(from the article "Baku") The core of present-day Baku is the old town, or fortress, of Icheri-Shekher. Most of the walls, strengthened after the Russian conquest in 1806, survive, as does the 90-foot (27-metre) ...
(from the article "arts, East Asian") ...popularity in India and in China. With occasional elaborations through the use of lacquer, these powerful works were essentially carved from large, single pieces of wood, a technique called ichiboku-zukuri. ...
(from the article "China") The British and Indian army defeated the Japanese attack on Assam (March-July 1944) with help from transport planes withdrawn from the Hump. But the Japanese campaign in China, known as ...
city, Chiba ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the east coast of Tokyo Bay. The city was formed by the amalgamation of the towns of Ichihara, Goi, Sanwa, Shizu, ...
city, Chiba ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies along the Edo River east of Tokyo. The city is composed of the three towns of Ichikawa, Yawata, and Nakayama, which were ...
(from the article "arts, East Asian") ...gentle style of acting (wagoto) for erotic love stories in Kyoto, while in Edo, a stylized, bravura style of acting (aragoto) was created at almost the same time by the ...
(from the article "arts, East Asian") ...created and Mokuami developed. They wrote for the talents of star actors: Namboku wrote for the finest onnagata (female impersonator) of his time, Iwai Hanshiro V, and Mokuami wrote for ...
(from the article "Ichikawa Family") Danjuro XI (1909-65) was among the top kabuki actors in the post-World War II period. He performed in both traditional and contemporary plays. His performances as Prince Genji in an ...
kabuki actors flourishing in Edo (modern Tokyo) from the 17th century to the present. The most famous names are Danjuro, Ebizo, Danzo, and Ebijuro, and, according to kabuki convention, these ...
(from the article "arts, East Asian") ...Namboku wrote for the finest onnagata (female impersonator) of his time, Iwai Hanshiro V, and Mokuami wrote for Ichikawa Danjuro IX and a remarkable actor of gangster roles, Ichikawa Kodanji ...
Japanese motion-picture director who introduced sophisticated Western-style comedy to Japan in the 1950s. Later he became concerned with more-serious subjects such as antiwar sentiment. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Hishikawa Moronobu") ...the customs and manners of the Edo people, especially of courtesans and Kabuki theatre actors. Among his works are the scroll "The Gay Quarters and the Kabuki Theatre," the 12 ...
city, Aichi ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan. It developed in the 7th century around the principal Shinto temple of the locality, the Masumida Shrine. During the Tokugawa period (1603-1867) it ...
(from the article "Principal national parks of the world") ...the remaining gazelles. Scorpions are found in all regions; among dangerous snakes are the horned viper and the cobra. Desert locusts sometimes damage crops in the southern part of the ...
any of a large and widely distributed insect group (order Hymenoptera) of considerable economic importance. The name sometimes refers to any member of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea, which includes the families ... [2 Related Articles]
scientific study of fishes, including, as is usual with a science that is concerned with a large group of organisms, a number of specialized subdisciplines: e.g., taxonomy, anatomy (or morphology), ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Gymnophiona") ...no aquatic larval stage; 23 genera, 90 species; adult size 10-152 cm (4-60 inches); South and Central America, Africa, India, and Seychelles.No fossil record; tail present; mouth subterminal (partially ...
(from the article "hymenostome") ...and by an undulating membrane on the other side. In the genus Pleuronema the membrane is greatly enlarged to form a saclike food scoop. The order also contains parasites, such ...
(from the article "ich") parasitic disease that affects a variety of freshwater fish species and that is caused by the ciliated protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Ich is one of the most common ...
(from the article "vertebrate") ...dinosaurs.†Extinct; single temporal opening on area of cheek.†Extinct; temporal openings high up on skull; fishlike; spindle-shaped body; high tail fin; triangular dorsal fin; paddlelike legs;...
extinct seabirds of the Late Cretaceous Period (99 million to 65 million years ago) found as fossils in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Kansas, and Texas. Ichthyornis ... [1 Related Articles]
any member of an extinct group of aquatic reptiles, most of which were very similar to porpoises in appearance and habits. These distant relatives of lizards and snakes (lepidosaurs) were ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "ichthyosaur") Ichthyosaurus, a representative genus from which the larger group takes its name, was about 3 metres (10 feet) long and was probably able to move through the ...
a hereditary condition involving dryness and scaliness of the skin brought about by excessive growth of the horny outermost covering of the skin. The dead cells of this horny layer ... [1 Related Articles]
genus of extinct animals, closely related to tetrapods (four-legged land vertebrates) and found as fossils in rocks in eastern Greenland from the late Devonian Period (about 370 million years ago). ... [3 Related Articles]
(Salanx), any of several semitransparent fishes, family Salangidae, found in freshwaters and salt waters of eastern Asia and considered a delicacy by the Chinese. The numerous species are slender and ...
