| | - Ignatius of Antioch, Saint
- bishop of Antioch, Syria, known mainly from seven highly regarded letters that he wrote during a trip to Rome, as a prisoner condemned to be executed for his beliefs. He ... [5 Related Articles]
- Ignatius of Constantinople, Saint
- (from the article "Byzantine Empire") ...for their leaders among the monks of Studion, the monastery founded by Studius, and they found one in the person of the monastery's abbot, St. Theodore Studites (759-826). In the ...
- Ignatow, David
- American poet whose works address social as well as personal issues in meditative, vernacular free verse. [1 Related Articles]
- Ignatyev, Nikolay Pavlovich, Graf
- pan-Slavist diplomat and statesman who played a major role in the administration of Russia's foreign policy in Asia under Tsar Alexander II (reigned 1855-81). [2 Related Articles]
- Ignatz Mouse
- (from the article "Herriman, George") "Krazy Kat" was unique in a number of ways. The cast of characters was small and the basic plot always the same: Krazy Kat loved Ignatz Mouse, but the malicious ...
- igneous petrology
- (from the article "geology") Igneous petrology is concerned with the identification, classification, origin, evolution, and processes of formation and crystallization of the igneous rocks. Most of the rocks available for study come from the ...
- igneous rock
- any of various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of molten earth material. Igneous rocks comprise one of the three principal classes of rocks, the others ... [33 Related Articles]
- ignimbrite
- (from the article "ignimbrite") rock composed of compacted volcanic ejecta (see tuff).ignimbriteIgnimbrite.Siim Seppignitable waste
- (from the article "environmental works") Reactive wastes are chemically unstable and react violently with air or water. They cause explosions or form toxic vapours. Ignitable wastes burn at relatively low temperatures and may cause an ...
- ignition
- (from the article "explosive") Black powder is relatively insensitive to shock and friction and must be ignited by flame or heat. In the early days such devices as torches, glowing tinder, and heated iron ...
- ignition condition
- (from the article "nuclear fusion") ...between the fusion energy heating the plasma and the energy-loss rate, which is the sum of 3nkT/tau and the bremsstrahlung. The condition satisfying this balance is called the ignition condition. ...
- ignition module
- (from the article "ignition system") ...spark plugs (known as coil-on-plug). The major components of these systems are a coil pack, an ignition module, a crankshaft reluctor ring, a magnetic sensor, and an electronic control module. ...
- ignition system
- in a gasoline engine, means employed for producing an electric spark to ignite the fuel-air mixture; the burning of this mixture in the cylinders produces the motive force. [4 Related Articles]
- ignition temperature
- (from the article "oxidation-reduction reaction") ...steps that depend on the properties of the combustible substance. It is initiated by external factors such as heat, light, and sparks. The reaction sets in as the mixture of ...
- ignitron
- electron tube functioning as a rectifier to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Each conduction cycle is started by an external voltage applied to the igniter, a small ... [1 Related Articles]
- ignorance
- (from the article "criminal law") In most countries the law recognizes that a person who acts in ignorance of the facts of his action should not be held criminally responsible. Thus, one who takes and ...
- Igo mask
- (from the article "African dance") ...restricted to rhythmic strides and gestures; in contrast, the simple cloth costumes of ancestral Egungun Elewe of the Igbomina-Yoruba allow for a dance of acrobatic skill, and the light raffia ...
- Igogo
- (from the article "African dance") In some areas dances are designed to be performed during funeral rites, after burial ceremonies, and at anniversaries. Dances may be created for a specific purpose, as in the Igogo ...
- Igor
- grand prince of Kiev and presumably the son of Rurik, prince of Novgorod, who is considered the founder of the dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus and, later, Muscovy until 1598. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Igor Svyatoslavich
- prince of the Russian lands of Novgorod-Seversky (modern Novhorod-Siverskyy, Ukraine) after 1178 and of Chernigovsky (1198-1202; modern Chernihiv, Ukraine), who led an unsuccessful campaign against the Cumans (Polovtsy) in 1185. [1 Related Articles]
- Igor's Campaign, The Song of
- masterpiece of Old Russian literature, an account of the unsuccessful campaign in 1185 of Prince Igor of Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsy (Kipchak, or Cumans). As in the great French epic ... [3 Related Articles]
- Igorot
- any of various ethnic groups in the mountains of northern Luzon, Philippines, all of whom keep, or have kept until recently, their traditional religion and way of life. Some live ...
