| | - Iron Gate
- the last gorge of the Ðerdap gorge system on the Danube River, dividing the Carpathian and Balkan mountains and forming part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania. It is ... [4 Related Articles]
- Iron Gate hydroelectric project
- (from the article "Iron Gate") ...obstructed nearly the whole width of the river until the construction of the Sip Canal in 1896. A joint development project of Romania and Yugoslavia on the Danube River (including ...
- Iron Guard
- Romanian fascist organization that constituted a major social and political force between 1930 and 1941. In 1927 Corneliu Zelea Codreanu founded the Legion of the Archangel Michael, which later became ... [5 Related Articles]
- iron hardpan
- (from the article "Kwangtung") ...deposited in the river valleys and deltas. As a result of the cultivation of rice, the alluviums have developed special morphological characteristics, the most striking of which is the formation ...
- iron ion
- (from the article "crystal") ...magnetic ordering. In ferrimagnets the moments are in an antiparallel alignment, but they do not cancel. The best example of a ferrimagnetic mineral is magnetite (Fe3O4). Two iron ions are ...
- Iron Knob
- town, northeastern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, 247 miles (397 km) northwest of Adelaide by rail. It is the centre for one of the richest deposits of iron ore in the ...
- iron law of oligarchy
- (from the article "Michels, Robert") German-born Italian political sociologist and economist, noted for his formulation of the "iron law of oligarchy," which states that political parties and other membership organizations inevitably tend toward oligarchy, authoritarianism, ...
- Iron Law of Wages
- (from the article "Ricardo, David") English economist who gave systematized, classical form to the rising science of economics in the 19th century. His laissez-faire doctrines were typified in his Iron Law of Wages, which stated ...
- Iron Liege
- (from the article "The Kentucky Derby") In 1956 Hartack rode Fabius to victory at the Preakness Stakes, and in 1957 he rode Iron Liege to victory at the Kentucky Derby. His four other Kentucky Derby winners ...
- iron lung
- (from the article "polio") ...aids such as the positive pressure ventilator, which pumps air into the patient's lungs through an endotracheal tube inserted into the windpipe. Ventilators have largely replaced the "iron lungs" that ...
- iron mask, the man in the
- political prisoner famous in French history and legend who died in the Bastille in 1703 during the reign of Louis XIV. There is no historical evidence that the mask was ... [1 Related Articles]
- iron meteorite
- any meteorite consisting mainly of iron, usually combined with small amounts of nickel. When such meteorites, often called irons, fall through the atmosphere, they may develop a thin, black crust ... [3 Related Articles]
- Iron Mountain
- city, seat (1891) of Dickinson county, southwestern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S., about 50 miles (80 km) west of Escanaba. Settled in 1879, it was named for its proximity to ...
- Iron Mountain
- (from the article "Lake Wales") ...it has diversified to include manufacturing (electrical equipment and mattresses). Lake Wales is the seat of Warner Southern College (1968). Bok Tower Gardens was established in 1929 on nearby Iron ...
- iron oxide
- (from the article "Table 1: Raw Materials Used in the Manufacture of Portland Cement") ...also makes use of electromagnetic phenomena to record and reproduce sound waves. The tape consists of a plastic backing coated with a thin layer of tiny particles of magnetic powder, ...
- iron pressing
- (from the article "clothing and footwear industry") Pressing has two major divisions: buck pressing and iron pressing. A buck press is a machine for pressing a garment or section between two contoured, heated, pressure surfaces that may ...
- iron processing
- use of a smelting process to turn the ore into a form from which products can be fashioned. Included in this article also is a discussion of the mining of ... [35 Related Articles]
- iron putty
- (from the article "putty") The name putty is also applied to substances resembling putty, such as iron putty, a mixture of ferric oxide and linseed oil; and red-lead putty, a mixture of red and ...
- Iron Ring
- (from the article "Austria") ...the Czechs in 1879 to give up their boycott. Taaffe then governed with the support of a conservative coalition, including Slavs, German aristocrats, and clericals, which gave itself the name ...