(from the article "ice in lakes and rivers") ...very cold periods. At other times all the water in a small stream freezes; subsequent inflowing water then flows over the surface and freezes, forming large buildups of ice. These ...
(from the article "ice hockey") Because of the speed and contact, there are many infractions, not all of them having to do with "hitting" penalties. Play is stopped for an offside and for the infraction ...
famous prehistoric trackway across England from Norfolk to Wiltshire, following dry ground along the East Anglian ridge, the Chiltern Hills, and the Berkshire Downs. In Wiltshire are the great foci ...
in literature, a description of a person or thing, usually using a figure of speech. To semioticians, icons are signs, verbal or otherwise, with extra-systemic resemblances to the persons or ...
in Eastern Christian tradition, a representation of sacred personages or events in mural painting, mosaic, or wood. After the iconoclastic controversy of the 8th-9th century, which disputed the religious function ... [15 Related Articles]
(from the article "semiotics") ...He defined a sign as "something which stands to somebody for something," and one of his major contributions to semiotics was the categorization of signs into three main types: (1) ...
a dispute over the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries. The Iconoclasts (those who rejected images) objected to icon worship for ... [31 Related Articles]
(from the article "Christianity") The decisive contrast between the iconodules (image lovers) and the iconoclasts (image destroyers) is found in their understanding of Christology. The iconodules based their theology upon the view of Athanasius-who ...
the science of identification, description, classification, and interpretation of symbols, themes, and subject matter in the visual arts. The term can also refer to the artist's use of this imagery ... [39 Related Articles]
(from the article "television") The first electronic camera tubes were invented in the United States by Vladimir K. Zworykin (the Iconoscope) in 1924 and by Philo T. Farnsworth (the Image Dissector) in 1927. These ...
in Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine tradition, a solid screen of stone, wood, or metal, usually separating the sanctuary from the nave. The iconostasis had originally been some sort of ... [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "virion") ...the capsid is further enveloped by a fatty membrane, in which case the virion can be inactivated by exposure to fat solvents such as ether and chloroform. Many virions are ...
(from the article "cluster") ...Waals forces or by other simple forces that depend only on the distance between each pair of atoms have unusual stability when the cluster has exactly the number of atoms ...
any fish of the family Ictaluridae, which includes about 50 species of North and Central American freshwater catfishes. Ictalurids are "typical" catfishes, with large, wide heads, tapering, scaleless bodies, and ... [1 Related Articles]
songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of 88 species of great diversity in size, habits, and diet, found throughout the Americas. [1 Related Articles]
Greek architect, one of the most celebrated of Athens, known for his work on the Parthenon on the Acropolis, the Temple of the Mysteries at Eleusis, and the Temple of ... [3 Related Articles]
in Freudian psychoanalytic theory, one of the three agencies of the human personality, along with the ego and superego (qq.v.). The oldest of these psychic realms in development, it contains ... [6 Related Articles]
the second of two great Muslim festivals, the other being 'Id al-Fitr. 'Id al-Adha marks the culmination of the hajj (pilgrimage) rites at Mina, Saudi Arabia, near Mecca, but is ... [4 Related Articles]
first of two canonical festivals of Islam. 'Id al-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan, the Muslim holy month of fasting, and is celebrated during the first three days of Shawwal, ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "tae kwon do") ...(Proficiency in the graded series of hyung determines rank in the lower grades.) Students also practice basic sparring combinations (id-bo tueryon, "one-step sparring"); these ...
first recorded king of Bernicia (from 547), soon after the foundation of the kingdom of Bernicia by the Angles in the British Isles. He supposedly built the fortress of Bebbanburh, ... [1 Related Articles]
mountain range in northwestern Asia Minor (now Turkey), near the site of ancient Troy. A classic shrine, Ida was where Paris passed judgment on the rival goddesses and was the ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Kaminska, Ida") ...Warsaw (1916) with the theatre company named for her father. She played many leads in Warsaw (1916-19), toured Russia for three years (1919-21), and returned to Warsaw to found her ...