- Igreja, Mount
- (from the article "Santa Catarina") Behind the seacoast a great escarpment rises like a mountain wall; Santa Catarina has little level ground. Its highest point is Mount Igreja, at 5,932 feet (1,808 m) in elevation, ...
- Igu
- (from the article "Dibang Valley") ...in the Dibang Valley region is largely undeveloped. Most distances are traveled over simple tracks, though there are a few all-weather roads. Anini is the chief settlement in the region. ...
- Iguacu Falls
- series of cataracts on the Iguacu River, 14 miles (23 km) above its confluence with the Alto (Upper) Parana River, at the Argentina-Brazil border. The falls resemble an elongated horseshoe ... [3 Related Articles]
- Iguacu National Park
- (from the article "Principal national parks of the world") ...the establishment of a national park at Iguacu Falls. Following boundary rectifications between Brazil and Argentina, two separate national parks were established, one by each country-Iguacu National Park (1939) in ...
- Iguacu River
- river flowing through Santa Catarina and Parana states in southern Brazil. The Iguacu is formed by headstreams rising in the Serra do Mar near Curitiba. It winds generally westward through ... [4 Related Articles]
- Iguacu, Declaration of
- (from the article "Mercosur") ...the economies of Latin America through the Latin American Free Trade Association (1960) and its successor, the Latin American Integration Association (1980). In 1985 Argentina and Brazil signed the Declaration ...
- Iguala
- city, north-central Guerrero estado (state), south-central Mexico. It was settled in 1750 and was named in honour of Agustin de Iturbide's Iguala Plan, proclaiming Mexico an independent ...
- Iguala Plan
- (Feb. 24, 1821), appeal issued by Agustin de Iturbide, a creole landowner and a former officer in the Spanish army who had assumed leadership of the Mexican independence movement in ... [4 Related Articles]
- iguana
- any of eight genera and roughly 30 species of the larger members of the lizard family Iguanidae. The name iguana usually refers only to the members of the subfamily Iguaninae. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Iguania
- (from the article "lizard") ...only influenced the disposition of taxonomic units but had cascading effects on the ecology of lizards and led to the diversification of snakes. This first split produced the iguanians (infraorder ...
- iguanid
- any of about 700 species of lizards in more than 40 genera that constitute the family Iguanidae. Iguanids are found throughout the Americas from southern Canada to the tip of ... [4 Related Articles]
- Iguanodon
- large herbivorous dinosaurs found as fossils from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods (159 million to 99 million years ago) in a wide area of Europe, North Africa, North ... [1 Related Articles]
- iguanodont
- (from the article "dinosaur") The skulls of iguanodonts accommodated still larger jaw muscles, but the cheek teeth were less regular and compacted than in the primitive ornithopods and consequently did not occlude as uniformly. ...
- Iguazu National Park
- (from the article "Principal national parks of the world") ...Falls. Following boundary rectifications between Brazil and Argentina, two separate national parks were established, one by each country-Iguacu National Park (1939) in Brazil and Iguazu National Park (1934) in Argentina. ...
- Iguvine Tables
- a set of seven inscribed bronze tables found in 1444 at Iguvium (modern Gubbio, Italy), an Umbrian town. The tables are written in the Umbrian language, four and part of ... [5 Related Articles]
- Iha, James
- (from the article "Smashing Pumpkins") In addition to Corgan, the band's founding members were guitarist James Iha (original name James Yoshinobu Iha; b. March 26, 1968Chicago), bassist D'Arcy (original name D'Arcy Elizabeth Wretzky; b. May ...
- Ihara Saikaku
- poet and novelist, one of the most brilliant figures of the 17th-century revival of Japanese literature. He enchanted readers with racy accounts of the amorous and financial affairs of the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Iharos, Sandor
- Hungarian middle-distance runner who during 14 months in 1955-56 set world records for seven distances (b. March 10, 1930--d. Jan. 24, 1996).
- Ihimaera, Witi
- Maori author whose novels and short stories explore the clash between Maori and Pakeha (white, European-derived) cultural values in his native New Zealand. [1 Related Articles]
- Ihnen, Wiard
- (from the article "1944: Other Winners") ...Joseph LaShelle for LauraCinematography, Color: Leon Shamroy for WilsonArt Direction, Black-and-White: William Ferrari and Cedric Gibbons for GaslightArt Direction, Color: Wiard Ihnen for WilsonMusic Score of a Dramatic or Comedy ...