- iron salt
- (from the article "ink") ...suspensions of substances from plants, animals, and minerals also have been used as inks, including alizarin, indigo, pokeberries, cochineal, and sepia. For many centuries, a mixture of a soluble iron ...
- iron X
- (from the article "Sun")
- iron-boron-silicon
- (from the article "amorphous solid") ...having magnetic properties. These are typically iron-rich amorphous solids with compositions such as Fe0.8B0.2 iron-boron and Fe0.8B0.1Si0.1 iron-boron-silicon. They are readily formed as long metallic glass ribbons by melt spinning ...
- iron-core transformer
- (from the article "transformer") ...radio-frequency currents-i.e., the currents used for radio transmission; they consist of two or more coils wound around a solid insulating substance or on an insulating coil form. Iron-core transformers serve ...
- iron-counterweight system
- (from the article "stage design") ...of mechanical hoists. There are two main types of flying systems: hand-operated and machine-driven. Hand-operated systems can be further subdivided into two types: rope-set, or hemp, systems and counterweight systems. ...
- iron-group metal
- (from the article "mineral") The iron-group metals are isometric and have a simple cubic packed structure (see Figure 9A). Its members include pure iron, which is rarely found on the surface of the Earth, ...
- iron-hulled barge
- (from the article "Wilkinson, John") Another Wilkinson innovation (1787) was an iron-hulled barge-a sensation at the time-to transport the heavy ordnance he was manufacturing for the government. Wilkinson taught the French how to bore cannon ...
- iron-magnesium-manganese amphibole group
- (from the article "amphibole") ...that encompass the chemical variation within this group. The mineral nomenclature of the amphiboles is divided into four principal subdivisions based on B-group cation occupancy: (1) the iron-magnesium-manganese amphibole group, ...
- iron-porphyrin group
- (from the article "circulation") ...red hemoglobins, which have been reported in all classes of vertebrates, in most invertebrate phyla, and even in some plants. Hemoglobins consist of a variable number of subunits, each containing ...
- Ironbridge
- structure that is generally considered the first cast-iron bridge, spanning the River Severn at Ironbridge, near Coalbrookdale, in Shropshire, England. It is now a British national monument. The bridge's semicircular ... [2 Related Articles]
- ironclad
- type of warship developed in Europe and the United States in the mid-19th century, characterized by the iron casemates that protected the hull. In the Crimean War (1853-56) the French ... [5 Related Articles]
- Irons, Jeremy
- (from the article "1990: Best Actor") Other Nominees
- ironstone
- (from the article "sedimentary rock") ...extensive, locally thick sequences composed of alternating thin (millimetre to centimetre thick) layers of mainly crystalline-textured iron-rich minerals and chert-and (2) ironstone-noncherty, essentially clastic-textured, iron-rich minerals of local extent.
- ironstone china
- type of stoneware introduced in England early in the 19th century by Staffordshire potters who sought to develop a porcelain substitute that could be mass-produced. The result of their experiments ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ironstone Plateau
- (from the article "Sudan, The") In the southern Sudan there are two contrasting upland areas. The Ironstone Plateau lies between the Nile-Congo watershed and the southern clay plain; its level country is marked with inselbergs. ...
- Ironstone, Mount
- (from the article "Great Western Tiers") ...They form the northern and eastern border of the Central Plateau. Basaltic in composition, their fault-formed scarps rise to 4,000 feet (1,200 m) near the River Mersey in the northwest; ...
- Ironton
- (from the article "Huntington") Huntington is now the centre of a tristate industrial region formed at the junction of Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia that includes the cities of Ashland, Kentucky, and Ironton, Ohio. ...
- ironweed
- any of about 500 species of perennial plants constituting the genus Vernonia of the family Asteraceae. Small herbaceous species are distributed throughout the world, while shrubs and trees are native ...
- Ironwood
- city, Gogebic county, western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. Ironwood lies along the Montreal River at the Wisconsin border, some 90 miles (145 km) east of Duluth, Minn. It is ...
