Mardaviz ebn Zeyar of northern ... [3 Related Articles]
Imae, Toshiaki: (from the article "Baseball") ...game four they edged the Tigers 3-2 as South Korean slugger Lee Seung Yeop blasted a two-run home run and added a run-scoring double, while the Tigers' rally fell short. ...
Imagawa family: (from the article "Japan") ...by advancing into the plains of Mikawa. But when they were attacked and defeated by the powerful Oda family from the west, Ieyasu's father, Hirotada, was killed. Ieyasu had earlier ...
image: (from the article "human behaviour") ...the face of another person is mediated by a schema, for example. Young children already display a remarkable ability to generate and store schemata. Another type of early cognitive unit ...
image controller: (from the article "information processing") ...array of binary digits, each representing the brightness of a pixel. The resulting stream of bits is enhanced and compressed (to as little as 10 percent of the original volume) ...
image intensifier: (from the article "warning system") Newer in character are the image intensifiers used for nighttime detection. These devices receive the moonlight or starlight reflected from targets on a sensitive screen, amplify the image electronically, and ...
image orthicon: (from the article "television") ...K. Zworykin (the Iconoscope) in 1924 and by Philo T. Farnsworth (the Image Dissector) in 1927. These early inventions were soon succeeded by a series of improved tubes such as ...
image processing: (from the article "information processing") The content analysis of images is accomplished by two primary methods: image processing and pattern recognition. Image processing is a set of computational techniques for analyzing, enhancing, compressing, and reconstructing ...
image scanner: (from the article "logistics") The second way that logistics activities are linked is by communications. In recent years, improved communications have taken the place of inventory. Some chain stores have scanners at checkout counters ...
image slicer: (from the article "Bowen, I.S.") ...director of the Mount Wilson Observatory and served as director of the Hale Observatories, which comprise Mt. Wilson and Palomar observatories, from 1948 until 1964. In 1938 Bowen invented the ...
Imagerie d'Epinal: (from the article "comic strip") Imagerie d'Epinal, based in Epinal and other French towns, developed a distinct form of comic strip. Throughout the 19th century the common people and particularly children in rural areas of ...
imagery: (from the article "intelligence") This is information gleaned from analyzing all types of imagery, including photography as well as infrared and ultraviolet imagery. The examination of imagery, called imagery interpretation, is the process of ...
imagery intelligence: (from the article "intelligence") Covert sources of intelligence fall into three major categories: imagery intelligence, which includes aerial and space reconnaissance; signals intelligence, which includes electronic eavesdropping and code breaking; and human intelligence, which ...
imagery interpretation: (from the article "intelligence") This is information gleaned from analyzing all types of imagery, including photography as well as infrared and ultraviolet imagery. The examination of imagery, called imagery interpretation, is the process of ...
images, breaking of the: (from the article "Low Countries, history of") As the resistance grew stronger, the Protestants became more confident, and fanatics started a violent campaign against churches-the "breaking of the images" (August 1566)-against which the governor took powerful measures, ...
images, method of: (from the article "physical science, principles of") A second example illustrating the value of field theories arises when the distribution of charges is not initially known, as when a charge q is brought close to a piece ...
imaginary number: any product of the form aI, in which a is a real number and I is the imaginary unit defined as −1. See numerals and numeral systems. [1 Related Articles]
imagination: (from the article "aesthetics") Such paradoxes suggest the need for a more extensive theory of the mind than has been so far assumed. We have referred somewhat loosely to the sensory and intellectual components ...
imagine: (from the article "mask") ...Roman burials, a mask resembling the deceased was often placed over his face or was worn by an actor hired to accompany the funerary cortege to the burial site. In ...
Imagine Peace Tower: (from the article "Iceland") On October 9 Japanese American artist Yoko Ono inaugurated the Imagine Peace Tower on the island of Videy, near Reykjavik, in memory of her late husband, British singer John Lennon. ...
imaging radar: (from the article "radar") ...continuous wave, MTI, and pulse Doppler radars, which must detect moving targets in the presence of large clutter echoes. The Doppler frequency shift is the basis for police radar guns. ...
imaging system: (from the article "radiation") Advances in techniques for obtaining images of the body's interior have greatly improved medical diagnosis. New imaging methods include various X-ray systems, positron emission tomography, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.optics ...
imaging tube: (from the article "spectroscopy") Other photodetectors include imaging tubes (e.g., television cameras), which can measure a spatial variation of the light across the surface of the photocathode, and microchannel plates, which combine the spatial ...
Imaginism: Russian poetic movement that followed the Russian Revolution of 1917 and advocated poetry based on a series of arresting and unusual images. It is sometimes called Imagism but is unrelated ...
Imagist: any of a group of American and English poets whose poetic program was formulated about 1912 by Ezra Pound-in conjunction with fellow poets Hilda Doolittle (H.D.), Richard Aldington, and F.S. ... [5 Related Articles]
imago: (from the article "reproduction") ...especially among those forms that undergo metamorphosis, a radical physical change. Butterflies, for instance, have a caterpillar stage (larva), a dormant chrysalis stage (pupa), and an adult stage (imago). One ...
imam: ("leader," "pattern"), the head of the Muslim community; the title is used in the Qur'an several times to refer to leaders and to Abraham. The origin and basis of the ... [7 Related Articles]
Imam Bondjol: Minangkabau religious leader, key member of the Padri faction in the religious Padri War, which divided the Minangkabau people of Sumatra in the 19th century.