- ihram
- sacred state into which a Muslim must enter in order to perform the hajj (major pilgrimage) or the 'umrah (minor pilgrimage). At the beginning of a pilgrimage, the Muslim stops ... [4 Related Articles]
- Ihud
- (from the article "Magnes, Judah Leon") Magnes also founded Ihud (Unity), an association dedicated to the advancement of Arab-Jewish reconciliation, and advocated an Arab-Jewish state that would be part of an Arab Federation. He worked in ...
- Ii Naosuke
- Japanese feudal lord and statesman who was responsible for Japan's signing the first treaty of commerce with the United States (1858), opening the country to Western influence, and for the ... [2 Related Articles]
- III-V compound
- (from the article "light-emitting diode") ...variations on this basic compound, such as aluminum gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium indium phosphide. These compounds are members of the so-called III-V group of semiconductors-that is, compounds made of ...
- Iijima Sumio
- (from the article "fullerene") In 1991 Iijima Sumio of NEC Corporation's Fundamental Research Laboratory, Tsukuba Science City, Japan, investigated material extracted from solids that grew on the tips of carbon electrodes after being discharged ...
- Iio Sogi
- Buddhist monk and greatest master of renga (linked verse), the supreme Japanese poet of his age. [2 Related Articles]
- Iittala Group
- (from the article "Finland") Another deal-smaller in amount but important for national identity-was the purchase in June of designer tableware manufacturer Iittala Group by Fiskars (a Finnish company best known for its much-copied orange-handled ...
- iiwi
- (species Vestiaria coccinea), Hawaiian songbird, one of the commoner members of the Hawaiian honeycreeper family, Drepanididae, order Passeriformes. A nectar-feeder, named for its squeaky call ("ee-ee-vee"), it is 15 cm ... [1 Related Articles]
- Iizuka
- city, Fukuoka ken (prefecture), Kyushu, Japan, on the upper Onga River. The city developed as a mining centre with the opening of the Chikuho Coalfield and a railway from Wakamatsu ...
- Ijebu-Ode
- town, Ogun state, southwestern Nigeria. It is situated along the highway between Shagamu and Benin City. Ijebu-Ode was by the 16th century established as the chief town of the Ijebu ...
- ijele
- (from the article "art, African") Most impressive are the ijele masks of the Northern Igbo, which are 12 feet (366 cm) high. Consisting of platforms 6 feet (183 cm) in diameter, supporting tiers of figures ...
- Ijill, Mount
- (from the article "Mauritania") ...sloping plains that terminate at one end of the slope with a steep cliff or faulted scarp, which may reach heights of 900 feet; or by inselbergs (steep-sided residual hills), ...
- ijma'
- (Arabic: "agreeing upon," or "consensus"), the universal and infallible agreement of the Muslim community, especially of Muslim scholars on any Islamic principle, at any time. The consensus-based on the Hadith ... [6 Related Articles]
- IJmuiden
- port of Amsterdam and part of the gemeente (municipality) of Velsen, western Netherlands. The port is situated at the western end of the North Sea (Noordzee) Canal, which was opened ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ijo
- people of the forests of the Niger River delta in Nigeria comprising a large number of formerly autonomous groups. They speak languages of the Ijoid branch of the Niger-Congo language ... [8 Related Articles]
- Ijo languages
- (from the article "Ijoid languages") the smallest branch of the Niger-Congo language family. It consists of a language cluster, Ijo (Ijaw), comprising seven other language clusters with a total of approximately two million speakers, and ...
- Ijoid languages
- the smallest branch of the Niger-Congo language family. It consists of a language cluster, Ijo (Ijaw), comprising seven other language clusters with a total of approximately two million speakers, and ... [1 Related Articles]
- ijolite
- intrusive igneous rock that is composed essentially of nepheline and an alkali pyroxene, usually aegirine-augite. It is the plutonic equivalent of the volcanic nephelinites. Typically, the pyroxene is well-crystallized and ...