- ironwork
- architectural features of buildings, artwork, utensils, and weapons made of iron. A brief treatment of ironwork follows. For full treatment, see metalwork: Iron. [8 Related Articles]
- irony
- language device, either in spoken or written form in which the real meaning is concealed or contradicted by the literal meanings of the words (verbal irony) or in a situation ... [8 Related Articles]
- Iroquoian languages
- (from the article "Northeast Indian") European explorers and colonizers of the 16th century noted that the region was occupied by many different groups, each of which was a member of either the Algonquian, Iroquoian, or ...
- Iroquois
- any member of the North American Indian tribes speaking a language of the Iroquoian family-notably the Cayuga, Cherokee, Huron, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora, in addition to the Iroquois ... [32 Related Articles]
- Iroquois Confederacy
- confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and ... [18 Related Articles]
- Iroquois Falls
- town, Cochrane district, east-central Ontario, Canada. It lies along the Abitibi River, just west of Lake Abitibi, 190 miles (300 km) north-northwest of North Bay. The town was named for ...
- Irr I
- (from the article "galaxy") Hubble recognized these two types of irregular galaxies, Irr I and Irr II. The Irr I type is the most common of the irregular systems, and it seems to fall ...
- Irr II
- (from the article "galaxy") Hubble recognized these two types of irregular galaxies, Irr I and Irr II. The Irr I type is the most common of the irregular systems, and it seems to fall ...
- Irra
- (from the article "Nergal") in Mesopotamian religion, secondary god of the Sumero-Akkadian pantheon. He was identified with Irra, the god of scorched earth and war, and with Meslamtaea, He Who Comes Forth from Meslam. ...
- irradiance
- (from the article "light") ...stored in the electric and magnetic fields; as the fields propagate at the speed of light, the energy content is transported. The proper measure of energy transport in an electromagnetic ...
- irrational belief
- (from the article "mental disorder") ...on the premise that maladaptive thinking causes and maintains emotional problems. Maladaptive thinking may refer to a belief that is false and rationally unsupported, what Ellis called an "irrational belief." ...
- irrational number
- any real number that cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers. For example, there is no number among integers and fractions that equals the square root of 2. ... [13 Related Articles]
- irrationalism
- a 19th- and early 20th-century philosophical trend that claimed to enrich man's apprehension of life by expanding it beyond the rational to its fuller dimensions. Rooted either in metaphysics or ... [3 Related Articles]
- Irrawaddy River
- principal river of Myanmar (formerly Burma), running through the centre of the country. Myanmar's most important commercial waterway, it is about 1,350 miles (2,170 km) long. Its name is believed ... [10 Related Articles]
- Irredentist
- any of the Italian patriots prominent in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century who sought to deliver Italian lands from foreign rule. Their name ... [1 Related Articles]
- irreducible hernia
- (from the article "hernia") ...A truss is usually a temporary expedient and is seldom used as a substitute for surgical care. A reducible hernia may increase in size or may form adhesions to other ...
- irreflexive relation
- (from the article "formal logic") ...identical with"). If phi never holds between any object and itself-i.e., if~(∃x)phixx-then phi is said to be irreflexive (example: "is greater than"). If phi is neither reflexive nor irreflexive-i.e., if(∃x)phixx ...
- irregular cluster
- (from the article "galaxy") Irregular clusters are large, loosely structured assemblages of mixed galaxy types (mostly spirals and ellipticals), totaling perhaps 1,000 or more systems and extending out 10,000,000 to 50,000,000 light-years. The Virgo ...
- irregular crystal
- (from the article "climate") ...structure. According to a recent internationally accepted classification, there are seven types of snow crystals: plates, stellars, columns, needles, spatial dendrites, capped columns, and irregular crystals. The size and shape ...
- irregular galaxy
- (from the article "astronomy") Ellipticals show none of the spiral features but are more densely packed stellar systems. They range in shape from nearly spherical to very flattened and contain little interstellar matter. Irregular ...
- irregular migration
- (from the article "Social Protection") Irregular migration, human trafficking, and migrant smuggling continued to challenge the ability of countries to regulate the entry and stay of migrants. This was demonstrated most dramatically in October by ...