Imam Khomeini International Airport: (from the article "Iran") ...of Abu Musa and the Tumb islands reemerged. Iran's relations with Turkey were soured by commercial difficulties that led to the displacement of a Turkish company that was managing Tehran's ...
imamiyyah: (from the article "Shi'ite") Other Shi'ites, who came to be known as imamiyyah (followers of the imams [religious leaders]), narrowed the pool of potential leaders even further and asserted a more ...
Imamura, Shohei: Japanese film director (b. Sept. 15, 1926, Tokyo, Japan-d. May 30, 2006, Tokyo), was a master storyteller whose themes followed the lives of people on the lower rungs of society, ...
Imanishi-Kari, Thereza: (from the article "Baltimore, David") ...1989 he figured prominently in a public dispute over a 1986 paper published in the journal Cell that he had coauthored while still at MIT. The coauthor ...
Imankulov, Kalyk: (from the article "Kyrgyzstan") ...politicians and parties urged him to reconsider. In January primitive listening devices were discovered in the offices of six opposition members of the parliament. Although national security chief Kalyk Imankulov ...
Imantodes: (from the article "tree snake") ...of northern South America and Central America include the slender, broad-headed members of the genus Thalerophis and the parrotsnakes (Leptophis). Another tropical American genus is Imantodes, made up of exceptionally ...
Imaret: (from the article "Ohrid") ...in the town are St. Sophia's, with 11th-14th-century frescoes, and St. Clement's (1295), also with medieval frescoes uncovered in the 1950s. On a nearby hilltop is a quadrangular building, the ...
Imari: city, Saga ken (prefecture), Kyushu, Japan, facing Imari Bay. The two islands of Taka and Fuku form a natural mole, protecting the city's harbour. Imari was once a base for ...
Imari ware: Japanese porcelain made at the Arita kilns in Hizen province. Among the Arita porcelains are white glazed wares, pale gray-blue or gray-green glazed wares known as celadons, black wares, and ... [2 Related Articles]
Imatong Mountains: (from the article "Istiwa'iyah, Al-") ...is geographically isolated from the rest of The Sudan by the vast swamps of As-Sudd to the north and by intermontane rainforests that cover the southernmost part of the country. ...
imayo: (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...singing of pack-train drivers. Among the new fads of Heian period vocal music (called collectively eikyoku) were roei, songs based on Chinese poems or imitations of them, and imayo, contemporary ...
Imbangala: a warrior group of central Angola that emerged in the late 16th century. In older sources, the Imbangala are sometimes referred to as Jaga, a generic name for several bands ... [3 Related Articles]
Imbe: (from the article "Garcinia") ...with 240 species of trees and shrubs found throughout the tropics, but especially in the Paleotropics. . The best known of these species is a tropical fruit, the mangosteen (G. ...
Imber, Naphtali Herz: itinerant Hebrew poet whose poem "Ha-Tiqva" ("The Hope"), set to music, was the official anthem of the Zionist movement from 1933 and eventually became Israel's national anthem.
imbibition: (from the article "Sachs, (Ferdinand Gustav) Julius von") ...der Experimental Physiologie der Pflanzen (1865), he discussed how root hairs remove water from the soil and deliver it to other cells of the root. In 1874 he announced the ...
Imbolc: (from the article "Brigit") Brigit was taken over into Christianity as St. Brigit, but she retained her strong pastoral associations. Her feast day was February 1, which was also the date of the pagan ...
imbrex: in ancient Greek and Roman architecture, a raised roofing tile used to cover the joint between the flat tiles. Used in a series, they formed continuous ridges over the aligned ...
Imbriani, Matteo Renato: (from the article "Italy") ...mutual aid societies and cooperatives. They opposed strikes, nationalizations, and the class struggle but strongly favoured social protective legislation and civil rights. Some of them, including Matteo Renato Imbriani, also ...
imbricate bedding: (from the article "sedimentary rock") ...to lie flat, with their smallest dimension positioned vertically and the greatest aligned roughly parallel to the current. In closely packed orthoconglomerates, however, there is often a distinct imbrication; i.e., ...
imbricate scale: (from the article "integument") ...outermost), consisting of horny, fibrous, oblong cells; Huxley's layer, with polyhedral, nucleated cells containing pigment granules; and the cuticle of the root sheath, having a layer of downwardly imbricate scales ...
ImClone Systems: (from the article "Stewart, Martha") In December 2001 Stewart ordered the sale of 4,000 shares of ImClone Systems, a biomedical firm owned by family friend Samuel Waksal. The sale of her shares, occurring one day ...
Imgawa family: (from the article "Tokugawa Ieyasu") ...old, his mother was permanently separated from his father's family because of one such change in alliances, and in 1547 military adversity compelled his father to send him away as ...
Imhoff, Gustaaf Willem, baron van: governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (1743-50), a reformer who tried in vain to restore the decaying Dutch East India Company to prosperity.
Imhotep: vizier, sage, architect, astrologer, and chief minister to Djoser (reigned 2630-2611 BCE), the second king of Egypt's third dynasty, who was later worshipped as the god of medicine in Egypt ... [7 Related Articles]
imidazole: (from the article "imidazole") ...a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms at nonadjacent positions. The simplest member of ...
imidazole: any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms at nonadjacent positions. The simplest ... [2 Related Articles]
imide: (from the article "carboxylic acid") Imides are more acidic than amides (it is the &singlehorzbond;NH group that loses the hydrogen) but less acidic than carboxylic acids. Sulfonamides are amides of sulfonic acids; for example,phthalimide