- IJssel River
- river of The Netherlands, an important distributary of the Rhine River. It leaves the Lower Rhine (Neder Rijn) just southeast of Arnhem and flows northeastward for 70 miles (113 km) ... [1 Related Articles]
- IJsselmeer
- shallow freshwater lake, northern and central Netherlands. It was formed from the southern part of the former Zuiderzee by the building of a dam (Afsluitdijk; completed 1932) separating the IJsselmeer ... [5 Related Articles]
- IJsselmeer Polders
- group of four polders, central Netherlands, that were reclaimed from the IJsselmeer, a lake that used to be part of the former Zuiderzee. The polders are located in the lake's ... [2 Related Articles]
- ijtihad
- in Islamic law, the independent or original interpretation of problems not precisely covered by the Qur'an, Hadith (traditions concerning the Prophet's life and utterances), and ijma' (scholarly consensus). In the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Ijui River
- (from the article "Plata, Rio de la") ...are the Aguapey, Mirinay, Mocoreta (which divides Entre Rios and Corrientes), and Gualeguaychu. The important tributaries of the Uruguay, however, come from the east. The Ijui, Ibicui, and the Cuareim ...
- IK(Ca) channel
- (from the article "nervous system") Another type of potassium channel, the IK(Ca) channel, is activated by high concentrations of intracellular Ca2+. The opening of these channels results in hyperpolarization of the membrane, so that they ...
- Ika
- (from the article "African dance") ...the climax of the performance. Among the Nupe of Nigeria ribald songs and joking insults between the sexes have replaced performances allowing for sexual license at harvest festivals. The dances ...
- ikakeji
- (from the article "fundamiji") ...A sieve is used to separate the fine grains from the coarse. During the Heian period (794-1185), uneven grains of gold produced by filing solid gold were used; this technique ...
- Ikare
- town, Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies in the Yoruba Hills, at the intersection of roads from Owo, Okene, Kabba, and Ado-Ekiti. An agricultural trade centre (yams, cassava, corn [maize], ...
- Ikaria
- (from the article "Aegean Sea") ...groups, from north to south: (1) the Thracian Sea group, including Thasos, Samothrace (Samothraki), and Lemnos; (2) the east Aegean group, including Lesbos (Lesvos), Chios, Ikaria, and Samos; (3) the ...
- ikat
- (from the article "Indonesia") The art of weaving is highly developed. It includes the famous ikat method, in which the thread is dyed selectively before weaving by binding fibres around groups of threads so ...
- Ike Taiga
- painter of the mid-Tokugawa period (1603-1867) who, together with Yosa Buson, established the bunjin-ga, or literati, style of painting, which survives to this day in Japan. (The style had originated ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ike, Hurricane
- (from the article "Galveston") ...by a wide boulevard overlooked by hotels. The wall broke the force of a powerful hurricane in September 1961 and reduced flood damage. The seawall held back the worst of ...
- IKEA Group
- (from the article "Sweden") ...Marten Medbo, and Frida Fjellman have won international acclaim. Moreover, Sweden has been a world leader in industrial design, blending sound ergonomics, aesthetics, and high functionality. IKEA, perhaps Sweden's best-known ...
- ikebana
- traditionally, the classical art of Japanese flower arranging; the meaning of the term was later extended to encompass all the various styles of Japanese floral art. Ikebana was introduced in ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ikebono
- (from the article "ikebana") ...introduced in Japan in the 6th century by Chinese Buddhist missionaries who had formalized the ritual of offering flowers to the Buddha. The first school of flower arranging in Japan, ...
- Ikebukuro
- (from the article "Tokyo-Yokohama Metropolitan Area") ...than through any other station in Japan and, quite possibly, in the world. Second-and perhaps catching up because of its popularity among teenagers-is Shibuya, to the south; and third is ...
- Ikeda
- city, Osaka fu (urban prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the Fukuchiyama Line (railway), northwest of Osaka. Settled in prehistoric times, Ikeda was a flourishing trade centre during the Tokugawa ...
- Ikeda Hayato
- prime minister of Japan from July 1960 until October 1964, who was instrumental in Japan's phenomenal economic growth in the years after World War II. [3 Related Articles]
- Ikeja
- town and capital of Lagos state, 10.5 miles (17 km) northwest of Lagos, southwestern Nigeria. Originally settled by the Yoruba people, the locality was raided for slaves until the mid-19th ...
- ikenga
- (from the article "art, African") ...toward individual distinction, and men can move upward through successive grades by demonstrating their achievements and their generosity. One of the traditional representations of this was the ikenga, that part ...
