first archbishop of St. Paul; head of the liberal Roman Catholic clergy who promoted the integration of predominantly immigrant parishes into the life of the U.S. church (and society as ...
(from the article "shorthand") A method of recording speech by using machines became commercially feasible around 1906, when the Stenotype machine was invented by Ward Stone Ireland, an American stenographer and court reporter. At ...
bishop of Lugdunum (Lyon) and leading Christian theologian of the 2nd century. His work Adversus haereses (Against Heresies), written in about 180, was a refutation of Gnosticism. In the course ... [11 Related Articles]
Byzantine ruler and saint of the Greek Orthodox Church who was instrumental in restoring the use of icons in the Eastern Roman Empire. [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Netherlands, The") ...of Princess Beatrix, the heiress to Queen Juliana (who had succeeded Wilhelmina on her abdication in 1948), to a German diplomat aroused acrimonious debate. The unsanctioned marriage of Princess Irene ...
(from the article "Religion") Ireneos I was deposed in May as patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church in the Holy Land by 12 of its 18 bishops because of his having approved a long-term ...
songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of the leafbirds, ioras, and fairy bluebirds, about 14 species of small brightly coloured birds of the forests and farms of southeastern Asia. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Amaranthaceae") ...may be a capsule, utricle, nutlet, drupe, or berry. Species of globe amaranth (Gomphrena) and cockscomb (Celosia) are cultivated as ornamentals; the genera Alternanthera and Iresine each have several species ...
English soldier and statesman, a leader of the Parliamentary cause during the Civil Wars between the Royalists and Parliamentarians. [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "The Environment") In northwestern Kazakhstan the 764,000-ha (1,900,000-ac) Irgiz-Turgay nature reserve was created in March to protect unique wetlands and the habitat of the rare and critically endangered saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica), ...
(from the article "2007: Other Winners") ...Score: Dario Marianelli for AtonementOriginal Song: Falling Slowly from Once; music and lyrics by Glen Hansard and Marketa IrglovaAnimated Feature Film: ...
Jewish right-wing underground movement in Palestine, founded in 1931. At first supported by many non-Socialist Zionist parties, in opposition to the Haganah, it became in 1936 an instrument of the ... [10 Related Articles]
city, Cholla-pukto (North Cholla province), western South Korea. It is located 16 miles (26 km) east of the port city of Kunsan. It lies in the northern part of the ...
(from the article "Samaniego, Felix Maria") ...were an immediate success and were quickly established as part of the Spanish curriculum. The next year, Samaniego became involved in a literary dispute with his former friend and fellow ...
(from the article "palm") ...apparently pollinate Asterogyne martiana in Costa Rica, and drosophila flies are thought to pollinate the nipa palm in New Guinea. Bees pollinate several species (Sabal palmetto and Iriartea deltoidea). Studies ...
the iris family of flowering plants, belonging to the order Liliales. The family is known for ornamental genera such as Iris, Gladiolus, and Crocus (see ). [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Grafe, Albrecht von") ...mirror used to inspect the interior of the eye). Working at the University of Berlin (1853-70), Grafe developed several effective surgical remedies for eye disorders. He introduced (1857) iridectomy (surgical ...
interference of light either at the surface or in the interior of a material that produces a series of colours as the angle of incidence changes. Best known are the ... [3 Related Articles]
(Ir), chemical element, one of the platinum metals of Group VIIIb of the periodic table. It is very dense and rare and is used in platinum alloys. A precious, silver-white ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "Motorola, Inc.") ...(see photograph), which quickly became an international status symbol as well as a useful personal communications device. The overwhelming success of cellular telephony inspired the development of Iridium, a system ...
mineral consisting of an alloy of iridium and a smaller proportion of osmium. It occurs in gold-bearing conglomerates, as at the Witwatersrand in South Africa, and in gold sands, as ...
city, southeastern Luzon, Philippines. It is located in the central part of Bicol Peninsula, about 20 miles (30 km) southeast of Naga. Iriga is named for the extinct volcano (3,976 ...
(from the article "Iriga") ...in the central part of Bicol Peninsula, about 20 miles (30 km) southeast of Naga. Iriga is named for the extinct volcano (3,976 feet [1,212 m]) in whose shadow it ...