- irregular ode
- a rhymed ode that employs neither the three-part form of the Pindaric ode nor the two- or four-line stanza that typifies the Horatian ode. It is also characterized by irregularity ...
- Irregulars
- (from the article "Irish Republican Army") ...leadership) supporting the treaty and the other (under Eamon de Valera) opposing it. The former group became the core of the official Irish Free State Army, and the latter group, ...
- irreversibility
- (from the article "colloid") Colloids are generally classified into two systems, reversible and irreversible. In a reversible system the products of a physical or chemical reaction may be induced to interact so as to ...
- irreversible shock
- (from the article "cardiovascular disease") The terms refractory shock and irreversible shock are widely used by physicians and other medical workers to refer to types of shock that present particularly difficult problems. The term refractory ...
- irreversible toxic response
- (from the article "poison") Toxic responses differ in their eventual outcomes; the body can recover from some toxic responses, while others are irreversible. Irritation of the upper respiratory tract by inhaled formaldehyde gas, for ...
- irrigation and drainage
- artificial application of water to land and artificial removal of excess water from land, respectively. Some land requires irrigation or drainage before it is possible to use it for any ... [62 Related Articles]
- irritability
- (from the article "nervous system") ...A change in the environment is the stimulus; the reaction of the organism to it is the response. In single-celled organisms, the response is the result of a property of ...
- irritable bowel syndrome
- relatively common disorder of the intestines characterized by abdominal pain, intestinal gas, and altered bowel habits, including diarrhea, constipation, or both. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain that is relieved ... [2 Related Articles]
- Irrumporai
- (from the article "India") ...celebrated by the poets of the cankam as the victor in campaigns against the Ceras and the Colas. Cera inscriptions of the 2nd century CE referring to ...
- Irthing
- (from the article "Eden, River") ...limestone hills. Its main tributary, the Eamont, entering near Penrith, collects drainage from the heart of the Lake District, including the discharge from Ullswater. Above Carlisle it receives the Irthing, ...
- Irtysh River
- river rising from the glaciers on the southwestern slopes of the Altai Mountains in Sinkiang, China. It flows west across the Chinese border through Lake Zaysan, and then northwest across ... [7 Related Articles]
- Irtysh-Karaganda Canal
- (from the article "Karaganda") ...bred in more arid regions of the west. Dairying, truck gardening, and the cultivation of millet are carried on around Karaganda but must be supported by irrigation, the water being ...
- Iru
- (from the article "Haya") Two main ethnic elements exist in the population-the pastoral Hima, who are probably descendants of wandering Nilotes, and the more agricultural Iru, descendants of the original Bantu. The Haya were ...
- Iruma
- city, Saitama ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, on the Iruma River. The city is located on the Musashino uplands and the southern part of the Kaji hills. Iruma is renowned for ...
- Irun
- city, Guipuzcoa provincia (province), in the Basque Country comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Bidasoa ...
- Irvine
- royal burgh (town), North Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, southwestern Scotland, on the Firth of Clyde. The last of Scotland's five "new towns," Irvine was designated in 1966 ... [1 Related Articles]
- Irvine
- city, Orange county, southern California, U.S. Adjacent to the city of Santa Ana (northwest), Irvine lies about 40 miles (60 km) southeast of Los Angeles. Originally inhabited by Tongva (or ...
- Irvine v. California
- (from the article "Reed, Stanley F.") ...this case the Fifth Amendment's right against self-incrimination). He voted with the majority in WolfColorado (1949) and IrvineCalifornia (1954), both of which ruled that illegally obtained evidence may be admissible ...
- Irvine, Andrew
- (from the article "Mallory, George") ...to which he gave the famous reply, "Because it's there." The expedition had a difficult time with high winds and deep snows. On June 6 he and a young and ...
- Irvine, James
- (from the article "Irvine") ...and San Joaquin (1837) and Lomas de Santiago (1846), both Mexican land grants. By the 1860s much of the land had been acquired by sheep ranchers Benjamin and Thomas Flint, ...
- Irving Colburn machine
- (from the article "industrial glass") Two continuous flat-glass machines were introduced about the turn of the 20th century: the updraw machine, designed by Emile Fourcault of Belgium; and the Irving Colburn machine, developed at the ...