- Ikenobo
- oldest school of floral art in Japan; the term Ikenobo later came to be used loosely to describe any classical Japanese flower arrangement. The Ikenobo (literally, "priest's residence by a ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ikere-Ekiti
- town, Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria, on the road from Akure to Ado-Ekiti. A major collecting point for cocoa, it also serves as an agricultural trade centre (yams, cassava [yuca], rice, ...
- Ikeya Kaoru
- (from the article "Ikeya-Seki, Comet") ...is one of a group of Sun-grazing comets having similar orbits and including the great comet known as 1882 II. Comet Ikeya-Seki was discovered Sept. 18, 1965, by two Japanese ...
- Ikeya-Seki, Comet
- long-period comet that is one of a group of Sun-grazing comets having similar orbits and including the great comet known as 1882 II. Comet Ikeya-Seki was discovered Sept. 18, 1965, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ikhshidids Dynasty
- Muslim Turkish dynasty from Fergana in Central Asia that ruled Egypt and Syria from 935 to 969. The founder, Muhammad ibn Tughj, appointed governor of Egypt in 935, two years ... [1 Related Articles]
- ikhtilaf
- (Arabic: "disagreement"), in Islam, differences of opinion on religious matters. Such diversity is permissible as long as the basic principles of Islam are not affected. Ikhtilaf is thus the opposite ...
- Ikhtimanska Sredna Mountains
- (from the article "Sredna Mountains") The Sredna range has three parts. Westernmost is the Ikhtimanska (Ikhtiman) Sredna, 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Sofia. It is an irregular, forested, hilly region with a sparse population. ...
- Ikhwan
- (Arabic: Brethren), in Arabia, members of a religious and military brotherhood that figured prominently in the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under Ibn Sa'ud (1912-30); in modern Saudi Arabia they ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ikhwan as-Safa'
- (Arabic: Brethren of Purity), a secret Arab confraternity, founded at Basra, Iraq, that produced a philosophical and religious encyclopaedia, Rasa'il ikhwan as-safa' wa khillan al-wafa' ("Epistles of the Brethren of ... [3 Related Articles]
- Iki
- island, north-central Nagasaki ken (prefecture), western Kyushu, Japan. It lies in the Eastern Channel, about 10 miles (16 km) off the coast of Kyushu, and occupies 52 ...
- ikigami
- (from the article "Japan") ...sparked by the view that human suffering could be cured only by those who had suffered similar hardships themselves; and in the late Tokugawa period there developed a belief in ...
- Ikire
- town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. The town lies along the road from Ibadan to Ile-Ife. A collecting point for local cash crops (cocoa, palm oil and kernels), it also serves ...
- Ikirun
- town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies along the railroad from Lagos and at the intersection of roads from Oshogbo, Inisha (Inisa), Igbajo, and Ila (Illa). Mainly inhabited by Yoruba ...
- Ikokusen uchiharairei
- (from the article "Japan") ...incident, and the bakufu failed to adopt a consistent policy. In 1825, responding to a proposal by Takahashi Kageyasu, Edo authorities promulgated the Order to Drive Away Foreign Ships (Ikokusen ...
- Ikonos 1
- (from the article "space exploration") ...several American firms to begin developing high-ground-resolution (less than one metre [3.3 feet]) commercial remote-sensing satellites. The first commercial high-resolution satellite, called Ikonos 1, was launched by the Space Imaging ...
- ikonostasis
- (from the article "ceremonial object") ...hidden by grills or screens: the veil of the Jewish Temple in ancient Jerusalem, which separated the holy area (or hekhal) from the Holy of Holies (or devir); or the ...
- Ikorodu
- town, Lagos state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies near the Lagos Lagoon, on the Bight of Benin, 14 miles (23 km) northwest of Lagos. A traditional settlement of the Awori people ...
- Ikot Abasi
- port town, Akwa Ibom state, southern Nigeria. The town lies near the mouth of the Imo (Opobo) River. Situated at a break in the mangrove swamps and rain forest of ...
- Ikot Ekpene
- town, Akwa Ibom state, southern Nigeria. The town lies along the coastal highway between Calabar and Aba. It is the chief trade centre (yams, cassava, taro, corn [maize], and palm ...
- Ikpelweme
- (from the article "African dance") The type of mask influences the style of the masquerade dance. The Ikpelweme ancestral masqueraders of the Afemai people of Bendel State, Nigeria, wear richly coloured, close-fitting costumes with face ...
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