Argentine statesman who became his country's first president elected by broad popular suffrage. He was driven from office during his second term by a military coup in 1930. [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "African dance") ...with beer drinking and vigorous dances expressing their occupational skills. In Nigeria, Nupe fishermen are renowned for their net throwing, which they formalize into dance patterns, and young Irigwe farmers ...
(from the article "match") In 1831 Charles Sauria of France incorporated white, or yellow, phosphorus in his formula, an innovation quickly and widely copied. In 1835 Janos Irinyi of Hungary replaced potassium chlorate with ...
(from the article "Kenya") ...are popular. Many people utilize shambas (vegetable gardens) to supplement purchased foods. In areas inhabited by the Kikuyu, irio, a stew of peas, corn, ...
in Greek mythology, the personification of the rainbow and (in Homer's Iliad, for example) a messenger of the gods. According to the Greek poet Hesiod, she was ...
in anatomy, the pigmented muscular curtain near the front of the eye, between the cornea and the lens, that is perforated by an opening called the pupil. The iris is ... [5 Related Articles]
genus of about 300 species of plants in the family Iridaceae including some of the world's most popular and varied garden flowers, centred in the North Temperate Zones. Some of ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Iris") ...contrasting "beards" on the falls. Dwarf bearded irises, most of which flower in early spring, are for the most part varieties of the almost stemless I. pumila and the taller ...
(from the article "Iris") Best known are the bearded, or German, group-the common garden irises. These are hybrids of pale-blue I. pallida, yellow I. variegata, purple-blue I. germanica, and perhaps other southern European species. ...
(from the article "Iris") ...They are hardy, rhizomatous types with sturdy, swordlike leaves and tall stems (to 90 cm [3 feet]) of three to many flowers. With the introduction in 1900 of taller, heavier, ...
(from the article "Iris") ...combinations, often with brightly contrasting "beards" on the falls. Dwarf bearded irises, most of which flower in early spring, are for the most part varieties of the almost stemless I. ...
(from the article "Iris") ...iris (I. sibirica), from grasslands in central and eastern Europe, has slender, straight stalks with clustered heads of violet-blue or white blooms. Similar but shorter and more sturdy, I. spuria ...
(from the article "Iris") Best known are the bearded, or German, group-the common garden irises. These are hybrids of pale-blue I. pallida, yellow I. variegata, purple-blue I. germanica, and perhaps other southern European species. ...
(from the article "Montserrat") ...by the time Christopher Columbus sighted it in November 1493, during his second voyage to the Americas. Columbus named the island for the abbey of Montserrat in Spain. It was ...
(from the article "O'Casey, Sean") ...he witnessed in Dublin's slums and by the teachings of the Irish labour leader Jim Larkin. O'Casey became active in the labour movement and wrote for the Irish Worker. He ...
(from the article "Irish Republican Army") The ensuing Irish Civil War (1922-23) ended with the capitulation of the Irregulars; however, they neither surrendered their arms nor disbanded. While de Valera led a portion of the Irregulars ...
genus (Megaloceros) of extinct giant elk commonly found as fossils in Pleistocene deposits in Europe and Asia (the Pleistocene Epoch began 1,600,000 years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago). ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Irish Republican Army") ...consequently split into two factions, one (under Collins's leadership) supporting the treaty and the other (under Eamon de Valera) opposing it. The former group became the core of the official ...
traditional harp of medieval Ireland and Scotland, characterized by a huge soundbox carved from a solid block of wood; a heavy, curved neck; and a deeply outcurved forepillar-a form shared ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Ireland") ...The prime minister, William Ewart Gladstone, at last recognizing the necessity for drastic Irish reforms, disestablished the Protestant Church of Ireland in 1869 and in 1870 introduced the first Irish ...
a member of the Goidelic group of Celtic languages, spoken in Ireland. As one of the national languages of the Republic of Ireland, Irish is taught in the public schools ... [10 Related Articles]
flowering of Irish literary talent at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century that was closely allied with a strong political nationalism and a revival ... [4 Related Articles]
the body of written works produced by the Irish. This article discusses Irish literature written in English from about 1690; its history is closely linked with that of English literature. ... [11 Related Articles]
(Chondrus crispus), species of red tufted seaweed with thin fronds from 5 to 25 cm (2 to 10 inches) long that grows abundantly along the rocky parts of the Atlantic ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Parnell, Charles Stewart") ...Parnell's release (May 2, 1882), caused a general revulsion against terrorism, and Parnell had little difficulty in bringing the nationalist movement again under firm discipline, subordinating the Irish National League ...