- Irving, David
- (from the article "Austria") In February the attention of the world's media was briefly focused on Austria after a Vienna court sentenced British historian David Irving to three years in jail for speeches that ...
- Irving, Edward
- Church of Scotland minister whose teachings became the basis of the religious movement known as Irvingism, later called the Catholic Apostolic Church.
- Irving, John
- American novelist and short-story writer who established his reputation with the novel The World According to Garp (1978; filmed 1982). Characteristic of his other works, it is ... [2 Related Articles]
- Irving, Kenneth Colin
- Canadian industrialist whose vast business empire dominated the province of New Brunswick, where he employed 1 out of every 12 workers.
- Irving, Miles
- (from the article "India") ...taken back to Bombay by orders of Punjab's lieutenant governor, Sir Michael O'Dwyer. On April 10, Kichloo and Satyapal were arrested in Amritsar and deported from the district by Deputy ...
- Irving, Sir Henry
- one of the most famous of English actors, the first of his profession to be knighted (1895) for services to the stage. He was also a celebrated theatre manager and ... [8 Related Articles]
- Irving, Washington
- writer called the "first American man of letters." He is best known for the short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle." [5 Related Articles]
- Irvingiaceae
- (from the article "Malpighiales") Irvingiaceae contains 3 genera and 10 species of tropical trees found in Africa and from Southeast Asia to western Malesia. The leaves are rather distinctive with their longitudinal markings, large ...
- Irvington
- township (town), Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., bordering Newark to the east. Settled in 1666 as part of a land grant from Sir George Carteret, proprietor of New Jersey, ...
- Irwandi Yusuf
- (from the article "Indonesia") ...was largely without incident. GAM candidates won a large minority of district and provincial executive positions. Foremost among them was the U.S.-trained veterinarian and former GAM commander Irwandi Yusuf, who ...
- Irwin, Bill
- (from the article "Performing Arts") ...team from the Drama Desk, the Outer Critics Circle, and other quarters. The year's other big Tony winners were John Patrick Shanley's carefully crafted religious drama Doubt; former clown Bill ...
- Irwin, Elisabeth Antoinette
- American educator, psychologist, and one of the leaders of the progressive education movement.
- Irwin, George R.
- (from the article "solids, mechanics of") ...beginning, in which Griffith's work was initially regarded as important only for very brittle solids such as glass, there developed, largely under the impetus of the American engineer and physicist ...
- Irwin, Hale
- (from the article "United States Open Golf Championship-men") ...up. Begun in the early 1980s, its total purse was $10 million within a few years, and it had swelled to some $50 million by 2000. Although veterans such as ...
- Irwin, James B.
- American astronaut, pilot of the Lunar Module on the Apollo 15 mission (July 26-Aug. 7, 1971), in which he and the mission commander, David R. Scott, spent almost three days ...
- Irwin, May
- Canadian-born American comedian and music-hall performer who popularized such songs as "After the Ball" and "A Hot Time in the Old Town."
- Irwin, Robert
- (from the article "environmental sculpture") ...of indoor environmental works include the American artist Edward Kienholz, whose densely detailed, emotionally charged works often incorporate elements of the surreal, and Lucas Samaras and Robert Irwin, also Americans, ...
- Irwin, Steve
- wildlife conservationist, television personality, and educator, who achieved worldwide fame as the exuberant host of The Crocodile Hunter (1992-2006) television series and related documentaries. With frenetic energy ... [2 Related Articles]
- Iryani, 'Abd al-Rahman al-
- (from the article "Yemen") ...side effect the departure of the various foreign forces. Al-Sallal's pro-Egyptian regime was ousted in a bloodless coup in 1968 and replaced by a nominally civilian one headed by Pres. ...
- Irzykowski, Karol
- Polish novelist and literary critic well known for his rejection of Realism, which he considered a pretense. [2 Related Articles]
- IS54 cellular system
- (from the article "telecommunication") ...available slots. In this case information must be buffered, or stored in memory, until time slots become available for transmitting the data. The buffering introduces delay into the system. In ...
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