town, Kogi state, south-central Nigeria. It lies on a sandstone cliff on the east bank of the Niger River. The traditional capital of the Igala people, Idah was brought under ...
constituent state of the United States of America. With 83,564 square miles (216,432 square kilometres), including 1,153 square miles of inland water, it has twice the combined area of the ... [6 Related Articles]
city, seat (1864) of Boise county, southwestern Idaho, U.S., above the confluence of Elk and Mores creeks. It lies in a mountainous area of Boise National Forest at an elevation ...
city, seat (1911) of Bonneville county, southeastern Idaho, U.S., on the upper Snake River. Originally the territory of the Shoshone-Bannock and Northern Paiute Indians, it began as the Eagle Rock ...
(from the article "Idaho") ...Snake River, is the main source of energy for both business and private users in Idaho. Natural gas and oil have been used increasingly, while waste wood products have declined ...
public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Pocatello, Idaho, U.S. It comprises colleges of arts and sciences, business, education, engineering, health professions, pharmacy, and technology. The university offers a wide ...
public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Moscow, Idaho, U.S. It is a land-grant university consisting of colleges of agricultural and life sciences, art and architecture, business and economics, education, ... [2 Related Articles]
ancient city in southern Cyprus, near modern Dali. Of pre-Greek origin, Idalium was one of 10 Cypriot kingdoms listed on the prism (many-sided tablet) of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (680-669 ... [1 Related Articles]
a specified period of time that must elapse before a Muslim widow or divorcee may legitimately remarry. The Qur'an (2:228) prescribes that a menstruating woman have three monthly periods before ...
common sport and food fish of the carp family, Cyprinidae, widely distributed in rivers and lakes of Europe and western Siberia. An elongated, rather stout fish, the ide is blue-gray ...
(from the article "epistemology") St. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) claimed that human knowledge would be impossible if God did not "illumine" the human mind and thereby allow it to see, grasp, or understand ideas. ...
(from the article "algebra, modern") ...where the coefficients a1, &elipsis;, an are integers.) Their work introduced the important concept of an ideal in such rings, so called because it could be represented by "ideal elements" outside the ...
(from the article "democracy") As noted above, Aristotle found it useful to classify actually existing governments in terms of three "ideal constitutions." For essentially the same reasons, the notion of an "ideal democracy" also ...
in analytic philosophy, a language that is precise, free of ambiguity, and clear in structure, on the model of symbolic logic, as contrasted with ordinary language, which is vague, misleading, ... [4 Related Articles]
homogeneous mixture of substances that has physical properties linearly related to the properties of the pure components. The classic statement of this condition is Raoult's law, which is valid for ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "democracy") ...philosophy of language, argued that the idea of achieving a "rational consensus" within a group on questions of either fact or value presupposes the existence of what he called an ...
(from the article "aesthetics") ...object but rather in a mental "intuition," which is grasped by the audience in the act of aesthetic understanding. The unsatisfactory nature of this theory, sometimes called the "ideal" theory ...
a common mental construct in the social sciences derived from observable reality although not conforming to it in detail because of deliberate simplification and exaggeration. It is not ideal in ...
(from the article "Utilitarianism") ...Analysis, regarded many kinds of consciousness-including love, knowledge, and the experience of beauty-as intrinsically valuable independently of pleasure, a position labelled "ideal" Utilitarianism. Even in limiting the recognition of intrinsic ...
(from the article "Claude Lorrain") French artist best known for, and one of the greatest masters of, ideal-landscape painting, an art form that seeks to present a view of nature more beautiful and harmonious than ...
(from the article "cigar") ...in. long; half a corona is about 3 34 in. long; Lonsdale is the same shape as a corona, about 6 12 in. long; ideales is a slender, torpedo-shaped cigar, ...
in philosophy, any view that stresses the central role of the ideal or the spiritual in the interpretation of experience. It may hold that the world or reality exists essentially ... [39 Related Articles]
(from the article "Cartesianism") Two important themes in the history of modern philosophy can be traced to Descartes. The first, called "the way of ideas," represents the attempt in epistemology to provide a foundation ...
(from the article "apraxia") Ideational apraxia is characterized by the inability to formulate a plan of action. A plan is never fully organized, and the part that is organized cannot be remembered long enough ...