(from the article "Abbey Theatre") ...Irish poetic drama), which in 1902 was taken over by the Irish National Dramatic Society, led by W.G. and Frank J. Fay and formed to present Irish actors in Irish ...
lace made with a needle in Ireland from the late 1840s, when the craft was introduced as a famine-relief measure. Technically and stylistically influenced by 17th-century Venetian needle lace, it ...
(from the article "Golf") ...In October Els took his record number of victories in the HSBC World Match Play Championship, at the Wentworth Club in Virginia Water, Surrey, Eng., to 7 in 14 years. ...
famine that occurred in Ireland in 1845-49 when the potato crop failed in successive years. The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "Dublin") ...Green in the centre of the city began operating in 2004. Connolly and Heuston are the capital's two railway stations; Connolly serves the north and northwest, Heuston the south, southwest, ...
(from the article "reel") ...as the 16th century. Except in the Scottish Highlands, they disappeared under the influence of the Presbyterian church in the 17th century; they reappeared in the Scottish Lowlands after 1700. ...
republican paramilitary organization seeking the end of British rule in Northern Ireland and the unification of the province with the republic of Ireland. [20 Related Articles]
(from the article "Easter Rising") ...in Ireland against British government there, which began on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, in Dublin. The insurrection was planned by Patrick Pearse, Tom Clarke, and several other leaders of ...
(from the article "diplomatics") ...the disintegration of the Western Empire, the Merovingian Franks used a Roman provincial script for their documents. Distinctive forms developed elsewhere, in Visigothic Spain and in Ireland. The Irish script, ...
arm of the North Atlantic Ocean that separates Ireland from Great Britain. The Irish Sea is bounded by Scotland on the north, England on the east, Wales on the south, ... [1 Related Articles]
breed of sporting dog renowned for its elegant build and its bright, mahogany-coloured coat; it was developed in early 18th-century Ireland to locate birds for the hunter. Probably of English ...
(from the article "stew") ...have been called the four pillars of Hungarian cooking. Bigos, a hunter's stew of Poland, combines a variety of fresh and cured meats, game, cabbage or sauerkraut, and aromatic vegetables. ...
(from the article "Dublin") ...Union [EU]). In addition to the major clearing banks, all of which have their main offices in Dublin, there has been a rapid increase in the number of other banks, ...
(from the article "Ireland, Church of") The Reformation period began with the passage in 1537 of the Irish Supremacy Act, which asserted the English king's supremacy in the Irish as well as the English Church. It ...
one of the largest lotteries promoted internationally; it was authorized by the Irish government in 1930 to benefit Irish hospitals. A private trust was formed to run the lottery and ... [2 Related Articles]
penal method originated in the early 1850s by Sir Walter Crofton; it emphasized training and performance as the instruments of reform. The Irish system consisted of three phases: a period ... [1 Related Articles]
dog developed in Ireland, one of the oldest breeds of terriers. Nicknamed the "daredevil," it has earned the reputation of being adaptable, loyal, spirited, and recklessly courageous. It served as ...
(from the article "Ireland") Tourism is the largest component of the country's net invisible earnings. Its value has increased considerably since the 1950s, in large part because of the promotional efforts of the Irish ...
(from the article "Ireland") The Irish Transport System (Coras Iompair Eireann) has financial control over three autonomous operating companies-Irish Rail (Iarnrod Eireann), Dublin Bus (Bus Atha Cliath), and Irish Bus (Bus Eireann). An electrified ...
(from the article "bagpipe") A complex instrument of similar date is the bellows-blown Irish union pipe. Its chanter is stopped on the knee both for staccato and to jump the reed to the higher ...
(from the article "Grattan, Henry") ...made all legislation passed by the Irish Parliament subject to approval by the English Parliament. Two years later the British-again in response to Grattan's demands and to pressure from the ...
(from the article "Ireland") ...all the officers in the cavalry brigade at the Curragh suddenly announced in March 1914 that they would resign if ordered to move against the Ulster volunteers. Meanwhile, a nationalist ...