(from the article "cyclic form") ...and the Symphony No. 4 of Robert Schumann, in which the cyclic material is extensively melodic rather than motivic (using brief melodic-rhythmic fragments). This tendency culminated in the idee fixe ...
an idea that is unexamined. The phrase is particularly associated with Gustave Flaubert, who in his Le Dictionnaire des idees recues (published posthumously in 1913; Flaubert's Dictionary of Accepted Ideas) ...
In 2003 Nobuyuki Idei, chairman and CEO of Japanese electronics giant Sony Corp., was in the midst of taking his company through a dramatic transformation. While in the past Sony ...
Jewish cantor, composer, founder of the modern study of the history of Jewish music, and one of the first important ethnomusicologists. [1 Related Articles]
Japanese petrochemical corporation founded in 1911 as Idemitsu Shokai and reorganized and incorporated under its current name in 1940. Its headquarters are in Tokyo.
(from the article "training, transfer of") An alternative theory of identical elements was proposed in which it was postulated that transfer between activities would take place only if they shared common elements or features. Thus it ...
(from the article "predication") ...it is transformed into a proposition again, either general or particular instead of singular, which predicates warmness (or its negation) of several or many subjects of a kind. The predication ...
(from the article "behaviour genetics") ...quasi-experimental methods are used to screen for genetic influence on individual differences in complex traits such as behaviour. The twin method relies on the accident of nature that results in ...
(from the article "animal communication") It is important for the recipient to be able to identify the communicator with some degree of precision; if he identifies himself, through displays or some other means, as belonging ...
(from the article "personality") Among the controlling functions of the ego are identifications and defenses. Children are inclined to behave like the significant adult models in their environment, Freud postulated. These identifications give identity ...
(from the article "warning system") Radar and identification friend or foe (IFF) equipment constitute the forward elements of complex systems that have appeared throughout the world. Examples include the semiautomatic ground environment (SAGE), augmented by ...
(from the article "logic, philosophy of") ...presupposed in an interpretation, or the domain of individuals. Its members are said to be quantified over in "("x)" or "($x)." Furthermore, (3) the concept of identity (expressed by =) ...
(from the article "Eckhart, Meister") 3. Identity: Eckhart's numerous statements on identity between God and the soul can be easily misunderstood. He never has substantial identity in mind, but God's operation and man's becoming are ...
(from the article "human behaviour") ...a key aspect of this adolescent dilemma is that of finding a role, which is generally taken to be the outward expression of identity. The emotional upheaval provoked by this ...
(from the article "mathematics") ...is an element e such that a * e = a = e * a for every element a in the group. This element is called the identity element of the group.For every element a there is an ...
(from the article "matrix") A matrix O with all its elements 0 is called a zero matrix. A square matrix A with 1s on the main diagonal (upper left to lower right) and 0s ...
(from the article "formal logic") ...as," whereas in (1) it cannot. As used in (2), "is" stands for a dyadic relation-namely, identity-that the proposition asserts to hold between the two individuals. An identity proposition is ...
(from the article "analytic philosophy") ...is best able to explain how people, using language, are able to refer to things in the world and to communicate with each other. The debate involved a long-standing puzzle ...
(from the article "Computers and Information Systems") ...by pressuring companies that handled credit-card transactions to comply with strict new credit-card security standards that were backed by Visa and MasterCard. As the year ended, it appeared that identity ...
in philosophy, one view of modern Materialism that asserts that mind and matter, however capable of being logically distinguished, are in actuality but different expressions of a single reality that ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "thought, laws of") traditionally, the three fundamental laws of logic: (1) the law of contradiction, (2) the law of excluded middle (or third), and (3) the principle of identity. That is, (1) for ...
(from the article "industrial design") Another teamwork-oriented design firm active at the start of the 21st century was IDEO. Founded in Palo Alto, Calif., in 1991 by Bill Moggridge, Mike Nuttall, and David Kelley, it ...
(from the article "hieroglyphic writing") The system of hieroglyphic writing has two basic features: first, representable objects are portrayed as pictures (ideograms) and, second, the picture signs are given the phonetic value of the words ...
(from the article "apraxia") Ideokinetic apraxia is caused by an interruption of impulses in the association tracts of the nervous system, so that there is no coordination between ideation and motor activity. An affected ...
French philosophic movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries that reduced epistemological problems (concerning the nature or grounds of knowledge) to those of psychology (as in the work ... [5 Related Articles]