(from the article "Irish Republican Army") During the Irish War of Independence (1919-21) the IRA, under the leadership of Michael Collins, employed guerrilla tactics-including ambushes, raids, and sabotage-to force the British government to negotiate. The resulting ...
breed of sporting dog developed in Ireland in the 1830s for retrieving game; its ancestors were other curly coated water retrievers. The Irish water spaniel has a distinctive liver-coloured (brown-red) ...
(from the article "whiskey") Irish whiskeys taste much like Scotch but without the smoky quality. They are produced by methods similar to those for Scotch whisky, but the malt is not exposed to smoke ...
tallest of all dog breeds, a keen-sighted hound used in Ireland for many years to hunt wolves and other game. An ancient breed, first mentioned about the 2nd century AD, ...
(from the article "Kilkenny") ...Kilkenny, Ireland. It lies on both banks of the River Nore, about 30 miles (50 km) north of Waterford. The ancient capital of the kingdom of Ossory, Kilkenny in Norman ...
(from the article "Bitzer, Billy") ...that had a permanent influence on the industry-e.g., soft-focus photography, using a light-diffusion screen in front of the camera lens; the fade-out, used to close a scene; and the iris ...
oblast (region), east-central Russia, occupying an area of 296,500 square miles (767,900 square km) west and north of Lake Baikal. It consists mostly of the hills and ...
city and administrative centre of Irkutsk oblast (province), east-central Russia. The city lies along the Angara River at its confluence with the Irkut River. It was founded ...
(from the article "Thuringia") ...by the Huns in the second quarter of the 5th century, but by 500 they had established a large kingdom stretching from the Harz mountains to the Danube. As a ...
branch of the warm North Atlantic Current, flowing generally westward along the south coast of Iceland. It divides into two currents west of Iceland. One proceeds northward and then eastward ...
one of the scholars who revived Roman legal studies in Italy and the first of a long series of noted legal glossators and teachers of law (late 11th-middle 13th century) ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Marshall Islands") Under the constitution adopted in 1979, the government consists of a president elected by a unicameral, 33-member parliament known as the Nitijela. The Council of Iroji (Chiefs) has mainly a ...
(from the article "iroko wood") wood of the iroko tree (Chlorophora excelsa), native to the west coast of Africa. It is sometimes called African, or Nigerian, teak, but the iroko is unrelated to the teak ...
wood of the iroko tree (Chlorophora excelsa), native to the west coast of Africa. It is sometimes called African, or Nigerian, teak, but the iroko is unrelated to the teak ... [1 Related Articles]
(1750), in U.S. colonial history, one of the British Trade and Navigation acts; it was intended to stem the development of colonial manufacturing in competition with home industry by restricting ...
final technological and cultural stage in the Stone-Bronze-Iron-Age sequence. The date of the full Iron Age, in which this metal for the most part replaced bronze in implements and weapons, ... [28 Related Articles]
(from the article "British Steel Corporation PLC") For much of its history, British Steel was a government-owned corporation established by the Iron and Steel Act of March 22, 1967, when the firm assumed ownership of 14 major ...
(from the article "pigment") ...and umbers (browns). Certain compounds of chromium are used to provide chrome yellows, oranges, and greens, while various compounds of cadmium yield brilliant yellows, oranges, and reds. Iron, or Prussian, ...
Prussian military decoration instituted in 1813 by Frederick William III for distinguished service in the Prussian War of Liberation. Use of the decoration was revived by William I for the ...
originally an armlet or perhaps a votive crown, as suggested by its small size, that was presented to the Cathedral of Monza, where it is preserved as a holy relic. ... [1 Related Articles]
the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern European allies from open contact with the ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Fulton") ...Fulton, steamboat engineer and inventor. Fulton is the seat of Westminster College (1851) and William Woods University (1870). At Westminster College, Sir Winston Churchill delivered his "Iron Curtain" speech on ...
anemia that develops due to a lack of the mineral iron, the main function of which is in the formation of hemoglobin, the blood pigment that carries oxygen from the ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Iranian languages") There are two main dialects of Ossetic: the eastern, known as Iron, and the western, known as Digor (Digoron). Of these, Digor is the more archaic, Iron words being often ...
(from the article "pen drawing") ...the old masters because of its warm, luminous colour qualities was known as bistre. It was prepared by boiling wood soot to obtain a liquid, transparent brown extract. The third ...
